柯萨奇B组病毒IgM抗体特性研究

目的 研究柯萨奇B组病毒（CVB）感染后患者急性期CVB－IgM抗体的反应特性。方法 对临床确诊为CVB感染的患者急性期血清用免疫印迹法检测CVB－IgM抗体。结果 患者的急性期血清IgM抗体均仅针对CVB的VP1抗原反应。经ELISA与免疫印迹方法的比较表明：用免疫印迹法检测的CVB－IgM抗体可对CVB各型病毒抗原反应,具有CVB各型病毒之间的交 叉反应性。而同时,在16例ELISA检测反应阴性的健康人血清中未见有CVB的VP1特异性的IgM抗体存在。结论 临床感染CVB的患者急性期,其血清中的特异性的IgM抗体是针对CVB的VP1抗原,而且,此类抗体对各型的CVB抗原具有交叉反应性。     

血清抗幽门螺旋杆菌抗体和抗AQP4 抗体在中枢神经系统脱髓鞘病中的相关性研究

目的：探讨血清抗幽门螺旋杆菌抗体（HP-IgG）和抗AQP4抗体在多发性硬化（MS）、视神经脊髓炎（NMO）中的相关性。方法：对33例MS患者、7例NMO患者和35例健康体检者采用间接酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA法）检测血清中抗HP的IgG抗体,采用细胞间接免疫荧光法（CBA）检测血清标本抗AQP4抗体;分析MS、NMO患者中HP-IgG及抗AQP4抗体的阳性率,并对比抗AQP4抗体阳性与抗AQP4抗体阴性患者间HP-IgG阳性率的差别。结果：MS组、NMO组和正常对照组血清中抗血清HP-IgG抗体阳性率分别为69.70%、85.71%、42.86%,差别有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,其中MS组、NMO组与正常对照组血清中抗HP-IgG抗体阳性率差别均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;但MS组与NMO组血清中抗HP-IgG抗体阳性率差别无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。MS组、NMO组和正常对照组血清中抗AQP4抗体阳性率分别为4.2%、85.71%、0%,差别有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。MS组和NMO患者组中抗AQP4抗体阳性患者与抗AQP4抗体阴性患者抗HP-IgG抗体阳性率分别为72.73%、79.31%,差别无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论：HP感染是引起MS及NMO疾病发生的危险因素,而与MS及NMO患者是否含有抗AQP4抗体无关。     

巨细胞病毒感染时免疫功能的变化及其意义

目的　探讨巨细胞病毒感染时免疫变化及其意义。方法　以 2 0名CMV IgM(Cytomegalovirus immunoglobulinM)阳性的病儿为观察对象 ,另设对照组 30例。ELISA法检测柯萨奇B组病毒抗原 (CVB Ag)、IgM抗体 (CVB IgM)、巨细胞病毒IgM抗体 (CMV IgM)、EB病毒IgM抗体 (EBV IgM) ,单克隆抗体标记间接ABC免疫法检测外周血T细胞亚群。结果　CMV感染组的LAK细胞、NK细胞活性均明显降低 (P <0 .0 1)。合并其它感染原的CMV混合感染组CD3含量减少 ,CD8含量增加 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,CD4 CD8数值明显降低 (P <0 .0 1)。病毒混合感染并合并支原体感染组CD3含量减少 (P <0 .0 5 )、CD4 CD8数值、IgA含量明显降低 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　巨细胞病毒感染影响了T细胞亚群的平衡 ,在合并其他感染时天然免疫细胞功能下降和T细胞亚群紊乱更明显     

TORCH抗体检测及其对优生优育的意义

目的比较优生优育检查和不孕不育妇女的血清TORCH感染情况。方法对158例进行优生优育检查妇女和213例不孕不育妇女采用ELISA法检测血清中特异性TORCH系列IgM抗体。结果优生优育组弓形虫（TOX）、风疹病毒（RUV）、巨细胞病毒（CMV）、单纯疱疹病毒（HSV）IgM抗体阳性率分别为1.9%、3.2%、1.9%、7.5%。不孕不育组的抗体阳性率分别为2.3%、5.2%、5.2%、8.5%。结论优生优育组与不孕不育组妇女间仅有CMV-IgM感染率有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。TORCH检查对优生优育有重要的意义。     

巨细胞病毒及EB病毒感染与儿童系统性红斑狼疮疾病活动度的关系

为分析巨细胞病毒（cytomegalovirus, CMV）及EB病毒（Epstein-Barr virus, EBV）感染与儿童系统性红斑狼疮（systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE）疾病活动度的关系,选取78例SLE患儿作为SLE组,根据发病时间、使用激素和免疫抑制剂的情况将SLE患儿分为新发组（35例）和稳定组（43例）,另选取接受健康体检的100例健康儿童作为对照组,采用Spearman法分析CMV及EBV感染与儿童SLE的相关性。结果显示,SLE组患儿CMV IgM、EBV DNA阳性率分别为25.64%、26.92%,均显著高于对照组（3.00%、12.00%,P<0.05）;Spearman法相关性分析结果显示,CMV IgM、EBV DNA阳性与SLE呈显著正相关（r值分别为0.375、0.241,P<0.05）;稳定组患儿CMV IgM阳性率为34.88%,显著高于新发组（14.29%,P=0.038）;CMV IgM（+）组抗核糖体P蛋白（anti-ribosomal P protein, Rib-P）抗体阳性率（60.00%...     

吉兰-巴雷综合征患者神经系统感染病原体抗体检测情况分析

目的 了解吉兰-巴雷综合征(Guillain-Barré syndrome,GBS)患者血清中神经系统感染病原体抗体的检测情况,探讨病原体感染与GBS发生的关系.方法 选取93例GBS患者为研究对象,以同期99例中枢神经系统其他疾病患者作为对照组,分别测定血清中巨细胞病毒(cytomegalovirus,CMV)、EB病毒(Epstein Barr virus,EBV)、单纯疱疹病毒(herpes simplex virus,HSV)-1、HSV-2、风疹病毒(rubella virus,RV)、弓形虫(toxoplasma gondii,TOX)及柯萨奇病毒(coxsackievirus,COX)等7种病原体的14种IgG及IgM抗体,并进行脑脊液常规及生化检测.结果 93例GBS患者脑脊液检查表现为典型的蛋白-细胞分离现象,而糖及氯化物含量与对照组差异无统计学意义.两组患者血清中CMV IgG检出率最高,各病原体IgM抗体检出较少,未检测到RV IgM、TOX IgM、EBVCA-IgM及COX IgM等抗体.与对照组相比,93例GBS患者血清中HSV-2 IgG、TOX IgG检出率明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其他病原体抗体在两组间的检出率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).对两组患者同时检出多种病原体抗体情况进行分析,GBS组同时检出6种病原体相应IgG或IgM抗体的检出率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 HSV-2和TOX感染可能与GBS发病有关联,但仍需进一步研究证实.     

弓形体感染与自然流产关系

目的探讨自然流产与弓形体感染的关系。方法用ELISA法检测自然流产妇女与健康孕妇血清内TORCH系列痛原体的IgM。结果自然流产妇女血清中弓形体（TOX）IgM阳性率与健康孕妇相比差异有高度显著性，而两组的风疹病毒（RUV）、巨细胞病毒（CMV）、单纯疱疹病毒型（HSV）的IgM阳性率差异无显著性。结论弓形体感染是自然流产的重要原因之一。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重患者呼吸道病毒的检测分析

目的 探讨呼吸道病毒感染与慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)的相关性.方法 随机选择140例慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)患者,60例健康老年志愿者为对照组,分别检测呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)、腺病毒(ADV)、巨细胞病毒(CMV)、副流感病毒(PIV)、流感病毒A/B(FluA/B)特异性抗体IgM水平,对组间阳性率进行比较.结果 AECOPD组患者中IgM阳性率依次为RSV＞PIV＞ FluA/B＞CMV＞ADV＞ HSV.AECOPD组与对照组各病毒抗体阳性率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 病毒感染是AECOPD重要因素,病毒感染参与了AECOPD病情的进展过程,在呼吸道病毒流行的季节应做好预防工作.     

TORCH感染与不良妊娠关系的分析

目的比较正常妊娠和异常妊娠妇女血清TORCH感染情况。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）对3851例妊娠（包括3449例正常妊娠和402例异常妊娠）妇女进行TORCH-IgM抗体检测。结果 3449例正常妊娠孕妇血清弓形虫（TOX）、风疹病毒（RUV）及巨细胞病毒（CMV）IgM抗体阳性率分别为0.32%、0.20%、1.88%,总阳性率为2.41%;402例异常妊娠妇女TOX、RUV、CMVIgM抗体阳性率分别为3.48%、2.74%、9.20%,总阳性率为15.42%。异常妊娠妇女TOX、RUV、CMV的IgM阳性率以及TORCH感染总阳性率明显高于正常妊娠孕妇,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 TORCH感染与不良妊娠密切相关,应重视TORCH感染的早期筛查和诊治。     

人巨细胞病毒对药疹病情发生发展的影响

目的 探究人巨细胞病毒对药疹病情发生发展的影响.方法 选取2012年9月-2014年6月在我院就诊的50例药疹患者作为观察组,同期选取50例体检健康者作为对照组,采用Taqman实时荧光定量PCR检测外周血单一核细胞中巨细胞病毒(CMV) DNA阳性率及载量,用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测血清中CMV IgM阳性率,对结果进行对比分析.结果 观察组中出现32例CMV DNA阳性患者,阳性率为64％.对照组中出现13例CMV DNA阳性患者,阳性率为26％,两者相比.观察组阳性率显著高于对照组,其差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);观察组中CMV DNA载量为28188.824±19525.632拷贝,对照组中CMV DNA载量为3018.9532±1 761.958拷贝,观察组显与对照组比较差异显著,具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);观察组中出现11例CMV IgM阳性患者,阳性率为22％,对照组中出现5例阳性患者,阳性率为10％,两者相比.观察组CMV IgM阳性率显著高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 药疹患者中存在CMV感染,其在药疹的发生和发展过程中可能起到一定的促进作用,是药疹发病的因素之一.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.     

Postinfectious immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: pathogenic and clinical values and implications

Autoimmunity is still a mystery of clinical immunology and medicine as a whole. The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders remain unclear and, thus, are assessed as a balance between hereditary predisposition, triggering factors and the appearance of autoantibodies and/or self-reactive T cells. Among the immunological armamentarium, molecular mimicry, based on self-reactive T- and B-cell activation by cross-reactive epitopes of infectious agents, is of special value. Hypotheses regarding the possible involvement of molecular mimicry in the development of postinfectious autoimmunity are currently very intriguing. They provide new approaches for identifying etiological agents that are associated with postinfectious autoimmunity, paired microbial- and tissue-linked epitopes targeted for autoimmune reaction determination, postinfectious autoimmunity pathogenesis recognition and specific prevention, and therapy for autoimmune disorder development.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

Beta-endorphin and drug-induced reward and reinforcement

Although drugs of abuse have different acute mechanisms of action, their brain pathways of reward exhibit common functional effects upon both acute and chronic administration. Long known for its analgesic effect, the opioid beta-endorphin is now shown to induce euphoria, and to have rewarding and reinforcing properties. In this review, we will summarize the present neurobiological and behavioral evidences that support involvement of beta-endorphin in drug-induced reward and reinforcement. Currently, evidence supports a prominent role for beta-endorphin in the reward pathways of cocaine and alcohol. The existing information indicating the importance of beta-endorphin neurotransmission in mediating the reward pathways of nicotine and THC, is thus far circumstantial. The studies described herein employed diverse techniques, such as biochemical measurements of beta-endorphin in various brain sites and plasma, and behavioral measurements, conducted following elimination (via administration of anti-beta-endorphin antibodies or using mutant mice) or augmentation (by intracerebral administration) of beta-endorphin. We suggest that the reward pathways for different addictive drugs converge to a common pathway in which beta-endorphin is a modulating element. beta-Endorphin is involved also with distress. However, reviewing the data collected so far implies a discrete role, beyond that of a stress response, for beta-endorphin in mediating the substance of abuse reward pathway. This may occur via interacting with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and also by its interesting effects on learning and memory. The functional meaning of beta-endorphin in the process of drug-seeking behavior is discussed.     

PTEN与信号转导及肿瘤

ＴＥＮ[1] (ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅａｎｄｔｅｎｓｉｎｈｏｍｏｌｏｇｙｄｅｌｅｔｅｄｏｎｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅｔｅｎ)又名ＭＭＡＣ1 [2 ] (ｍｕｔａｔｅｄｉｎｍｕｔｉｐｌｙａｄａｎｃｅｄｃａｎｃｅｒ 1 )和ＴＥＰ1 [3 ] (ＴＧＦ -βｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄａｎｄｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌ -ｒｉｃｈｅｄｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅ 1 ) (以下均称为ＰＴＥＮ) ,是 1 997年由 3个研究小组先后发现的一个具有双特异磷酸酶活性的抑癌基因。ＰＴＥＮ基因异常广泛存在于人类多种恶性肿瘤 ,如恶性神经胶质瘤、前列腺癌、子宫内膜癌、黑色素瘤等…     

Tobacco and alcohol and the risk of head and neck cancer

Summary We carried out two case-control studies on the relative risk of head and neck cancer in association with tobacco and alcohol consumption. The first study carried out at the ENT Department of the University hospitals of Heidelberg and Giessen (FRG) comprised 200 male patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck and 800 control subjects matched for sex, age, and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the tumour patients, 4.5% had never smoked, in contrast to 29.5% of the control group. The average tobacco and alcohol consumption of the patients was approximately twice as high as in the control subjects. The highest alcohol and tobacco consumption was observed in patients suffering from oropharyngeal cancer. Tobacco and alcohol increased the risk of head and neck cancer in a dose-dependent fashion and acted as independent risk factors. In heavy smokers (> 60 pack-years) a relative risk of 23.4 (alcohol adjusted) was calculated. Combined alcohol and tobacco consumption showed a synergistic effect. The risk ratio increased more in a multiplicative than in an additive manner. Oral and laryngeal cancer were associated with the highest tobacco-associated risk values. The highest ethanol-associated risk values were associated with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. The second study was carried out at the ENT Department of the University of Heidelberg on 164 males with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and 656 control subjects matched for sex, age and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the cases, 4.2% had never smoked, compared with 28.5% of the control subjects. The risk of laryngeal cancer by tobacco consumption was dose dependent, reaching a maximum value of 9.1 (adjusted for alcohol) for a consumption of more than 50 tobacco-years (TY). The relative risk of laryngeal cancer associated with alcohol intake was also dose dependent, reaching a value of 9.0 (adjusted for tobacco) for a mean daily consumption of more than 75 g alcohol. An analysis of subsite specific risks showed that heavy smokers (> 50 TY) carried a nearly ten times higher risk of supraglottic cancer than of glottic cancer. The risk of supraglottic cancer from alcohol consumption was also higher than that of glottic cancer.     

海洛因成瘾与学习记忆

海洛因成瘾是我国发病最高,危害最大的一种成瘾性疾病,而其中枢机制则是解决临床预防和治疗的关键,至今仍不清楚。既往工作表明,学习记忆功能在海洛因成瘾的中枢机制中居于重要的中心环节。本文在总结既往海洛因成瘾研究工作基础上联系学习记忆功能,试图从系统整合层次分析相关领域研究工作的不足和今后工作的发展方向。     

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