抑制蜂窝网定位中测量值NLOS误差的两种算法研究

本文基于对NLOS误差特点的分析,把两种改进的卡尔曼滤波器算法应用于蜂窝网无线定位的TOA(Time of Arrival)测量值消除NLOS(Non-Line of Sight)误差预处理上。它们分别针对NLOS误差的特点,从不同角度考虑,降低了TOA测量值中的标准测量误差和NLOS误差,恢复出的测量值可以较精确的逼近真实的到达时间。从而有效减少了测量值的NLOS误差,再使用普通的不考虑NLOS误差消除的定位算法来计算移动台的位置,就可以达到较高的精度。     

一种在非视距环境中的TDOA/AOA混合定位方法

提出了一种在非视距环境中的到达时间差/到达角混合定位方法。该方法使用了两步卡尔曼滤波。先用卡尔曼滤波器对到达时间测量值进行预处理,以消除TOA测量值中的NLOS误差。再把经过预处理的TOA测量值输入到用卡尔曼滤波器实现的TDOA/AOA混合定位器中进行定位。实验证明,该方法的定位误差性能优于单纯的TDOA定位方法及静态定位方法中泰勒级数展开法的误差性能。     

一种基于卡尔曼滤波的UWB定位算法

文中提出了一种基于卡尔曼滤波的UWB(Ultra Wide Band)定位算法,先用卡尔曼滤波算法对信号的到达时间测量值进行处理,以消除TOA(Time Of Arrival)测量值中的NLOS(Non.Line of Sight)误差,再对经过处理的TOA测量值进行TOA定位,理论分析和计算机仿真实验都表明:该方法的定位误差性能优于单纯的TDOA定位方法,具有较强的实用价值.     

基于卡尔曼滤波的测量值重构及定位算法

在蜂窝网无线定位技术中,非视距(NLOS)误差的存在使定位性能急剧下降。该文提出了一种针对NLOS环境的基于卡尔曼滤波(KF)的动态跟踪定位算法。算法首先利用有偏卡尔曼滤波器的对测量值进行重构,然后利用重构后的测量值进行卡尔曼定位,并引入推算机制加以修正。实验结果表明,该方法在极为恶劣的NLOS环境下也能够获得很高的定位精度。     

基于扩展卡尔曼滤波器的混合TDOA／AOA室内定位技术的研究

本文阐述的是一种针对室内超宽带系统（UWB）的时间差到达和角度到达（TDOA／AOA）的混合定位技术。由于非视距传播（NLOS）误差确定为此系统的主要误差原因,所以本文使用卡尔曼滤波器来甄别和消除非视距误差,从而减小在室内UWB环境下的NLOS的时间到达（TOA）误差。本文加入了一种AOA选择功能。最后针对使用TDOA和有选择的AOA的室内移动定位追踪系统本文提出了一种改进的扩展卡尔曼滤波器（EKF）。仿真结果显示本文提出的混合定位方案可以有效响应在UWB环境下的NLOS／LOS变化,并且提高了定位精度。     

NLOS环境下基于TOA/AOA的单基站目标跟踪

现有的单基站定位技术由于非视距（Non-Line-of-Sight,NLOS）误差的存在,导致定位性能急剧下降。针对这一问题,提出了一种基于单基站的改进扩展卡尔曼滤波（Extended Kalman Filter,EKF）算法。该算法在扩展卡尔曼滤波器中引入阈值去判断是否丢弃测量值,通过对卡尔曼增益的处理来提高对NLOS误差的滤除能力,最后利用扩展卡尔曼滤波器的跟踪性能对移动目标进行定位跟踪。仿真结果表明,所提算法的定位精度优于传统的EKF、无迹卡尔曼滤波器（Unscented Kalman Filter,UKF）等算法,且对抑制NLOS误差具有良好的效果。     

基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的非视距误差消除算法

在蜂窝网无线定位中,到达时间(TOA)或到达时间差(TDOA)中的非视距(NLOS)误差会导致移动台的位置估计出现较大偏差.为了减轻NLOS误差的影响,提出了一种基于扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)的非视距误差消除算法.算法通过引入一个NLOS转换因子改进EKF的迭代过程,消除NLOS误差对定位估计的影响.计算机仿真结果表明,在NLOS环境下定位精度的提高是显著的.     

一种新的TOA无线定位算法

在无线通信系统中,精确定位面临的一个主要问题就是信号的非视距传播(NLOS)。提出了一种新的定位算法-最小距离误差算法(LRE),能够有效地降低NLOS误差的影响。算法基于到达时间(TOA)测量距离,利用TOA测量值所确定的几何关系,由受条件约束的优化方法求得移动台的估计位置。研究了该算法在不同类型NLOS误差下的表现,实验表明LRE算法的定位精度达到E911要求,比其它算法有明显提高,且在多种分布的NLOS误差下表现稳定。     

TOA数据处理对NLOS环境下定位精度的改善

基于移动通信环境中非视距(NLOS)传播时延服从指数分布的特性,提出了一种改善移动台定位精度的波达时间(TOA)数据处理方法.NLOS传播时延是TOA测量误差的一部分,是基站与移动台距离的指数函数,具有正偏置的特性,因此TOA测量值越大其误差越大.对所有的TOA测量数据进行分析,仅保留误差最小的3个,然后再采用最小二乘(LS)法估计移动台的坐标.仿真结果表明,该TOA数据处理方法能够明显改善NLOS传播环境下的定位精度,在系统测量误差较小时对LOS传播条件下的定位精度几乎没有影响.     

多天线NLOS定位误差抑制算法

为抑制非视距传播造成的定位误差,提出一种基于对各基站TOA测量结果进行NLOS判别的误差抑制算法。与传统基于TOA统计信息的NLOS抑制不同,算法直接利用移动台多天线接收数据判别基站视距状态,然后融合LOS和NLOS基站测量结果解算移动台位置。NLOS判别机制采用多天线接收数据估计信道莱斯K因子,利用K因子在LOS/NLOS下服从的不同概率分布在信号处理层面对NLOS基站进行判别。算法最后采用约束最优化方法融合识别后的LOS和NLOS基站的TOA测量结果解算移动台位置。仿真结果表明,所提融合NLOS基站TOA解算算法可有效提高NLOS存在时的定位精度。      

Mobile Tracking in Mixed Line-of-Sight/Non-Line-of-Sight Conditions: Algorithm and Theoretical Lower Bound

The paper investigates the problem of mobile tracking in mixed line-of-sight (LOS)/non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions. The motion of mobile station is modeled by a dynamic white noise acceleration model, while the measurements are time of arrival (TOA). A first-order Markov model is employed to describe the dynamic transition of LOS/NLOS conditions. An improved Rao-Blackwellized particle filter (RBPF) is proposed, in which the LOS/NLOS sight conditions are estimated by particle filtering using the optimal trial distribution, and the mobile state is computed by applying approximated analytical methods. The theoretical error lower bound is further studied in the described problem. A new method is presented to compute the posterior Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB): the mobile state is first estimated by decentralized extended Kalman filter (EKF) method, then sigma point set and unscented transformation are applied to calculate Fisher information matrix (FIM). Simulation results show that the improved RBPF is more accurate than current methods, and its performance approaches to the theoretical bound.     

Mobile Location Estimator in a Rough Wireless Environment Using Extended Kalman-Based IMM and Data Fusion

An extended Kalman-based interacting multiple model (EK-IMM) smoother is proposed for mobile location estimation with the data fusion of the time of arrival (TOA) and the received signal strength (RSS) measurements in a rough wireless environment. The extended Kalman filter is used for nonlinear estimation. The IMM is employed as a switch between the line-of-sight (LOS) and non-LOS (NLOS) states, which are considered to be a Markov process with two interactive modes. Combining extended Kalman filtering with the IMM scheme for accurately smooth range estimation between the corresponding base station (BS) and mobile station (MS) in the rough wireless environment, the proposed robust mobile location estimator, in association with data fusion, can efficiently mitigate the NLOS effects on the measurement range error. Simulation results illustrate that the performance of the proposed method has been significantly improved in the LOS/NLOS transition case. Moreover, the performance of the EK-IMM smoother with data fusion is also better than that with a single measurement used alone.      

UWB positioning enhancement using Markov chain in indoor NLOS environment

The accuracy of the positioning system in indoor environment is often affected by none-line-of-sight ( NLOS) propagation. In order to improve the positioning accuracy in indoor NLOS environment, a method used ultra-wide-band ( UWB ) technology, which based on time of arrival ( TOA) principle, combining Markov chain and fingerprint matching was proposed. First, the TOA algorithm is used to locate the target tag. Then the Markov chain is used to identify if blocking happened and revise the position result. And the fingerprint matching is used to further improve the position accuracy. Finally, an experiment system was built to test the accuracy of the proposed method and the traditional Kalman filter method. The experimental results show that, compared with the traditional Kalman filter method, the proposed method can improve the positioning accuracy in indoor NLOS environment.     

A novel TOA estimation method with effective NLOS error reduction

It is well known that non-line-of-sight （NLOS） error has been the major factor impeding the enhancement of accuracy for time of arrival （TOA） estimation and wireless positioning. This article proposes a novel method of TOA estimation effectively reducing the NLOS error by 60%, comparing with the traditional timing and synchronization method. By constructing the orthogonal training sequences, this method converts the traditional TOA estimation to the detection of the first arrival path （FAP） in the NLOS multipath environment, and then estimates the TOA by the round-trip transmission （RTT） technology. Both theoretical analysis and numerical simulations prove that the method proposed in this article achieves better performance than the traditional methods.     

Non-line of Sight Error Mitigation in Ultra-wideband Ranging Systems Using Biased Kalman Filtering

In this paper, a non-line of sight (NLOS) error mitigation method based on biased Kalman filtering for ultra-wideband (UWB) ranging is proposed. The NLOS effect on the measures of signal arrival time is considered one of the major error sources in range estimation and time-based wireless location systems. An improved biased Kalman filtering system, incorporated with sliding-window data smoothing and hypothesis test, is used for NLOS identification and error mitigation. Based on the results of hypothesis test, the estimated ranges are either calculated by smoothing the measured range when line of sight (LOS) status is detected, or obtained by conducting error mitigation on the NLOS corrupted measured range when NLOS status is detected. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme in mitigating errors during the LOS-to-NLOS and NLOS-to-LOS transitions is discussed. Improved NLOS identification and mitigation during the NLOS/LOS variations of channel status are attained by an adaptive variance-adjusting scheme in the biased filter. Simulation results show that the UWB channel status and the transition between NLOS and LOS can be identified promptly by the proposed scheme. The estimated time-based location metrics can be used for achieving higher accuracy in location estimation and target tracking.     

基于TOA的置信因子移动定位算法

移动台的精确定位面临的一个主要问题就是信号的非视距(NLOs)传输。小文在TOA测量距离的基础上,利用基站和测量值之间的几何关系、信号的损耗模型和信号强度信息,提出了置信因子定位算法(BFA)。研究了BFA算法在不同类型NLOS误差下的表现,结果表明该算法能够有效地降低NLOS误差的影响,定位精度比其它算法有显著提高,而且在不同分布的NLOS误差下表现稳定。