轴心受压钢筋砼方柱截面尺寸的优化设计

本文讨论了轴心受压钢筋砼方柱截面设计的优化问题．建立截面优化的非线性规划数学模型，对约束条件进行适当处理，将约束优化问题转化为无约束优化问题，导出一个确定最佳截面的简捷公式，使设计工作摆脱了繁琐的试算，有效地提高了设计效率．     

关于规定荷载下柱截面设计方法的探讨

桁架和柱的设计中,常碰到压杆的稳定问题,这一问题在不知杆的截面尺寸情况下,是以试算的方法确定杆的临界力,然后确定截面尺寸.本文给出了常见型钢杆件、松元木杆件受压时稳定问题的图解法,设计者可依据其荷载、支承情况迅速地查出所需截面尺寸或型钢型号.     

压杆稳定设计的优化方法

<正> 当前,工程上设计压杆截面一般采用试算法.由于无一定规则可循,往往需多次试算才能获得比较理想的截面尺寸,计算过程很繁琐.为了提高设计效率,人们进行了很多探索.文献[1]介绍了一种“平均值”试算法,此法取稳定系数(?)可能范围[0,1]的平均值     

压杆截面设计的图解法

在材料力学教学中有关压杆截面设计问题,大多采用了试算的办法,经过几次反复的核算才能求得满意结果,使问题变得繁琐。本文“压杆截面设计的图解解析法”舍弃了试算中的重复设计过程,一次便得到满意的结果。1.方法的提出图1给出了几种材料的临界应力总图。其中,压杆的柔度为:     

压杆稳定设计的直接法

<正> 当前工程上采用试算的方法来设计压杆截面,计算过程很繁琐.文[2]提出了一种加速收敛的设计方法,但稳定系数的初值选取仍需一次试算(所设计压杆的类型与取任一初值所得到的初始压杆的类型一致).为了提高设计效率,人们提出一些不必试算的简便设计方法,本文简称为“直接法”.这些方法的基本     

压杆截面设计的图解法

在材料力学教学中有关压杆截面设计问题,大多采用了试算的办法,经过几次反复的核算才能求得满意结果,使问题变得繁琐。本文"压杆截面设计的图解解析法"舍弃了试算中的重复设计过程,一次便得到满意的结果。1.方法的提出图1给出了几种材料的临界应力总图。其中,压杆的柔度为: ...     

对"压杆截面设计的图解法"的意见

在"压杆截面设计的图解法"文(《力学与实践》1985年第7卷第6期)中,作者为了避开几次反复计算,用"图解法"代替传统的"试算法",从而一次求得压杆截面的尺寸.但是,文中忽视了材料力学的一个基本概念:稳定安全系数(K_y,)与柔度(λ)有关,柔度越大,所取的稳定安全系数越小.而作者把稳定安全系数预先取为常数,这是不妥的.如果稳定安全系数与柔度无关,早期的学者也就不会采用试算的办法确定压杆截面的尺寸.     

也谈压杆设计问题

<正> 本文讨论设计简单压杆不用试算的一些方法.60年代初,军事工程学院学员汤萍通过研究发现,用折减系数法设计某些截面的压杆时,可以不必试算.可惜他写的一篇文章不曾发表,后来又遗失了.时隔约20载,我校一位年青教员重新研究,在本刊上发表了一种类似的方法.这种方法只适用于 A~2/I 为常量的截面.在此基础上,文献     

各向异性非均质梁截面特性计算的映射法

Ｇｉａｖｏｔｏ建立了确定各向异性梁截面特性和翘曲函数的二维有限元法。在此基础上，本文建立了一种映射法。在利用Ｇｉａｖｏｔｏ方法计算得某一具体截面的特性和翘曲函数后，与该截面具有相同形状不同尺寸的任意截面的特性和翘曲函数可用该截面的相应量通过显式确定，使计算大为简化。     

等边角钢四肢方阵式格构柱截面设计的近似方法

本文讨论工程上常见的等边角钢四肢方阵式格构柱截面尺寸的近似设计问题，给出确定角钢型号的简捷公式，为工程设计提供了方便的计算工具     

超静定型钢桁架优化设计的面积比法

满应力准则是对超静定型钢桁架进行优化设计的有效方法．但这种方法的主要缺点在于收敛速度很慢甚至不收敛,这给设计工作带来很大的不便．对问题进行了研究,在“型钢压杆稳定设计直接法”的基础上,提出了满应力优化设计的一种新方法——面积比法,有效地提高了设计过程的收敛速度,降低了设计成本,供有关结构设计人员参考．     

钢桁架优化设计中稳定及收敛问题的有效解法

在超静定型钢桁架满应力优化设计中，压杆的稳定性，即：计算 迭代中压杆的稳定许用应力，提高迭代过程的收敛速度，是两个关键问题，迄今为止 尚未得到有效地解决，从而影响了满应力优化设计方法在桁架结构中的应用. 为解决上述两问题, 首先建立了两个拟合函数，建立了型钢截面积与惯性半径及压杆的稳定， 系数与柔度之间的函数关系，继而导出了压杆稳定许用应力的计算方法， 归纳出了加速收敛的有效措施------面积平均法. 算例证明了 本文方法的可靠性，供有关结构设计人员参考.     

钢板墙-双肢C型钢框架简化模型

采用试验与有限元相结合的方法分析了钢板墙-双肢C型钢框架在低周反复荷载作用下的力学性能。在此基础上提出了一种构造简单、力学性能良好的四拉杆等效模型(FSEM)。通过FSEM模型分析了柱刚度系数、钢板墙高厚比和钢板墙高宽比,并与传统有限元模型结果进行了对比。结果表明,FSEM模型精度较高,静力计算时与传统壳单元模型的误差在10%以内,可以在设计中简化计算。提出了FSEM模型等效拉杆的倾角、截面面积计算公式,并建议该类框架钢板墙高厚比取600~1000,高宽比取0.5~1.0,柱刚度系数取79.6~99.5,为实际工程中的设计计算提供参考。     

Reliability Analysis of Structural Members Composed of Several Random Components,Making Use of Theory of Random Processes∗

This paper presents a method of reliability analysis of structural members, considering both the load and the resistance to be composed of several random components. The analysis is based on the theory of linear statistical approximation, extended to random processes. To illustrate application of the present theory, numerical calculations are carried out on a singly reinforced concrete beam with rectangular cross section and on a steel compression member with random initial deflections     

Die design: An implicit formulation for the inverse problem

Let us call a direct extrusion problem (DEP) the problem of finding the shape of the extrudate coming out of a die of prescribed shape. An implicit finite element formulation of the DEP which is geometrically general and for which a Newton-Raphson technique can be implemented has recently been proposed by Legat and Marchal. However, the problem posed to the die designer is frequently the inverse extrusion problem (IEP), i.e. finding the die shape which produces an extrudate of prescribed shape. This paper presents an extension of our original method for solving the IEP which avoids the ‘trial-and-error’ iteration on the die geometry itself. The advantage of the formulation lies in its capability to handle complex geometrics and in its low cost, because the CPU time and memory required to solve the IEP are almost identical to those of the DEP. We present benchmark results for squares and rectangles and new results obtained for geometries involving multiple corners. For an octagonal shape we also consider the case of a power-law fluid. For all results presented in this paper, surface tension has not been included.     

The influence of cooling rates on the distribution of the structure and phases in hardened cylindrical elements

Summary The paper presents an analysis of the temperature field and phase transformation kinetics for cylindrical steel elements with arbitrary shaped cross sections. The influence of different cooling rates as well as different time intervals to achieve the half of the full austenite into pearlite transformation τ_0.5 and weight fractions of pearlite and martensite are taken into account. The analysis is based on Lomakin's theory [2, 3, 4] and its modification [5] as well as the laws of phase transformation kinetics of [9]. The elaborated program of numerical calculations refers to steel grades characterized by C-shaped T-T-T curves and with carbon content close to that of an eutectoidal steel. The analysis is made for a two-dimensional region. As an example, a spline shaft with arbitrary shaped cross section is investigated. It is assumed that the heat exchange occurs on the boundary of the cross section alone. The solution of the problem is based on the variational difference method, being a combination of the finite element method and the finite difference method. Accepted for publication 6 August 1996     

Closed-form expression of the similarity solutions for an air-filled, heavy membrane tube section on an incline

In this study, an air-filled, heavy membrane tube section resting on an incline is considered. The shape of the tube section is determined by the equilibrium of its weight and the transmural pressure. All quantities are normalized to obtain similarity solutions. A system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations with undetermined boundary conditions is solved analytically. The closed-form solutions are expressed in terms of the non-dimensional pressure for a given inclination angle. Using the results of this study, one can estimate the shape and characteristic values of a tube section without the burden of numerical calculations.     

三角形格构式塔身体型系数及屏蔽特性研究Study on shape coefficient and shielding effects of triangular latticed tower body

为满足高压／特高压输电铁塔风致倒塌问题对铁塔体型系数的精准度需求,研究了完全结构化多块网格对格构式三角形输电塔塔身流场的模拟能力,探讨了不同规范体型系数对某铁塔的适用性,并分析了塔身杆件复杂流动干扰作用下的屏蔽特性。结果表明,数值模拟与风洞试验的体型系数吻合很好;完全结构化网格能高保真、高度正交地对铁塔塔身这类复杂空间桁架流场进行离散;《英国杆塔荷载规范》的规定结果虽偏于保守,但其趋势最为接近真实值;在塔身桁架结构各个杆件之间流动干扰作用下,角钢弯折角朝向来流比背向来流的屏蔽作用更强;斜材弯折角背向气流和竖向辅助材弯折角朝向气流的组合之间的流动干扰,使得其对气流的屏蔽作用最强。     

Equivalence Between Semi-empirical and Population-Balance Foam Models

Effective material parameters for diffusion and elastic deformation are calculated for porous materials using a continuum theory-based superposition procedure. The theory that is limited to two-dimensional cases, requires that the pores are sufficiently sparse. The method leads to simple manual calculations that can be performed by, e.g. hospital staff at clinical diagnoses of bone deceases that involve increasing levels of porosity. An advantage is that the result relates to the bone material permeability and stiffness instead of merely pore densities. The procedure uses precalculated pore shape factors and exact size scaling. The remaining calculations do not require any knowledge of the underlying field methods that are used to compute the shape factors. The paper establishes the upper limit for the pore densities that are sufficiently sparse. A cross section of bovine bone is taken as an example. The superposition procedure is evaluated against a full scale finite element calculation. The study compares the pore induced change of the diffusion coefficient and elastic modulus. The predictions differ between superposition and full scale calculations with 0.3% points when pore contribution to the diffusion constant is 3–7%, and 0.7% points when the pore contribution to the modulus of elasticity is 4.5–5%. It is uncertain if the error is in the superposition method, which is exact for small pore densities, while the full scale finite model is not.     

火灾后钢筋混凝土异形板的极限均布荷载

本文基于塑性铰线理论确定了钢筋混凝土异形板的破坏机构，并利用有限差分法计算了火灾时板内的温度场，根据高温后钢筋和混凝土的力学性能对塑性铰线截面的弯矩及灾后极限均布荷载进行了分析，为钢筋混凝土板火灾后的评估和维修提供依据．