腹腔镜下肾前筋膜间平面的临床解剖学研究

目的　探讨腹腔镜下肾前筋膜间平面的活体形态解剖分层,寻找安全正确的外科解剖层面。 方法　经腹腔入路3例,经腹膜后腔入路25例,其中肾上腺肿瘤切除术11例、肾切除术8例、肾癌根治术2例、肾部分切除术2例、肾盂输尿管成形术3例、输尿管上段结石2例。术前进行320排CT影像解剖分析肾筋膜结构。术中及术后对镜下肾前筋膜间层面解剖结构及毗邻关系分析辨别。 结果　肾前筋膜间平面包括结肠融合筋膜肾前融合筋膜间平面、肾前融合筋膜肾筋膜前叶间平面、肾筋膜前叶肾脂肪囊外平面,是多层次的无血管筋膜结构。腹腔镜下可见层面间充满蜘蛛丝网格状白色纤维组织。 结论肾前筋膜间平面是肾脏和肾上腺外科手术时前入路的安全层面。沿这些平面可实施无血化解剖性腹膜后脏器微创手术。     

腹腔镜下腹膜后筋膜间隙外科平面的解剖观察

目的 探讨在腹腔镜下升、降结肠或肾切除术相关的腹膜后筋膜和筋膜间隙的解剖学特点及毗邻关系,以便正确地寻找、识别和选择安全的筋膜间隙外科平面. 方法在腹腔镜下对5具成人新鲜腹部标本,30例腹腔镜下升、降结肠切除术和95例肾切除术中的腹膜后筋膜和筋膜间隙的位置、沟通和毗邻关系进行了观察.结果升、降结肠外侧缘的脏腹膜与壁腹膜之间有一条黄白交界线,沿此线切开腹膜、腹膜外组织,即可显露深面的融合筋膜.融合筋膜与肾前筋膜之间的潜在间隙为融合筋膜间隙.切开融合筋膜,沿此间隙向内分离,可将升结肠或降结肠及原始结肠系膜向内翻起,完成结肠游离;或显露后方的肾前筋膜.肾前筋膜、融合筋膜外侧部与侧锥筋膜之间的间隙为肾旁前筋膜间隙;肾后筋膜、侧锥筋膜与腰方肌筋膜之间的间隙为肾旁后筋膜间隙.肾旁前筋膜间隙与融合筋膜间隙和肾旁后筋膜间隙沟通,通过这些间隙分离,可将肾安全游离. 结论 黄白交界线为进入融合筋膜间隙的标志,融合筋膜间隙及肾旁前、后筋膜间隙内无重要血管,易于辨认和分离,为腹腔镜下升、降结肠或肾游离的理想外科平面.     

肾前筋膜间平面无血腹腔镜上尿路手术入路精准解剖与技巧

目的　探讨肾前筋膜间平面无血腹腔镜上尿路手术入路精准解剖与技巧（Inter-prerenal-fascia planes in urological laparoscopic operations,IpULO）。 方法　采用尸体解剖、320排CT影像解剖研究及临床病例活体腹腔镜手术研究,对IpULO手术中肾前筋膜间平面相关解剖标志在腹腔镜下的形态特点进行观察研究。 结果 肾前筋膜间平面是肾前间隙多层次的无血管筋膜结构,层面间充满蜘蛛丝网格状白色纤维组织,在IpULO手术过程中存在7个重要的外科平面：Told’t 筋膜间平面、结肠融合筋膜肾前融合筋膜间平面、结肠融合筋膜胰十二指肠前融合筋膜间平面、胰十二指肠后融合筋膜肾前融合筋膜间平面、肾前融合筋膜肾筋膜前叶间平面、肾筋膜前叶肾脂肪囊外平面、肾前肾筋膜前叶下平面。 结论 IpULO手术是基于层面外科的精准解剖入路,肾前筋膜间平面是IpULO手术的重要解剖层面,术中能推窗见景,避免解剖迷失。     

腹腔镜中间入路法右半结肠切除术解剖学观察

目的:探讨腹腔镜右半结肠切除术中线入路相关活体解剖学特点。方法:对2004年1月至2006年12月我科施行的21例腹腔镜中间入路右半结肠切除术手术录像进行观察分析。结果:利用中间入路,以肠系膜上静脉为解剖学标志,可成功进行系膜血管的解剖、淋巴结清扫,并进入正确的外科平面。结肠系膜和肾前筋膜之间存在融合筋膜间隙,其内侧、外侧、腹侧、背侧的边界分别是肠系膜上静脉、右结肠旁沟、结肠系膜、肾前筋膜。胃结肠韧带、肝结肠韧带和结肠外侧腹膜返折等外周固定装置是右半结肠切除术中必须离断的结构。结论:在腹腔镜中间入路右半结肠切除术中,肠系膜上静脉是关键解剖学标志和主线,融合筋膜间隙是正确的外科平面;一系列外周腹膜结构是重要固定装置。     

急诊手术治疗梗阻性左半结肠癌的临床疗效观察

目的比较分析左半结肠全切除术与次全切除术治疗梗阻性左半结肠癌的临床疗效情况。方法临床收集梗阻性左半结肠癌患者86例,按照随机数字方法分成2组,每组43例。其中对照组患者均采用近端结肠全切、回肠一结直肠吻合的手术方式,研究组采用结肠次全切除术治疗,治疗后比较分析上述两组患者的相关临床资料。结果两组患者在手术时间、住院时间及术中出血量方面均具有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。同时,研究组在切口感染率、肺部感染率、吻合口漏发生率、住院期间死亡率方面明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论左半结肠次全切除术的术式治疗梗阻性左半结肠癌患者是一种疗效显著、操作简单、并发症少、住院时间短、创伤较小的外科治疗方法,值得推广。     

腹腔镜下降结肠腹膜后筋膜的解剖学观察

目的探讨在腹腔镜下降结肠切除术相关的腹膜后融合筋膜和筋膜间隙的解剖学特点及毗邻关系,以正确识别和选择安全的筋膜间隙外科平面。方法在腹腔镜下对6具成人新鲜腹部标本,20例腹腔镜下降结肠切除术中的腹膜后筋膜和筋膜间隙的位置、结构特点和毗邻关系进行了观察。结果沿降结肠外侧缘的融合线切开腹膜、腹膜外组织,即可显露深面的融合筋膜。融合筋膜与肾前筋膜之间的潜在间隙为融合筋膜间隙。沿此间隙由外向内分离,可将降结肠及其原始结肠系膜翻起,完成降结肠游离。融合筋膜为一菲薄的疏松结缔组织膜,可分离成不完全连续的两层,肾前筋膜不易分层。结论融合线为到达融合筋膜,进入融合筋膜的标志。在融合筋膜间隙建立腹腔镜下外科平面时,不可在融合筋膜内分离,也不能在肾前筋膜中分离,以便外科平面正确的建立在融合筋膜间隙内。     

腹腔镜右半结肠切除术相关血管的活体解剖学观察

目的阐明腹腔镜右半结肠切除术(laparoscopic right hemicolectomy,LRH)相关血管的活体解剖学特点。方法对36例接受LRH的肿瘤病人进行术中观察和术后录像复习。结果肠系膜上静脉(superior mesenteric vein,SMV)为起于右髂窝上缘,位于小肠系膜和升结肠系膜交界部的蓝色条纹。肠系膜上动脉在系膜内难以目视辨认,走行于SMV左侧。回结肠血管出现率100%,为升结肠系膜内、十二指肠水平部下缘附近、搏动的条索。胃结肠干出现率77.8%(28/36),包含上右结肠静脉/右结肠静脉者占比为89.3%(25/28);后者亦可直接注入SMV。胃结肠干于胰切迹右缘的横结肠后间隙汇入SMV右壁。右结肠动脉在胰颈下缘起始,常与胃结肠干伴行或交叉。结论正确的间隙(肠系膜内间隙)、标志和线索(肠系膜上静脉),是LRH中血管定位的解剖学基础。     

左结肠动脉的应用解剖

在88例左半结肠标本上,观察了左结肠动脉。根据其行走位置不同,分为内侧型和外侧型。按左结肠动脉分叉点的高度不同又分为高位组、中位组和低位组。左结肠动脉分支中有一种直血管,向左连于降结肠的缘动脉,这些血管在作肠修复时,对促进左半结肠的血供有重要意义。根据左结肠动脉的解剖特点,提出了裁剪左半结肠时,切断左结肠动脉的要点。     

腹腔镜下结肠直肠切除术围手术期护理

腹腔镜技术已成为外科治疗的手段,它具有生理干扰少、创伤小、痛苦轻、并发症少、康复快等优点。我院于1999年至今为6例患有结肠、直肠疾病的患者进行了电视腹腔镜下结肠切除术、直肠切除术。现将围手术期护理体会报告如下。     

Toldt’s间隙的CT影像解剖学观察及临床意义

目的　术前通过CT影像识别Toldt’s间隙,为腹腔镜结直肠癌手术寻找正确的外科平面,从而制订具有前瞻性的个性化术式。 方法　通过对南方医科大学附属顺德第一人民医院2010年1月~2012年6月246例腹腔镜结直肠癌手术患者的术前CT影像及术中镜下所见对照观察,确认Toldt’s间隙的位置、沟通和毗邻关系。 结果　术前CT影像观察到:升降结肠系膜后叶与肾前筋膜融合成的线影即为Toldt’s线。结直肠癌术前CT所显示的Toldt’s筋膜间隙与术中所见具有较好的一致性(Kappa值为0.718)。腹腔镜结直肠癌手术时沿此线切开,以肾前筋膜为参照面,即可建立正确的外科平面。 结论　①术前CT影像可指导术中构建正确的Toldt’s间隙外科平面,保持肾前筋膜的完整性;②CT可提示肿瘤是否侵犯Toldt’s间隙平面,对于制订个性化术式和预后评估具有前瞻性意义。     

胰周筋膜及筋膜间隙CT影像的解剖观察及临床意义

目的　探讨腹部CT影像胰周筋膜及胰周的筋膜间隙与新鲜成人尸体标本胰周筋膜与筋膜间隙相互对应关系,从而对微创胰腺外科相关的手术提供指导意义。 方法　本研究选取惠东县人民医院经临床确诊的急性胰腺炎病例156例,对其腹部CT扫描的胰周影像特点进行归纳总结。同时选取南方医科大学解剖教研室提供的5具新鲜成人尸体标本进行解剖,明确腹部CT影像胰周筋膜及筋膜间隙与尸体标本的对应关系。 结果　在少数急性胰腺炎患者腹部CT扫描影像上和新鲜成人尸体标本上可同时观察到胰腺前筋膜、胰腺后筋膜、肾前筋膜,左右肾前筋膜是相互延续的。胰前间隙位于胰腺实质和其前方的胰腺前筋膜之间,胰后间隙位于胰腺实质和其后方的胰腺后筋膜之间,胰腺后融合筋膜间隙位于胰腺后筋膜和肾前筋膜之间。 结论　少数急性胰腺炎患者的腹部CT扫描影像上能观察到胰周筋膜与胰周的筋膜间隙,与新鲜成人尸体标本存在着相互对应关系。     

Anatomical observations on the left atrioventricular valve in man

30 hearts of male and female, white and non-white Brazilians of different ages were studied. The leaflets of the left atrioventricular valves were removed near the fibrous ring and anatomically studied under chirurgical microscope. The authors observed: the leaflets shape, the presence of comissures, the implantation manner of the chordae tendineae and your distribution on the leaflets. Especial attention was concentrated on the terminology used by different authors for the structures of the "mitral complex".     

Anatomical and behavioural asymmetries in right and left handers from India

A biometric study of the right and left limb size and functional-behavioural measures, such as, strength of the hand and the foot, foot-eye-ear preferences, asymmetries in visual acuity and audiometry, asymmetries in taste and smell perceptions was made in a sample of Indian students to find out the interrelationships between the above parameters. Healthy adult male (n = 42), females (n = 45) right handers, and, male (n = 21), female (n = 20) left handers were studied. In each, 8 measurements of each of the limbs were taken, and the strength of the hands and feet determined. Hand and foot preferences were determined through 11 and 9 tasks respectively. Dominance in the eye, ear, taste and smell were ascertained by various tests. Right or left handedness and right footedness were clearly discernible but left footedness was indistinct. Right handedness was associated with dominant right upper limb and left handedness was associated with dominant left upper limb. Only right handers showed a dominant corresponding lower limb. Eyedness was related to handedness in males. Earedness and taste were associated with handedness in females. Smell had no relationship with handedness in both sexes. There was no interrelationship between handedness, footedness, eyedness, earedness, taste and smell.     

肝左三角韧带形态特点及在腹腔镜手术入路意义

目的:研究左三角韧带的形态及其在腹腔镜肝脏外科的意义。方法:用30例动脉灌注乳胶标本研究左三角韧带的结构层次及左三角韧带内的血管,并结合腹腔镜实际操作研究手术入路。结果:左三角韧带前叶肝缘长(8.73±1.62)cm,膈缘长(9.03±1.33)cm,游离缘长(2.02±0.88)cm;肝上动脉文献未见描述,为起源于胃左动脉及膈下动脉的分支,出现率为80%,起始处直径平均为(1.46±0.35)mm,其主干横过肝左后上缘静脉,出肝处平均直径为(0.32±0.11)mm。结论:(1)本文发现并命名的肝上动脉可以作为判定肝静脉位置的重要标志;(2)腹腔镜手术中紧贴肝上缘打开左三角韧带不易损伤膈肌和肝静脉,出血少、速度快,可以使第二肝门左入路获得良好的手术显露。     

左肝管全程剖开胆肠吻合术的应用解剖学研究

左肝管全程剖开手术,必须熟悉左肝管与邻近血管的局部解剖关系.为此我们用 ABS 丙酮溶液灌注塑型了6具新鲜成人尸肝脏,解剖40例(成人30,儿童10)肝脏标本,测量了左肝管长度和管径,左肝管与肝总管夹角。全程剖开左肝管与右肝管,并观察左肝管与右肝管、左肝动脉、门静脉左干和肝圆韧带的关系,提出了右肝管全程剖开手术方法和注意事项。     

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of infliximab on the rate of colectomy and post-operative complications in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Introduction

Use of biological therapies may reduce or delay the surgical procedures in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this meta-analysis and systematic review was to determine the impact of pre-operative infliximab (IFX) use on the rate of surgical interventions in patients with IBD and also the effect of preoperative IFX therapy on post-surgical complications.

Material and methods

Literature was searched for studies that investigated the efficacy of IFX on the rate of colectomy and post-operative complications/side effects in patients with IBD between 1966 and February 2011.

Results

Twelve articles were included in the meta-analysis. In comparison to control groups, patients who received IFX had a relative risk (RR) of 1.17 (p = 0.65) for the rate of colectomy, odds ratio of 3.34 (p = 0.09) in seven observational studies and RR of 0.74 (p = 0.79) in clinical trials for mortality. Summary RR of hospitalization was 0.61 (p = 0.005). Infections and anastomotic leak, pouch-related complications, sepsis and thrombotic events were more common in the patients under IFX therapy but post-operational hospitalization was lower. The patients with IBD who were under IFX therapy were most of the times refractive to other therapies and their disease was more severe.

Conclusions

Although IFX does not decrease the rate of colectomy in patients with IBD, it would not increase most of the post-operational side effects in the patients.     

人体筋膜重建经线与经典经线走行路线对比

目的:探讨经络与人体筋膜重建经线的解剖学位置关系。方法:首先在数字人研究的基础上利用计算机三维重建人体全身的筋膜网状支架,并对人体肢体和躯干的肌间隙结缔组织进行标记和三维重建,构成与古代文献记载经络走行相似的串珠状连线,应用计算机三维图像处理软件结合数学分析方法,在重建的虚拟人体上对筋膜重建经线与经典经线体表走行路线进行对比研究。结果:人体筋膜重建经线与中医古代文献记载的经脉体表走行路线基本相似。结论:人体筋膜三维重建经线与中医经络线在形态上相似,两者之间存在密切的解剖学位置关系。