辽东湾温坨子地区冬季水平风场的分布特征

利用辽东湾温坨子地区大气扩散试验资料,采用风场诊断模式,对拟建核电站厂区冬季水平风场的分布特征进行了研究。结果表明：冬季该地区水平风场分布主要有3种形式：(1)呈偏南风型的风场;(2)偏北风型的风场;(3)厂址附近位于高低压中心之间,或整个区域是一均压场,这时系统风弱,局地风(包括山谷风及海陆风)明显,整个区域地面风场比较混乱。夏季该地区水平风场分布主要有4种形式：(1)受季风控制,呈偏南风型的风场;(2)系统风较弱,呈海陆风型的风场;(3)锋前低压控制,产生切变型的风场;(4)受季风控制呈偏北风型的风场。     

我国登陆热带气旋引起的大陆地面风场分布

利用逐小时风速观测资料以及台风年鉴资料,分析了2008~2014年登陆我国大陆地区的51次热带气旋（TC）的地面风场分布特征,包括TC登陆期间大陆地面风场演变和大风分布特征、海岛站和内陆站的风速差异以及海拔对风力造成的影响等。结果表明:6级及以上大风主要发生在距离TC中心300 km内、TC强度达到台风（TY）以上时,并主要位于TC移动方向的右侧,尤其是右前象限;华南区TC风场分布主要由在此区域登陆的TC（Ⅰ类）造成,较大风速区包括广东西南部沿海、雷州半岛附近和海南西部沿岸;华东区TC风场分布主要由在此区域登陆的TC（Ⅱ类）造成,杭州湾出海口以及浙闽沿海是较大风速区;6级及以上大风广泛分布在华南和华东沿海,6~7级地面大风高频站主要位于杭州湾附近,8级及以上地面大风高频站点在杭州湾和福建沿海分布比广东西南部更为密集;TC登陆前后均可能造成大风,大风出现时间与站点至TC中心的距离密切相关;同等强度TC在海岛站造成的风速比陆地站更大,对高海拔站点造成的风力大于低海拔站点。本文研究结论对于TC大陆地面风场的预报具有一定参考价值。     

采用外场观测试验资料对登陆台风"黄蜂"的风场及湍流特征的观测研究

热带气旋登陆时的破坏力和灾害经常非常严重.其强灾害的产生与热带气旋登陆时能量短时内的突然释放及台风中强烈的中尺度扰动特征有很大关系.常规观测站网及常规观测设备,无论时间和空间的分辨能力,都不能很好的反映这种特征,因而给台风灾害的准确预报带来困难.该文采用CLATEX(China Landfall Typhoon Experiment)登陆台风现场科学试验的观测资料,分析2002年强热带风暴"黄蜂"的风场、中尺度扰动场及动量通量特征;研究其登陆期间湍流动量通量变化特征.结果表明,使用首次在登陆台风外场观测试验中的风廓线仪观测资料,能较好的分析强热带风暴"黄蜂"的风场结构.有助于对登陆台风的风场和湍流动量通量时空分布及机理有进一步认识.     

用AutoCAD分析成都市夏季地面风场特征

建立成都市夏季风流场不同监测点风向、风速数据库和风矢量数据库,采用Wendlell反平方内插法,在AutoCAD上绘制测试区域风矢量图,并与成都市地图叠加,分析夏季地面风场的特征,认为当地面风速处于1.5～2.0m/s时,市区容易形成风的辐合切变,其发生频率为90%;小风时,市区出现风辐合切变的频率为11.8%;当地面风速≥2.0 m/s时,市区几乎不出现风的辐合和切变.     

强热带风暴“北冕”登陆前后的风场变化

利用Q3000型车载相控阵风廓线雷达,对强热带风暴“北冕”登陆前后的风场情况进行了连续观测,观测资料反映了“北冕”登陆前后观测点上空风场的变化：“北冕”中心临近时风速逐渐增大,而后逐渐减弱,风向在垂直空间及时间上存在有规律的切变。风廓线雷达探测资料对于研究热带气旋内部的平均风特性、垂直结构、湍流输送性质及风压分布等有重要意义,可以弥补地面探空站在台风期间无法获取有效探空资料的不足。     

浙江沿海登陆台风结构特性的多普勒雷达资料分析

利用浙江省新一代多普勒雷达组网资料,选取在浙江东南沿海近乎同一地点登陆的3个台风进行研究。从登陆前6 h到登陆后7 h,对比分析3个台风在登陆前后的雷达回波和降水结构时空变化特征。利用单多普勒雷达四维变分风场反演技术,对温州多普勒雷达探测资料进行了风场反演。结合利用雷达回波强度资料,对3个台风登陆前后1 h在云岩、昌禅等地造成特大暴雨的中尺度对流系统的三维结构及其演变特征进行了详细分析。结果表明,台风强度与其螺旋云带中的对流单体密切相关。台风强度愈强,其中低层环状平均回波强度就愈强,对流活动也就愈旺盛,降水强度也愈大。台风登陆前,回波(雨带)从眼墙向外围传播。台风登陆后,随着台风外围回波(雨带)明显减弱,台风眼墙回波(雨带)则明显增强,台风眼区逐渐被强回波所取代,使台风登陆后眼墙的平均雨强比登陆前增大。台风登陆后1 h,由于低(高)层水平辐合(散)增强,强对流回波中倾斜的上升(下沉)气流明显增大,使对流运动更加活跃,造成登陆后1 h的降雨量显著增强。台风强度与登陆后1 h降雨量的增强幅度成正比。台风强度越强,垂直风切变就越大,垂直切变风速大值区与最大降雨区有较好的对应关系。台风登陆后1 h,垂直切变风速的明显增加对登陆台风螺旋雨带中的中小尺度对流的加强和维持起到了非常重要的作用。     

用风廓线资料分析热带气旋“帕布”的风场结构

使用香港风廓线资料,进行时空转换,得到热带气旋“帕布”近香港时的水平和垂直风场剖面结构：气旋近地面层风场以径向风为主;气旋东西两侧水平风场结构明显不同,东侧偏东风明显,西侧随高度增加切向风不断增强,并监测到东北风急流的向下传播;尽管两侧风场结构不同,水平风速却表现出较好的对称性,但气旋西侧由于急流的存在,风速总体较东侧高;近中心上升气流明显偏于中心西侧,下沉气流总体较上升气流要强,且更对称。     

登陆台风的多普勒雷达资料质量控制和水平风场反演

消除噪音和速度模糊、进行水平风场的反演并检验是正确使用和充分利用多普勒雷达探测资料的前提.对2005年8月山东烟台多普勒雷达探测到的0509号台风"麦莎"的存在速度模糊的径向速度资料首先进行噪音和速度模糊消除处理,检验结果表明对资料的退模糊处理是成功的;其次进行了水平风场的反演,并对反演的风场从雷达径向速度的特征、大尺度环境风场特征、与卫星云图云带的对比和以台风中心为圆心计算的径向风垂直剖面特征等方面进行检验.结果表明,利用单多普勒雷达探测资料得到的水平风场能够清晰地给出登陆热带气旋内部存在的中小尺度系统,及其水平和垂直结构,并表明与台风外围雨带强降水区域相对应的是明显的中尺度水平风场的切变与辐合区.反演风场也可以为进一步利用单多普勒雷达探测资料分析和研究登陆台风内部的中尺度结构提供高分辨率的可靠的分析资料.同时证明,使用的退速度模糊方法能够有效地应用于较完整资料的速度模糊的自动消除,以及VAP方法对于中小尺度风场分析的实用性.     

DCT ANALYSIS DISTRIBUTION FEATURES OF NEAR-SURFACE WIND FIELDS DURING THE LANDFALL OF VONGFONG

1 INTRODUCTION The typhoon is a destructive weather phenomenon that stands at the top of ten major natural disasters[1]. Typhoon-related damages are the immediate consequences of weather it brings forth, which include heavy rain, strong winds and storm surges (water gain). They cause flash floods, bring down houses and break through dams[1]. Of the research on typhoons for the recent 10 years[2], new advances have been reported on abrupt changes in the motion, structure and intensity of…     

我国登陆台风引起的大风分布特征的初步分析

用1949～2001年我国台风大风实测纪录对此期间台风引起的大风进行研究,具体分析了台风引起的6级及以上、8级及以上大风的频数,和大风风速的平均值、极端最大值的分布特征,并对台风登陆的地段、季节对上述要素的影响和台风登陆前、后上述要素的变化做了进一步分析.结果表明:在引起我国境内大风天气的台风中,有62%在我国登陆;而登陆我国的台风中,有89%会引起大风过程.台风引起的我国境内大风主要出现在东南沿海,等频数线几乎与海岸线平行,向内陆急剧减小,在杭州湾以北地区较少出现8级以上的台风大风,而极端最大风速与大风频数有类似的分布;在华南登陆的台风引起的大风频数明显高于华东和华北,华东又高于华北,引起的大风风速的大值区与登陆地段较为一致;登陆台风在4～8月间逐渐增多,引起的大风范围逐步向北推进,在9～11月间登陆台风逐渐减少,大风范围逐步往南消退;台风登陆前引起的大风主要集中在沿海地带,登陆后台风大风出现范围明显扩大.     

QuikSCAT散射计矢量风统计特征及南海大风遥感分析

主要分析了QuikSCAT散射计矢量风资料的统计特征,并利用该资料分析了南海大风频数的月变化、空间分布特征以及南海各月风场的空间分布特征.结果显示QuikSCAT矢量风在南海具有可信性;利用散射计风场资料分析发现在南海主要盛行两种风,即冬季东北风和夏季西南风,东北风最大中心在巴士海峡、台湾海峡;南海中南部存在东北季风的次大中心和西南季风的极大中心.     

THE ANALYSIS ON THE STATISTICAL CHARACTER OF QUIKSCAT SCATTEROMETER WINDS AND STRONG WIND FREQUENCY USING REMOTE SENSOR DATA FROM QUIKSCAT

1 INTRODUCTION Most of the conventional sea surface wind data are measurements from ships, buoys and islands, with coverage and spatial resolution far below the requirements of research and application. At present, due to limited understanding of physical processes and efficient exploitation of data, numerical prediction models have not been used as they should be, although routine procedures are able to give sea surface wind fields at the intervals of 6 hours. With the development of sp…     

台风模拟中QuikSCAT风场的非对称加强订正及同化应用

针对QuikSCAT 散射计风场资料对台风级别的强风速区还无法准确刻画这个技术问题,引入台风移速、移向、摩擦等客观因素对该风场产品资料进行非对称加强订正;然后利用四维同化技术,并设计了先同化后预报两个阶段的试验方案,对“云娜”台风进行了数值模拟试验。试验结果表明：通过模式约束调整,四维同化技术可以把QuikSCAT 海面风场资料引入到整层模式大气中,并对整层风场和气压场的强度及路径模拟都有很大的改进,而且该资料还提高了预报阶段台风强度的模拟效果,并对登陆点的预报起到了积极作用。     

一种台风海面非对称风场的构造方法

针对台风数值预报中由于采用对称模型而导致预报误差的现实，通过引入非对称分布的台风最大风速、最大风速半径等因子，在得到台风报告中7级风和10级风的半径的基础上，利用最佳权系数方案来得到非对称的台风外围风速分布因子，从而对Chan and Williams 1987年提出的切向风廓线方案进行改造，进而得到了台风海面非对称风场的计算式。检验表明，该方法能够描述台风海面风场的非对称分布，具有较好的应用前景。     

THE INFLUENCE OF INHOMOGENEOUS WIND DISTRIBUTION ON DATA QUALITY FOR WIND PROFILING RADAR

Horizontal wind measured by wind profiling radar (WPR) is based on uniform wind assumption in volume of lateral beam. However, this assumption cannot completely meet in the real atmosphere. The subject of this work is to analyze the influence of atmospheric inhomogeneities for wind measurement. Five-beam WPR can measure two groups of horizontal wind components U and V independently, using the difference of horizontal wind components U and V can evaluate the influence of the inhomogeneity of the atmospheric motion on wind measurement. The influences can be divided into both inhomogeneous distribution of horizontal motion and vertical motion. Based on wind measurements and meteorological background information, a new means of coordinate rotation the two kinds of inhomogeneous factor was separated, and the impact in different weather background was discussed. From analysis of the wind measured by type of PB-II WPR (445MHz) during 2012 at Yanqing of Beijing, it is shown that the inhomogeneity of horizontal motion is nearly the same in U and V direction. Both the inhomogeneities of horizontal motion and vertical motion have influence on wind measurement, and the degrees of both influences are associated with changes of wind speed. In clear air, inhomogeneity of horizontal motion is the main influence on wind measurement because of small vertical velocity. In precipitation, the two influences are larger than that in clear air.     

热带气旋"黄蜂"登陆过程诊断分析

应用了高分辨率的卫星TRMM资料以及多种类资料的同化资料对登陆广东吴川的强热带风暴"黄蜂"进行了诊断分析.分析了登陆前阶段和登陆阶段"黄蜂"风场的不对称性、降水分布、热力结构的变化特征,讨论了北方干冷气流和南方西南季风相互作用对"黄蜂"增强和减弱的影响作用.结果表明,热带气旋"黄蜂"在风速分布、降水分布、对流活动等方面存在不对称性.在登陆前阶段"黄蜂"经历了一次强对流云团发展为螺旋云带的过程,降水增加;"黄蜂"登陆阶段,对流迅速减弱,降水明显减少.登陆前阶段的发展与北方小股干冷气流从中层进入,影响了"黄蜂"内部的热力结构,其位势不稳定得到加强有关;登陆阶段,北方干冷气流进入"黄蜂"内部低层以及西南季风水汽输送减弱,导致"黄蜂"迅速减弱.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION ON THE WIND FIELD STRUCTURE OF A MOUNTAINOUS AREA BESIDE SOUTH CHINA SEA DURING THE LANDFALL OF TYPHOON MOLAVE

Leveraging the commercial CFD software FLUENT, the fine-scale three-dimensional wind structure over the Paiya Mountains on the Dapeng Peninsula near Shenzhen, a city on the seashore of South China Sea, during the landfall of Typhoon Molave has been simulated and analyzed. Through the study, a conceptual wind structure model for mountainous areas under strong wind condition is established and the following conclusions are obtained as follows： （1） FLUENT can reasonably simulate a three-dimensional wind structure over mountainous areas under strong wind conditions; （2） the kinetic effect of a mountain can intensify wind speed in the windward side of the mountain and the area over the mountain peak; and （3） in the leeward side of the mountain, wind speed is relatively lower with relatively stronger wind shear and turbulence.     

THE TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SEA SURFACE WIND ALONG THE COAST OF GUANGDONG PROVINCE IN CHINA

Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of sea surface wind in Guangdong''s coastal areas were analyzed with data from four offshore observational stations between 2012 and 2015. The results are shown as follows: (1) The probability distribution of wind speed was basically consistent with Gaussian distribution characteristics; winds of Beaufort force 6 or higher were observed mainly in far offshore stations from October to March. (2) The probability distribution of wind direction was represented well by Weibull distribution. The deviation of wind direction of far station was relatively small for it was mainly controlled by monsoon over the South China Sea, while the near offshore station had a relatively large diurnal variation because of the influence of local synoptic systems such as sea-land breeze. (3) There were significant seasonal differences in wind speed and direction observed by different offshore observational stations. In strong wind seasons, the deviation of wind direction was relatively small while the deviation of wind speed was relatively large, and vice versa. In contrast with Class I station, the other three stations exhibited approximately normal distribution of wind direction and wind speed deviations. (4) Wind direction diurnal variation was moderate in windy periods, while it was obvious in relatively lower speed conditions. The deviation of wind speed in windy periods was generally greater because it was influenced by mesoscale weather systems for 10-20 h, and the influence was complicated, resulting in greater local differences in wind speed.