SAHA和TRAIL联合使用对乳腺癌雌激素受体阳性细胞MCF-7生长的影响

目的实时观测SAHA和TRAIL联合使用后对乳腺癌雌激素受体阳性细胞MCF-7生长的影响。方法实时无标记动态细胞分析系统(real time cell analysis,RTCA)动态监测各种处理因素对乳腺癌MCF-7细胞生长状况的影响并通过Biostation~(TM)活细胞工作站实时收集各种处理因素对乳腺癌MCF-7细胞增殖干预的形态学证据。结果xCELLigence RTCA实时无标记动态细胞分析系统显示,随着TRAIL的加入,SAHA对MCF-7细胞的抑制作用明显增强。SAHA和TRAIL的联合用药可能提高了SAHA对MCF-7细胞的敏感性。实时活细胞工作站成像实验进一步证明SAHA和TRAIL联合用药对MCF-7乳腺癌细胞的抑制作用强于SAHA或TRAIL单独用药。结论SAHA和TRAIL的联合使用对MCF-7细胞的生长具有协同抑制作用。     

SAHA在Leptin诱导的乳腺癌MCF-7细胞增殖过程中的调控作用

目的为了阐明SAHA调控Leptin诱导的乳腺癌ER+细胞系MCF-7细胞增殖的分子机制,我们采用实时无标记细胞分析系统,动态监测Leptin对MCF-7细胞生长状况的影响。方法通过自动细胞分析仪Muse Cell Analyzer分析Leptin和SAHA对MCF-7细胞活力、细胞凋亡以及细胞周期产生的影响,并应用细胞凋亡抗体芯片测定Leptin和SAHA两种处理因素作用MCF-7细胞后相关凋亡通路分子表达变化的情况。结果低浓度Leptin对MCF-7细胞生长有诱导作用,其浓度为0.625 nmol·L~(-1)时作用效果最明显。细胞分析结果表明,SAHA能明显抑制Leptin诱导的MCF-7细胞增殖,经SAHA处理后MCF-7细胞活力明显下降,细胞凋亡率明显增多,细胞被大量阻滞于G_0/G_1期。凋亡抗体芯片筛查结果发现,SAHA可明显诱导MCF-7细胞内促凋亡因子Bax、Caspase-3的表达,并且与凋亡产生密切相关的TRAIL DR5、p21~(CIP1)蛋白的表达也明显上升,Claspin、Clusterin、XIAP、Survivin蛋白的表达明显下降,而Leptin对上述蛋白的表达具有相反作用。结论 Leptin、SAHA对乳腺癌ER~+细胞MCF-7的影响可能与乳腺癌细胞内凋亡通路激活有关,特别是与内源性线粒体凋亡通路引发的Caspase-3释放密切相关。     

组织蛋白酶V对乳腺癌MCF-7细胞增殖抑制作用的研究

目的探讨组织蛋白酶V(CTSV)对乳腺癌MCF-7细胞增殖的抑制作用。方法以人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞为研究对象,分为正常对照组和SAHA(0.5、1、2、5、10、20和50μmol/L)组。MUSE自动细胞分析仪检测辛二酰苯胺异羟肟酸(SAHA)对MCF-7细胞活力的影响,实时荧光定量PCR技术检测MCF-7细胞中微管相关蛋白1轻链3 A(LC3A)和CTSV mRNA表达变化的情况,Western blot检测CTSV蛋白的表达水平。结果 MUSE自动细胞分析仪结果显示,与正常对照组比较,经过SAHA处理后MCF-7细胞活力明显下降(P0.01)。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,LC3A和CTSV mRNA水平在SAHA的作用下增加(P0.01)。Western blot结果发现,SAHA可以促进CTSV蛋白表达增加(P0.05)。结论 CTSV在SAHA诱导的乳腺癌细胞增殖抑制过程中起到重要的调控作用。     

SAHA-CTSV轴通过诱导过度自噬抑制乳腺癌MCF-7细胞的生长

目的研究SAHA-CTSV轴通过诱导过度自噬抑制乳腺癌MCF-7细胞生长的作用和机制。方法以人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞为研究目标,Muse细胞分析仪检测SAHA对细胞活力的作用;Real-time PCR和Western blot检测SAHA对CTSV的mRNA及蛋白表达的影响,同时检测利用siRNA干扰技术敲除CTSV后的细胞CTSV表达水平;细胞免疫荧光法检测SAHA对LC3II分子的作用;Real-time PCR和Western blot检测SAHA诱导自噬过程中相关ATG分子和LC3的mRNA和蛋白的变化;Bafilomycin A1抑制自噬,随后利用Western blot和Muse细胞分析仪分别检测p62蛋白水平和SAHA作用后的细胞活力。结果SAHA可以抑制MCF-7细胞的增殖,并促进CTSV的表达。CTSV-siRNA转染细胞后,CTSV的mRNA和蛋白水平均显著性降低。SAHA增加了LC3免疫荧光点的分布,与CTSV-siRNA共同作用可恢复由CTSV-siRNA敲减引起的细胞自噬减弱。SAHA在增强ATG4C和Beclin1表达的同时,LC3B也随之升高而mTOR则下降。抑制CTSV表达后也同时逆转了SAHA的效应。Bafilomycin A1阻断自噬后,被SAHA抑制的p62蛋白的表达和细胞活力显著增强。结论SAHA-CTSV轴通过诱导过度自噬抑制乳腺癌MCF-7细胞的生长。     

雷公藤甲素对ERα蛋白介导的人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞增殖抑制的影响

目的：研究雷公藤甲素对激素依赖性人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7增殖的抑制作用及可能的机制。方法：MTT法检测雷公藤甲素对MCF-7细胞增殖的抑制作用,Hoechst染色法检测其对细胞凋亡的影响,Western blotting法观察雷公藤甲素对雌激素受体（ER）α蛋白表达的影响。结果：雷公藤甲素对MCF-7细胞增殖有显著的抑制作用,并且呈现良好的时效和量效关系,雷公藤甲素能有效诱导MCF-7细胞凋亡,并且对ERα具有明显的下调作用。结论：雷公藤甲素能抑制人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7增殖并且诱导其凋亡,其诱导MCF-7细胞凋亡的作用机制可能与其下调ERα的表达有关。     

正交设计优选丹参-人参活性组分抗乳腺癌有效配伍

目的优选丹参-人参活性组分抗乳腺癌的最佳配伍,初步研究其作用机制。方法采用正交设计,以人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7为研究对象,人乳腺正常上皮细胞MCF-10A作为对照,应用CCK-8法,以细胞生长抑制率为指标优选丹参-人参活性组分的最佳配伍;结合实时细胞分析技术验证最佳配伍对细胞的增殖抑制作用;采用高内涵细胞分析技术检测最佳配伍对细胞凋亡的影响。结果优选出丹参-人参抗乳腺癌的最佳配伍为:丹参总酚酸、人参总皂苷和人参多糖,其配比是5、10、5 mg·L-1;实时细胞分析技术检测结果表明,最佳配伍对乳腺癌细胞MCF-7增殖抑制作用明显,对正常乳腺细胞MCF-10A的增殖抑制作用不明显;高内涵荧光细胞分析检测最佳配伍的Hoechst、Annexin V、PI染色荧光,与对照组相比,诱导凋亡作用对于MCF-7细胞差异有显著性(P<0.01),对于MCF-10A细胞差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论丹参-人参活性组分的最佳配伍对乳腺癌MCF-7细胞有较强的增殖抑制和诱导凋亡作用,而对正常乳腺MCF-10A细胞无明显影响,具有选择性抗MCF-7乳腺癌的作用。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂调控p21~(WAF1/CIP1)启动子乙酰化水平影响乳腺癌MCF-7细胞周期

目的研究组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂(histone deacetylase inhibitor,HDACI)调控p21~(WAF1/CIP1)启动子乙酰化水平,调节乳腺癌MCF-7细胞周期的分子机制。方法采用实时定量PCR、Western blot和DNA-Ch IP方法测定SAHA对乳腺癌MCF-7细胞周期调控系统的影响;应用染色质免疫沉淀(chromatin immunoprecipitation,Ch IP)技术探究SAHA调控p21~(WAF1/CIP1)启动子乙酰化水平的情况。结果 SAHA明显影响乳腺癌细胞周期相关调控因子的表达;在针对p21~(WAF1/CIP1)基因功能的筛查中发现,SAHA可明显诱导p21~(WAF1/CIP1)mRNA和蛋白的表达,并且可调节p21~(WAF1/CIP1)启动子乙酰化水平。结论 SAHA通过影响p21~(WAF1/CIP1)启动子乙酰化程度调节乳腺癌MCF-7细胞周期的进程。     

补骨脂素对人类乳腺癌细胞增殖作用的影响

目的研究补骨脂素(psoralen,Pso)对人类乳腺癌细胞株增殖的影响。方法采用噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法测定补骨脂素对雌激素依赖性乳腺癌细胞MCF-7和非雌激素依赖性乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB231的细胞增殖作用,并以雌激素受体拮抗剂ICI182,780为工具药来评价补骨脂素发挥雌激素样作用与雌激素受体的关系,流式细胞术对MCF-7细胞的增殖情况进行分析。结果与溶剂对照组相比较,Pso(10～40μmol.L-1)能明显促进MCF-7细胞的增殖,而对雌激素受体阴性MDA-MB231细胞未见影响,并将MCF-7细胞周期由G1期向S期推进,促进DNA合成,提高细胞分裂增殖指数,且Pso促进MCF-7细胞增殖作用被雌激素受体拮抗剂所拮抗。结论补骨脂素具有雌激素活性,此作用是通过雌激素受体(ER)介导的。     

白藜芦醇通过激活p38-p53通路诱导人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞凋亡

本研究探讨了白藜芦醇(resveratrol,RSV)诱导人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞凋亡及其作用机制。以MTT法检测白藜芦醇对MCF-7的细胞毒性;应用Hoechst 33258染色观察细胞凋亡的形态学变化;采用流式细胞术检测细胞的凋亡率;以Western blotting检测相关蛋白的表达。结果表明,白藜芦醇可以时间和剂量依赖性地抑制MCF-7细胞的生长;60μmol.L-1白藜芦醇作用于MCF-7细胞48 h后可使细胞核皱缩、染色质凝聚,并形成明显的凋亡小体;白藜芦醇可以时间依赖性地诱导MCF-7细胞凋亡及p38和p53蛋白的活化。p38 MAPK抑制剂SB203580和p53抑制剂pifithrin-α可以显著降低白藜芦醇诱导的MCF-7细胞的生长抑制率和凋亡率;并且SB203580可以下调由白藜芦醇引起的p53的活化,而pifithrin-α对白藜芦醇引起p38的活化无影响。研究表明,白藜芦醇可以通过激活p38-p53信号通路诱导MCF-7细胞发生凋亡。     

4-氨基-2-三氟甲基苯基维甲酸酯对MCF-7细胞增殖和分化的影响及其机制研究

目的研究4-氨基-2-三氟甲基苯基维甲酸酯(4-ami-no-2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl retinate,ATPR)对人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞增殖和分化的作用及其可能机制。方法不同浓度的ATPR作用MCF-7细胞后,绘制细胞生长曲线,分析细胞增殖情况;瑞氏-吉姆萨染色法观察细胞形态学改变;酶联免疫法(ELISA法)检测粘蛋白(mucin 1,MUC-1)活性;RT-PCR法检测维甲酸受体(RARα、RARβ、RARγ)、维甲酸受体诱导基因1(RRIG1)、雌激素受体(ERα、ERβ)mRNA的表达;Western blot法检测RARα、RARβ、RARγ蛋白的表达。结果 ATPR明显抑制MCF-7细胞增殖,且随浓度和时间增加而逐渐增强;镜下观察ATPR作用72 h后MCF-7细胞形态趋向正常细胞分化;ELISA结果显示ATPR明显降低MCF-7细胞培养上清MUC-1浓度(P<0.05);ATPR作用MCF-7细胞72 h后,RARβ、RRIG1、ERβ表达增强(P<0.05),RARγ表达下调(P<0.05),RARα和ERα表达则无明显变化。结论 ATPR可明显抑制MCF-7细胞增殖并诱导其分化程度增高,其机制可能与调节维甲酸受体和雌激素受体平衡,并上调RRIG1表达有关。     

树突状细胞对肿瘤细胞株的直接杀伤活性

目的 对比分析干扰素－γ（Interferon-γ,IFN-γ)或脂多糖（lipoplysaccharide,LPS)刺激后的树突状细胞（dendritic cell,DC)对肿瘤细胞杀伤活性的差异。方法 分离健康供者外周血单核细胞，用粒单细胞集落刺激因子和白介素－4诱导为DC。于培养液中加入LPS或IFN－γ培养12h，作为LPS激活的DC（LPS－DC）及IFN－γ激活的DC（IFN－DC）。用流式细胞仪检测DC表面共刺激分子的改变，以明确LPS或IFN－γ对DC的不同刺激作用；同时，以恶性血液病细胞株HL－60 Jurkat及Daudi为靶细胞，用不同效靶比与DC共同培养18h，采用^51Cr释放试验检测LPS－DC及IFN－DC抗肿瘤活性的差异。结果 ①LPS及IFN－γ可不同程度的上调DC表面CD86、CD80、CD83及CD1a的表达，以LPS刺激组明显。②IFN－γ和LPS可分别增强DC对HL60及Daudi的杀伤活性，在效靶比为20：1及10：1时杀伤率与未加刺激因子对照组（medium-DC)相比差异有显著意义（P＜0．05）。相反，IFN－γ－DC对Daudi、LPS－DC对HL－60无明显杀伤活性，但两者对Jurkat均具杀伤作用。结论 LPS及IFN－γ激活的DC对肿瘤细胞的杀伤活性具有相对肿瘤特异性。     

Nitric oxide, cell signaling and cell death

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important bioregulatory molecule in the nervous, immune and cardiovascular systems. NO participates in the regulation of the daily activities of cells as well as in cytotoxic events. It possesses a controversial effect on cell viability by acting both as a protection against apoptogenic stimuli, or by inducing apoptosis when produced at elevated concentrations. The mechanisms of NO in regulating these biological functions can be either through cyclic guanylate cyclase (cGMP)-dependent or cGMP-independent pathways. The purpose of this review is to highlight the implication of NO in cell signalling, synaptic transmission, and cell death. We focus also on the protective role as well as the toxicity of NO. Finally, the adverse effects of inhaled nitric oxide are also depicted in this review.     

Mast cell regulatory effect on lymphoid cell proliferation.

It has been shown rat mast cells (MC) can modulate lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. Depending on concentrations tested both serosal MC and their supernatants enhanced the spontaneous and T-mitogen-induced proliferation of spleen and lymph node cells. In addition T-mitogen-induced thymocyte proliferation was also increased. The enhancing effect of MC on lymphoid cell proliferation appeared after MC and lymphocytes were cocultured for 24, 48 or 72 h. The highest enhancing action of MC was observed when MC and lymphocytes were plated simultaneously. In contrast, when MC were added 24 or 48 h after the start of lymphocyte culture, the enhancing action of MC decreased or was abolished, respectively. No dependence was found between histamine concentration in MC supernatants and the enhancing activity of supernatants. After chromatographic separation of MC supernatants the fractions with molecular weights between 1-6 KDa augmented lymphoid cell proliferation.     

Pharmacotherapy for treating metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Introduction: Over the past decade metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) treatment landscape has dramatically evolved from the era of cytokines-based immunotherapy (which benefited very few patients, at the expenses of high toxicities) to the present era of targeted agents and novel immunotherapeutics, greatly improving the prognosis of our patients.

Areas covered: Here we have reviewed the present status of the medical treatment of metastatic RCC. To do this, we interrogated the Medline database, as well as the proceedings of the main Oncological and Urological conferences for the relevant trials coducted so far.

Expert opinion: Despite all the advances made in these relatively few years, further improvements are needed, since none of the available agents proved able to cure even a sigle metastatic RCC patient. In particular, advances are awaited from the results of ongoing trial of combinations of different immune checkpoint inhibitors and of immune checkpoint inhibitors with anti-VEGF/VEGFRs agents. Furthermore, a better understanding of the molecular escape pathways used by the tumor to overcome VEGFR blockade or immune activation will hopefully bring soon to the clinic more active, tailored treatments, to be used in second line and beyond.     

Rapid fluorometric assay for cell viability and cell growth using nucleic acid staining and cell lysis agents

The purpose of this study was to establish a new method for rapidly and simply assessing cell viability and growth with objective validation if the assay system proceeded under suitable conditions of cell culture. In this method, a cell lysis agent was combined with a fluorescent probe for nucleic acid which exclusively passes through the disrupted membranes of dead cells but not intact membranes of viable cells. The distinctive feature of this probe is to possess a large fluorescence enhancement (460-fold) on binding to nucleic acid despite very low intrinsic fluorescence. In this fluorometric assay based on cell lysis and staining (FACLS), the fluorescence intensity was linearly related to total tumour cell number. This FACLS was also used to evaluate the chemosensitivity of MOLT-4 human leukaemia cells and to measure cell viability. The results were similar to those obtained by MTT colorimetric and trypan blue exclusion assays. The main advantage of this assay is its ability to measure simultaneously both cell viability and cell growth rapidly (within about 5 min) and simply (two steps) with validation of cell culture conditions in each microplate. This method could be widely applicable to cytotoxic evaluation of anticancer drugs and other chemicals.     

Expression of NDRG2 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) is the most common pathological type of renal cell carcinoma and the main cause of renal carcinoma mortality. NDRG2, a new member of the N-Myc downstream-regulated gene (NDRG) family, is a focus for study at present. Up to now, its expression and function in carcinoma remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate its expression in CCRCC tissues and several renal carcinoma cell lines. The expression of NDRG2 was evaluated in renal cell carcinoma cell lines, tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissues from same clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients, by using immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, RT-PCR and Western blot. By immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence we found that NDRG2 was predominantly located in the cytoplasm and membrane of renal carcinoma cancer cells, and the positive rate of NDRG2 in renal carcinoma specimens was 30.3% (40/132), which is significantly lower than 91.67% (121/132) in normal renal tissues (p<0.01). The average staining score in normal renal tissues was significantly higher than renal carcinoma (6.12+/-1.84 versus 2.65+/-1.23, p<0.01). Moreover, NDRG2 mRNA and protein were down-regulated in 6 fresh CCRCC tissues compared with their adjacent noncancerous tissues and normal tissues. Its expression was also lower in the human CCRCC-derived cell lines A-498 and 786-O than in the human proximal tubular cell lines HK-2 and HKC. These results indicated that NDRG2 might play an important role in the carcinogenesis and development of CCRCC and may function as a tumor suppressor in CCRCC.     

T cell targeted immune enhancement yields effective T cell adjuvants

Given the critical role of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in defense against attack from pathogens that establish chronic infections, it has become abundantly clear that current vaccine methodology will not be sufficient to develop the appropriate immune response for protection and/or clearance of infection. By extension, this logic also applies to cancer vaccines where T cell immune-mediated destruction is a critical mechanism for control of the disease. This review describes our current thoughts on the events associated with immune activation and evaluates the various approaches to achieve successful immune activation with defined or targeted antigens as opposed to using inactivated or attenuated organisms. The advantages and disadvantages of the current adjuvants for antigens that focus on mimicking the infection events via the innate immune system or antigen uptake are described in the context of generation of T cell specific responses. A central theme of the discussions is the importance of cytokines in modulating the immune response towards T cell immunity, either by adjuvant modulation or use of natural cytokine mixtures targeted towards the site of immune activation. Also discussed is the possibility that thymomimetic agents such as thymosin alpha1, levamisole and methyl inosine monophosphate (MIMP) may be useful in enhancing the T cell mediated arm of the immune response.