硼钛复合交联剂的制备及其在葫芦巴胶压裂体系中的应用

以四硼酸钠、钛酸丁酯、三乙醇胺、甘油、乙二醇为原料,合成了有机硼钛交联剂,制备了葫芦巴胶压裂液。研究了主剂及配体物料比,反应温度与反应时间对交联剂成胶性能的影响。结果表明,m(四硼酸钠)∶m(钛酸丁酯)=1∶4,m(三乙醇胺)∶m(甘油)=1∶2,反应温度70℃,反应时间3 h的条件下,合成的交联剂性能最优。考察了w(葫芦巴胶溶液)=0.4%,m(葫芦巴胶溶液)∶m(硼钛交联剂)=100∶(0.4~0.6)时,葫芦巴胶压裂液的性能,交联延时150 s,耐温耐剪切性能良好;常温下,携砂比V(压裂液)∶V(石英砂)=70∶30时,沉降速度0.009mm/s;体系易破胶,破胶液黏度低于5 m Pa·s,对储层伤害小。     

酸性有机钛交联剂的合成及其在压裂液中的应用

以钛酸丁酯为主剂,多元醇为络合剂合成了一种酸性有机钛交联剂,并以部分水解聚丙烯酰胺作为稠化剂,制备了部分水解聚丙烯酰胺压裂液。研究了交联剂中钛酸丁酯的质量分数,丙三醇与乳酸的质量比以及pH对冻胶交联延时、黏度的影响,得到较佳的合成条件。考察了质量分数为0.5%的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺,m（HPAM）：m（有机钛）=100:0.5时,有机钛/部分水解聚丙烯酰胺压裂液的性能,交联延时300s;耐温性能优异,在95℃,170s-1的条件下连续剪切90min,黏度保持在50mPa.s以上,体系耐温耐剪切性能良好;由线性黏弹性范围内动态频率扫描结果可知,G’>G”,是典型的黏弹性流体;常温下,V（压裂液）：V（石英砂）=100:30时,沉降速度0.025mm/s;破胶后,破胶液黏度低于5.0mPa.s且残渣量较低,对储层伤害小。     

纳米交联剂BC-27的制备及性能研究

使用硅烷偶联剂对纳米二氧化硅表面进行化学改性和修饰,制备出一种纳米有机硼交联剂BC-27,采用FTIR、SEM、高温流变仪、高温高压失水仪对交联剂BC-27及其配制的压裂液进行了结构表征与性能测试,考察了改性纳米SiO2含量、稠化剂羟丙基胍胶（HPG）质量分数、交联比（压裂液基液与交联剂的质量之比）、pH值对交联剂BC-27交联性能的影响,并测试了交联剂形成羟丙基胍胶压裂液的抗温抗剪切性能、静态滤失性能、破胶与反排性能以及岩芯渗透率伤害性能。研究结果表明：w（改性纳米SiO2）=0.18%时制备得到纳米交联剂BC-27的性能最佳;当压裂液基液中w（HPG）=0.35%,交联比为100:0.3,调节pH值约为11时,形成的压裂液冻胶效果最好,最高抗温温度为130℃,交联时间在89～225s可调;纳米有机硼交联剂BC-27配制的压裂液在130℃下连续剪切120min,其黏度仍保持在440mPa·s以上,而普通有机硼交联剂OS-150配制的压裂液仅为280mPa·s左右;有机硼交联剂OS-150形成的压裂液对储层岩芯伤害率为23.08%,而交联剂BC-27形成的压裂液仅为19.47%。该纳米交联剂性能优异,具有良好的延缓交联性能,可有效降低羟丙基胍胶用量。     

酸性有机钛交联剂的合成及在压裂液中的应用

以钛酸丁酯为主剂,多元醇为络合剂合成了一种酸性有机钛交联剂,并以部分水解聚丙烯酰胺作为稠化剂,制备了部分水解聚丙烯酰胺压裂液。研究了交联剂中钛酸丁酯的质量分数,丙三醇与乳酸的质量比以及pH对冻胶交联延时、黏度的影响,得到较佳的合成条件。考察了质量分数为0.5%的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺,m(HPAM)∶m(有机钛)=100∶0.5时,有机钛/部分水解聚丙烯酰胺压裂液的性能,交联延时300 s;在95℃,170s-1的条件下连续剪切90 min,黏度保持在50 mPa·s以上,体系耐温耐剪切性能良好;由线性黏弹性范围内动态频率扫描结果可知,G'>G″,是典型的黏弹性流体;常温下,V(压裂液)∶V(石英砂)=100∶30时,沉降速度0.025mm/s;破胶后,破胶液黏度低于5.0 mPa·s且残渣量较低,对储层伤害小。     

纳米交联剂BC-27的制备及性能

使用硅烷偶联剂KH550对纳米二氧化硅表面进行化学改性,制得Si O2-KH550,将其与含硼有机螯合物进行反应,制备出纳米有机硼交联剂BC-27。采用FTIR、1HNMR和SEM对交联剂BC-27进行了结构表征,采用高温流变仪、高温高压失水仪对BC-27配制的压裂液进行了性能测试,考察了Si O2-KH550质量分数、稠化剂羟丙基胍胶(HPG)质量分数、交联比(压裂液基液与交联剂的质量比)、pH对压裂液交联性能的影响,并测试了交联剂形成羟丙基胍胶压裂液的抗温、抗剪切性能、静态滤失性能、破胶与反排性能,以及岩芯渗透率伤害性能。结果表明,w(Si O2-KH550)=0.18%时,制备得到纳米交联剂BC-27的性能最佳;当压裂液基液中w(HPG)=0.35%,交联比为100∶0.3,调节pH约为11时,形成的压裂液冻胶效果最好,最高抗温温度为130℃,交联时间在89~225 s可调;纳米有机硼交联剂BC-27配制的压裂液在130℃下连续剪切120 min,其黏度仍保持在440m Pa·s以上,而普通有机硼交联剂OS-150配制的压裂液仅为280 m Pa·s左右;有机硼交联剂OS-150形成的压裂液对储层岩芯伤害率为23.08%,而交联剂BC-27形成的压裂液仅为19.47%。该纳米交联剂性能优异,具有良好的延缓交联性能,可有效降低羟丙基胍胶用量。     

钛修饰纳米二氧化硅交联剂及胍胶压裂液研究

γ-氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷与硅酸钠水解制得表面修饰纳米二氧化硅,四氯化钛与表面修饰纳米二氧化硅反应,制得钛修饰纳米二氧化硅交联剂,粒径主要分布在6～11 nm之间,可有效降低羟丙基胍胶用量及残渣含量。配制了纳米二氧化硅交联剂交联的羟丙基胍胶压裂液,羟丙基胍胶浓度为0.35%～0.4%。室内研究表明,该压裂液体系各项性能良好,在170 s^(-1),150℃下,剪切120 min,粘度102 mPa·s; 120℃下破胶60 min,破胶液粘度2.32 mPa·s;表面张力23.53 mN/m,界面张力0.91 mN/m;防膨率88.56%;残渣含量227 mg/L;岩心基质渗透率损害率为9.63%～15.77%,压裂液耐剪切性能、破胶性能、助排性能、储层保护性能等各项性能良好,满足压裂要求。     

纳米二氧化硅改性有机硼交联剂的制备与性能评价

为重复利用有机硼交联剂制备的压裂液,将N-(β-氨乙基)-γ-氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷表面改性的纳米二氧化硅与乙二醇丁醇硼酸酯发生硼酰化反应,制得纳米二氧化硅有机硼交联剂(NSOBCL),对制备条件进行了优化,通过红外光谱仪表征了NSOBCL的结构,研究了NSOBCL和破胶液配制压裂液的耐温抗剪切性。结果表明,制备有机硼交联剂中间体时,N,N-二胺乙基丙酸甲酯单体与表面氨基改性二氧化硅的最佳质量比为54∶1;制备NSOBCL时,硼酸脂与交联剂中间体的最佳质量比为1∶2。红外表征结果表明合成产物与预期结构相符。0.25%羟丙基胍胶与0.3%NSOBCL等配制的压裂液耐温抗剪切性能较好,在80℃、170 s^(-1)下剪切60 min的黏度约为178 mPa·s;破胶剂过硫酸铵可使压裂液在80℃、120 min内完全破胶,破胶液黏度为2.68 mPa·s。NSOBCL可用于压裂液破胶液的再次交联。在破胶液中补加0.25%羟丙基胍胶和0.4%NSOBCL,于80℃、170 s(-1)下剪切60 min的黏度约为178 mPa·s;破胶剂过硫酸铵可使压裂液在80℃、120 min内完全破胶,破胶液黏度为2.68 mPa·s。NSOBCL可用于压裂液破胶液的再次交联。在破胶液中补加0.25%羟丙基胍胶和0.4%NSOBCL,于80℃、170 s^(-1)下剪切60 min后的黏度为175 mPa·s;而现场使用的JL-13交联剂无法满足重复使用的要求。     

低浓度胍胶压裂液有机硼交联剂YJ-P的合成与应用

该文通过考察压裂液的悬砂时间确定了合成反应中硼砂用量、配位剂组分质量比、溶剂组分质量比对有机硼交联剂YJ-P交联低浓度胍胶压裂液携砂性能的影响,并通过动态流变研究压裂体系的黏弹性。结果表明,硼砂质量分数25%(即硼砂质量占交联剂质量的百分数,下同),配位剂m(葡萄糖):m(乙二醇)=1:1.5,溶剂m(丙三醇):m(水)=6:1,交联剂质量分数为1.2%(即交联剂质量占压裂液质量的百分数,下同)时,悬砂性能最优,悬砂时间达到了27 min/mm。确定反应时间4.0 h,反应温度80℃,改性有机硼交联剂对低浓度胍胶压裂液有良好的悬砂性。当胍胶的质量分数达0.2%时,剪切频率增加,动态模量增加,在角频率达10 rad/s时,G'>G″,且G'>0.1 Pa,压裂液有较好的黏弹性。     

多氨基硼交联剂的制备与性能评价

以多胺化合物和硼酸酯为原料,合成羟丙基胍胶压裂液用有机硼交联剂,通过在交联剂中引入多个含硼交联位点,达到降低压裂液体系中羟丙基胍胶的用量、提升压裂液体系耐温性能的目的。采用FTIR、1HNMR和11BNMR对不同交联剂的结构进行了表征,并分析了反应机理。考察了多胺化合物的种类(二乙烯三胺、四乙烯五胺、多乙烯多胺、聚乙烯亚胺-600)、反应物的配比、反应温度和反应时间对产物交联性能的影响,结果表明,当硼酸酯与多乙烯多胺的质量比为3∶2、反应时间为4h、反应温度为150℃时,可以制备性能最优的交联剂BNX-1。评价了BNX-1配制压裂液的耐温耐剪切性能、破胶性能和静态滤失性能。结果表明,以羟丙基胍胶质量分数0.35%、羟丙基胍胶溶液与BNX-1交联质量比100∶0.4配制的压裂液体系,在140℃、170s–1下剪切,120 min后黏度为122 mPa·s;以工业交联剂TCB-1作为对照(以羟丙基胍胶质量分数为0.5%、羟丙基胍胶溶液与TCB-1交联质量比为100∶0.5配制的压裂液体系),在同等条件下剪切,黏度为98 mPa·s。     

低浓度瓜胶交联剂(HK-8)在延长油田的应用

低浓度瓜胶交联剂(HK-8)能够将延长中温地层压裂液的瓜胶浓度由0.38%降至0.28%;应用低浓度瓜胶交联剂(HK-8)的压裂液具有与原配方一样良好的携砂性能、耐温抗剪切性能和破胶性能,能够降低对地层伤害率50%以上;现场试验证明,低浓度瓜胶交联剂HK-8可以代替有机硼交联剂,能够满足的压裂要求。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.