手性氨基二醇的合成及其在二乙基锌对醛不对称加成反应中的应用

手性配体催化的烷基锌试剂对醛的不对称加成反应是合成光学活性二级醇的重要方法 [1] ,1 0多年来 ,人们对其进行了深入的研究 ,并取得了很大进展 .其中大部分工作是设计如β-氨基醇等新的手性配体 .此外 ,文献 [2～ 6]还报道了氨基二醇在这类反应中具有手性诱导效果 .为进一步研究手性配体催化的二乙基锌对醛的不对称加成反应 ,我们合成了新的手性氨基二醇配体 ,并将其用于该反应中 .1　结果与讨论1 .1　手性配体的合成　以 L -脯氨酸甲酯盐酸盐 ( 5 )为原料 ,与溴代乙酸乙酯反应生成 ( L ) - N - ( 2 -乙酰乙氧基 )脯氨酸甲酯 ( 6)反应 ,…     

二苯基脯氨醇及其衍生物对前手性酮的不对称催化还原研究进展

对(S)-α,α-二苯基脯氨醇及其衍生物对前手性酮的不对称催化还原研究进行了综述, 表明它们具有催化还原产率高、对映选择性好的作用, 是一类性能优秀的不对称还原反应的有机小分子催化剂.     

光学活性芳族氰醇的合成及其稳定性的研究

光学活性芳族氰醇以及由它转变而成的α-羟基酸、α-羟基酯、α-羟基酮和β-羟基胺等光学活性异构体都是重要的农药和医药中间休,从实用观点看,利用催化不对称合成来制取光活性氰醇,更具有重要意义。近年来,环状二肽Cyclo[L(D)-Phe-L(D)-His]用于催化芳族氰醇的不对称合成,由于具有与D-羟腈酶相类似的高活性和高对映选择性,尤为     

MCM-41固载的(1R,2R)-1,2-环己二胺与Ru(Ⅱ)复合催化剂的合成、表征及不对称氢转移反应的催化应用

不对称催化是用催化量的手性物质催化，获得大量对映体纯物质的经济、可行的方法之一，其中不对称氢转移反应就是用手性氨基醇或手性二胺作为手性催化剂配体、Ru(Ⅱ)作为催化中心，以异丙醇或甲酸为氢源，可将潜手性的酮或亚氨还原成相应的对映体纯的醇或胺^[1-5](Scheme 1)，反应的转     

基于甲磺酰基的磺酰胺-氨醇作为催化醛的不对称炔基化反应新配体

 以商业易得的 (–)-麻黄碱、(+)-伪麻黄碱和各种手性氨醇为主要原料, 经过简单的两步反应, 合成了一系列基于甲磺酰基的磺酰胺-氨醇 (SAA) 配体, 并将其用于催化苯乙炔基锌对醛的不对称加成反应. 在没有 Ti(OiPr)4 等金属试剂的条件下, 配体表现出较好的不对称诱导能力, 取得了高达 83% ee.     

(2S,5S)-吡咯烷-2,5-二羧酸催化羟基丙酮的不对称Mannich反应

将(2S,5S)-吡咯烷-2,5-二羧酸用于催化羟基丙酮与苯胺和苯甲醛的直接不对称Mannich反应,以较好的收率(64~95%)和最高96% ee得到了syn-1,2-氨基醇化合物。     

4-取代-脯氨醇催化的前手性酮不对称硼烷还原

(2S)-(二苯基羟甲基)-(4S)-苯氧基-四氢吡咯(10)由羟脯氨酸(6)经4步反应制得。用10催化6种前手性酮的不对称硼烷还原反应,其结果与(S)-二苯基脯氨醇催化的同一反应的结果进行了对比。     

(2S,5S)-1-氮-3-氧-2,4,4-三苯基二环[3.3.0]辛烷衍生物的合成及表征

从不对称催化反应问世以来,人们一直在寻找高效、廉价、易制备的手性催化剂。Himto Nakano等人用(S)-二苯基脯胺醇和2-二苯膦基苯甲醛合成了手性化合物(2S,5S)-1-氮-3-氧-2-二苯膦基苯-4,4-二苯基二环[3．3．0]辛烷,并与钯络合来催化不对称反应。     

不同伯和仲氨基酸衍生物催化α-氟(氯)代丙酮和对硝基苯甲醛不对称aldol反应的立体选择性理论研究

采用B3LYP/DFT方法研究了2种不同类型的氨基酸衍生物(脯氨酸与β-氨基醇以及亮氨酸与β-氨基醇合成的酰胺类化合物)催化α-氟(氯)代丙酮和对-硝基苯甲醛的分子间直接不对称aldol反应的立体控制步骤,计算得到了过渡态可能的优化构型和相对能量,并与实验观察到的dr和ee值进行比较,对2种不同类型的氨基酸衍生物催化的...     

MCM-41固载的(1R,2R)-1,2-环己二胺与Ru(II))复合催化剂的合成、表征及不对称氢转移反应的催化应用

不对称催化是用催化量的手性物质催化,获得大量对映体纯物质的经济、可行的方法之一.其中不对称氢转移反应就是用手性氨基醇或手性二胺作为手性催化剂配体、Ru( )作为催化中心,以异丙醇或甲酸为氢源,可将潜手性的酮或亚氨还原成相应的对映体纯的醇或胺[1～5](Scheme1),反应的转化率和ee值都很高[6],并且具有反应条件温和(室温)、操作简单、反应原料价廉易得,它的逆反应可用来动态拆分外消旋的二级醇[7],因此应用前景广阔.但该反应所用催化剂价格昂贵,并且回收困难.为此,我们尝试了将手性的(1R,2R)-1,2-环己二胺以共价键键合的方法,固…     

Cholesterol study: Reaction plateau and kinetic determinations

A study has been described of a comparison between reaction plateaus and kinetic modes for measuring cholesterol. A similar investigation of bilirubin reactions under the same procedural conditions was also carried out because this compound is a major interference which is frequently encountered in abnormal serums. The findings indicate that bilirubin is a more sensitive reactant than cholesterol by LB reaction but that its effect as an interference can be lessened by a kinetic approach providing that the effect of H₂O on reaction velocity and molar absorptivity can be minimized. An iron reaction even though more sensitive proved less workable in the kinetic mode owing to reaction velocity and the presence of air bubbles. However, its reaction plateau characteristics were superior to the LB reaction because of a favorable ratio of colors generated for the two reacting constituents. Based on this study, it is predictable that a kinetic approach is quite workable for the LB reaction and could be made more workable for the iron reaction if, in the latter case, conditions perhaps such as temperature and reaction media, could be altered to slow the rate of color formation.     

A Chemiluminescence Reaction Between Hydroxyl Radical and Rhodamine 6G and its Applications

Abstract

A novel chemiluminescence (CL) reaction between hydroxyl radical and ascorbic acid is described in this paper. Hydroxyl radical generated on line by the reaction between Fe³⁺ solution and H₂O₂ solution in HCl medium could oxidize rhodamine 6G to produce weak chemiluminescence. It was found that ascorbic acid could enhance the chemiluminescence and the excited rhodamine 6G was the emitter of the chemiluminescence reaction. The possible mechanism of the CL system was also discussed. Ascorbic acid can be determined in the range of 2.0×10^?6?8.0×10^?4 mg/ml with a detection limit of 1×10^?6 mg/ml (3σ). A complete analysis could be done in 1 minute with the relative standard deviation of 3.1% for 5.0×10^?5 mg/ml (n=11). In order to study the chemiluminescence reaction further, the application to the determination of ascorbic acid in food using the chemiluminescence reaction combined with flow injection is investigated.     

Kinetics of Spontaneous Bimetallization between Silver and Noble Metal Nanoparticles

A physical mixture of polymer‐protected Ag nanoparticles and Rh, Pd, or Pt nanoparticles spontaneously forms Ag‐core bimetallic nanoparticles. The formed nanoparticles were smaller than the parent Ag nanoparticles. In the initial process of this reaction, the surface plasmon absorption of Ag nanoparticles diminished and then almost ceased within one hour. Within several minutes, the decrease in Ag surface plasmon absorption could be analyzed by second‐order reaction. This reaction was accelerated with an increase of temperature and the energy gap in the Fermi level between Ag and the other metals. The activation energy (E_a) of this reaction could be determined. An electron transfer reaction from Ag to other metal nanoparticles was proposed as the initial interaction between these metal nanoparticles because the Fermi level of Ag is relatively high, and the electron transfer is possible in terms of energy. The Marcus plot between the rate constant and the driving force, roughly estimated from the work function of metals, and the observed E_a values reasonably explained the proposed electron transfer mechanism.     

Synthesis of well‐defined comb‐like graft (co)polymers by nucleophilic substitution reaction between living polymers and polyhalohydrocarbon

A series of graft (co)polymers were synthesized by nucleophilic substitution reaction between iodinated 1,2‐polybutadiene (PB‐I, backbone) and living polymer lithium (side chains). The coupling reaction between PB‐I and living polymers can finish within minutes at room temperature, and high conversion (up to 92%) could be obtained by effectively avoiding side reaction of dimerization when living polymers were capped with 1,1‐diphenylethylene. By virtue of living anionic polymerization, backbone length, side chain length, and side chain composition, as well as graft density, were well controlled. Tunable molecular weight of graft (co)polymers with narrow molecular weight distribution can be obtained by changing either the lengths of side chain and backbone, or the graft density. Graft copolymers could also be synthesized with side chains of multicomponent polymers, such as block polymer (polystyrene‐b‐polybutadiene) and even mixed polymers (polystyrene and polybutadiene) as hetero chains. Thus, based on living anionic polymerization, this work provides a facile way for modular synthesis of graft (co)polymers via nucleophilic substitution reaction between living polymers and polyhalohydrocarbon (PB‐I). © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013     

Kinetics of tritium isotope exchange between liquid pyrrole and gaseous hydrogen

The kinetics of tritium isotope exchange between liquid pyrrole and gaseous hydrogen has been studied over the temperature range of 290–303 K. The reaction was carried out in the presence of platinum black but in spite of that, it appeared to be relatively slow. The kinetics of the exchange reaction studied could be described by the simple McKay equation. The results obtained suggest that diffusion is the rate-determining step. A mechanism of exchange is proposed.     

Empirical method for predicting enantioselectivity in catalytic reactions: demonstration with lipase and oxazaborolidine

We derived a novel equation capable of predicting the degree of enantioselectivity in a catalytic reaction without any knowledge of the reaction mechanism and/or the transition-state structure, and tested the validity of this equation by changing substrates systematically in the lipase or oxazaborolidine-catalyzed reactions. A good correlation was observed between the predicted and observed E values, and the stereochemistry of the products could be predicted correctly in most cases (28 out of 30).     

Rhodium-catalyzed interconversion between acid fluorides and thioesters controlled using heteroatom acceptors

A rhodium complex catalyzed the equilibrium acyl transfer reaction between acid fluorides and thioesters. In the presence of fluoride or thiolate acceptors, the reaction could be shifted to either product. RhH(PPh₃)₄-dppe catalyzed the reaction of acid fluorides and diorgano disulfides in the presence of triphenylphosphine giving thioesters, which was accompanied by triphenylphosphine difluoride. The same complex catalyzed the reaction of aryl thioesters and hexafluorobenzene giving acid fluorides, which was accompanied by 1,4-di(arylthio)-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzenes.     

A unique stepped multifunctionality of perfluorinated aryl compound and its versatile use in synthesizing grafted polymers with controlled structures and topologies

A unique stepped multifunctionality of perfluorinated aryl compound for the first time was studied by using model reactions between 2,5‐dipentafluorophenyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole (FPOx) and mono functional p‐cresol at different reaction conditions. Four distinctively different levels of reactivity were discovered for the para and ortho C? F of FPOx, which could be easily triggered by the reaction temperature in the range of r.t. to 160 °C. C? F of all levels of reactivity could react quantitatively with nucleophiles (such as phenoxide); and by controlling the reaction conditions, the low‐level‐reactivity C? F would not interfere with the reaction of C? F of higher reactivity. Application of this multistepped reactivity of FPOx in quantitative postpolymerization functionalization of polymer was successfully demonstrated. Stoichiometric amount of p‐cresol, with the molar feed ratio of p‐cresol in relative to the repeat unit of the polymer of FPOx and 6F‐BPA in the range of 1–4, could be readily grafted onto the polymer by simply controlling the reaction temperature. FPOx‐based, versatile one‐pot synthesis of high molecular‐weight grafted polymers with well‐controlled structures and topologies were also demonstrated. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011     

Kinetic salt effects on the outer sphere electron transfer reaction between hexacyanoferrate(II) and 4-pyridinecarboxylatopentammine cobalt(III)

A study is made of the kinetic salt effects upon the outer-sphere electron transfer reaction between hexacyanoferrate(II) and 4-pyridinecarboxylatopentaamminecobalt(III). The observed salts effects are analyzed, taking into account the possible association of the reactants with the ions of the supporting electrolyte, though no conclusive results could be obtained. A correlation has been established between the logarithm of the observed second-order rate constants and the logarithm of the rate constants for a related innersphere electron transfer reaction. From this correlation the conclusion can be drawn that the observed salt effects in concentrated electrolyte solutions are mainly due to the effects on the electron transfer step. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Study of the reaction between 1,5-naphtalene diisocyanate and polycaprolactone in different solvents

The reaction between polycaprolactone and 1,5-naphtalene diisocyanate has been investigated in solvents with different dielectric constants and hydrogen bonding powers (toluene, ethyl acetate, ethyl methyl ketone), and in the same solvents with the addition of a catalytic amount of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The reaction was considered to proceed over two steps, the reaction of the first NCO group being faster. The course of the reaction was measured by titration of the unreacted NCO groups, ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy, and size exclusion chromatography. By titration only the overall reaction order and reaction rate constants could be determined. DMSO accelerated the reaction in all three solvents, which was explained by the stabilization of the activation complex by DMSO. Both steps of the reaction could be specified by NMR spectroscopy. The ratio between the reaction rate constants for the first and the second step decreased with the increased hydrogen bonding strength of the solvent and with DMSO. By SEC only the reaction of the first NCO group could be determined due to the low resolution for higher molar mass reaction products with a broad distribution. The values obtained for the first step reaction rate constants were in good agreement with NMR values. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.