2017年北京市房山区麻风疫苗中风疹成分基础免疫成功率监测分析

目的 了解北京市房山区8月龄儿童接种麻疹风疹联合减毒活疫苗(简称麻风疫苗)后,风疹成分疫苗的基础免疫效果,为制定麻风疫苗免疫策略提供科学依据。方法 选择房山区260名8月龄常住儿童作为监测对象,采集麻风疫苗接种前和接种后4~8周双份静脉血,用酶联免疫吸附试验检测风疹IgG抗体水平。结果 260名儿童中,麻风疫苗接种前风疹抗体阳性率为0.77%,抗体几何平均浓度(geometric mean concentration,GMC)为2.39 mIU/ml。接种后风疹抗体阳性率79.62%,GMC为41.50 mIU/ml。接种前、后抗体阳性率和GMC比较差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。不同性别儿童麻风疫苗接种前、后风疹抗体阳性率和GMC差异差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论 麻风疫苗所包含的风疹成分免疫原性良好。风疹母传抗体到8月龄时已基本消失,适龄儿童应及时接种麻风疫苗,预防风疹病毒感染。     

扬中市0～40岁社区人群麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎血清流行病学调查

目的 探讨性别、年龄、居住状况和接种史与麻疹、风疹和流行性腮腺炎（麻疹、风疹和流行性腮腺炎简称麻风腮,流行性腮腺炎简称流腮）病毒免疫球蛋白G （immunoglobulin G,IgG）抗体阳性率的关系。方法 抽样调查和问卷调查相结合,采用χ2检验和趋势性χ2检验分析性别、年龄、居住状况和接种史与麻风腮病毒IgG抗体阳性率关系。结果 扬中市375名调查对象麻风腮病毒IgG抗体阳性率分别为72.27%、46.93%和59.47%。女性流腮IgG抗体阳性率高于男性（χ2=8.753,P=0.003）,麻风腮IgG抗体阳性率有随年龄增高而增高的趋势（χ_趋势2=41.657,P<0.001;χ_趋势2=4.327,P=0.038;χ_趋势2=55.099,P<0.001）,常住人群麻风腮IgG抗体阳性率高于流动人群（χ_麻疹2=51.872,P<0.001;χ_风疹2=24.126,P<0.001;χ_流腮2=48.671,P<0.001）,麻疹和风疹IgG抗体阳性率有随着接种剂次的增加而增高的趋势（χ_麻疹2=127.108,P<0.001;χ_风疹2=59.294,P<0.001）。结论 扬中市0~40岁人群对麻风腮疾病未能建立牢固的免疫屏障,建议定期开展重点人群相关疫苗查漏补种工作。     

儿童接种麻疹风疹联合减毒活疫苗的免疫效果观察

目的了解儿童接种麻疹风疹联合减毒活疫苗(简称麻风疫苗)的免疫效果。方法采用分层系统抽样方法抽取宁波市2009年7月1日—9月30日出生的本地儿童,在接种麻风疫苗接种后3个月采集血标本,采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测麻疹IgG和风疹IgG抗体。结果 1053名儿童采血检测,其中男童591人,女童462人;城市520人,农村533人。儿童麻疹、风疹IgG抗体阳性率分别为97.34%和95.25%。麻疹、风疹IgG抗体浓度最小值均为0 mIU/ml,最大值分别为682801.01和23475.72 mIU/ml,平均浓度分别为4233.32和161.74 mIU/ml;农村麻疹IgG抗体平均浓度为5611.55 mIU/ml,高于城市的3171.17 mIU/ml,性别间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论儿童接种麻风疫苗后,能获得较理想的免疫应答。     

2011年北京市大兴区麻风疫苗基础免疫成功率监测结果

目的了解北京市大兴区2011年8月龄儿童接种麻疹风疹联合减毒活疫苗(简称麻风疫苗)后的免疫效果,为制定麻疹免疫策略提供依据。方法采集40名8月龄儿童麻风疫苗免疫前、免疫后1个月双份血标本,分别进行麻疹、风疹IgG抗体测定。结果免后麻疹抗体阳性40人,阳性率100%,GMT 1∶1 385.52;风疹抗体阳性33人,阳性率82.50%,GMT 1∶31.18。结论该区现行的麻风疫苗所包含的麻疹成分免疫原性好,风疹成分免疫效果较差,应进行风疹疫苗复种弥补。     

8月龄首剂接种国产麻疹腮腺炎风疹联合减毒活疫苗的安全性及免疫原性观察

目的观察国产麻疹腮腺炎风疹联合减毒活疫苗(MMR)对8月龄婴儿的安全性及免疫原性。方法选择8~9月龄未接种过麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹疫苗的健康儿童共77名,随机分别接种国产MMR疫苗40名和国产对照麻疹风疹减毒活疫苗(MR)37名,观察接种后的安全性及免疫原性。采用ELISA法检测血清中的麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹的IgG抗体水平。结果 77名观察对象全身反应率为6.49%,未观察到局部反应。2组疫苗免疫后麻疹抗体阳转率均为100%,MMR组腮腺炎抗体阳转率为87.50%,风疹抗体阳转率分别为82.50%和86.49%。2组疫苗免疫后麻疹抗体平均浓度分别为1714.63、和1 117.54IU/ml,抗体平均增长约627.72和12 870.35倍;MMR组腮腺炎抗体平均浓度为3 313.81U/ml,抗体平均增长分别约24.32倍;风疹抗体平均浓度分别为40.63和44.22IU/ml,抗体平均增长分别约40.63和44.22倍。2组间麻疹和风疹抗体阳转率、抗体平均浓度和平均增长倍数差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);麻疹、风疹抗体同时阳性率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 MMR疫苗对8月龄婴儿的安全性、免疫原性良好且能提供额外的腮腺炎抗体。     

常规免疫中麻风疫苗初免及麻腮风疫苗加强免疫效果观察

目的了解常规免疫中麻风疫苗初免和麻腮风疫苗加强免疫的免疫效果,为麻疹、风疹防控提供科学依据。方法对60名适龄儿童分别在麻风疫苗、麻腮风疫苗免疫前后抗体水平进行检测分析。结果 MRV初免前麻疹IgG抗体阳性率为3.33%,MRV、MMRV免疫后其抗体阳性率分别达96.67%、100.00%,抗体滴度从免前的32.96 mIU/ml上升至1 873.66 mIU/ml和3 384.53 mIU/ml;MRV免前风疹IgG抗体阳性率为0.00%,MRV、MMRV免疫后其抗体阳性率分别达50.00%、96.67%,其抗体滴度从免前的1.65 IU/ml上升至13.28 IU/ml和54.59 IU/ml。结论 MRV初免加上MMRV加强免疫,在有效预防麻疹发病的同时,对风疹也起到有效的保护作用。     

玉溪市麻疹疫苗免疫效果的血清流行病学研究

目的为了解玉溪市产妇体内麻疹抗体及胎传抗体水平,同时观察麻疹疫苗(MV)免疫后抗体产生效果,从而提出有效预防控制麻疹措施。方法随机抽取2005年玉溪市的产妇82人在预产期前采血、产后婴儿脐带血及所生婴儿MV免疫后血清标本共246份,用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法测定其抗体水平。结果82名产妇麻疹IgG抗体阳性率为84.15%,GMT 1:234.11;新生儿胎传麻疹IgG抗体阳性率为14.63%,GMT 1:2.25;两者之间抗体阳性率和GMT差异均有统计学意义(χ2=79.26,P<0.01;t=13.25,P<0.01)。所观察的82名儿童免疫前与免疫后麻疹IgG抗体阳性率和GMT差异亦有统计学意义(χ2=82.05,P<0.01;t=118.81,P<0.01)。不同性别儿童MV免疫后抗体阳性率和GMT差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.196,t=0.15,P>0.05)。结论所观察产妇麻疹抗体阳性率和GMT水平较高,但胎传抗体和GMT较低,新生儿抵御麻疹野病毒感染能力较弱;经1针次0.2 m l冻干沪191株MV接种免疫后,产生的麻疹抗体免疫效价并不十分理想,有待进一步研究。     

麻疹-风疹联合疫苗的安全性和免疫原性观察

目的探讨麻疹-风疹(MR)联合疫苗的安全性和免疫原性。方法选择8~12月龄未接种过麻疹疫苗(MV)和风疹疫苗(RV)、且免疫前麻疹和风疹血凝抑制(HI)抗体均为阴性的健康儿童238人,分为3组,分别接种MR联合疫苗、MV、RV,观察免疫后局部和全身反应,并于免疫后1个月检测麻疹和风疹HI抗体阳转率和几何平均滴度(GMT)。结果受种者未见严重不良反应,免疫后1个月麻疹和风疹HI抗体阳转率均为100%,MR联合疫苗麻疹HI抗体GMT为1∶50.6,风疹HI抗体GMT为1∶512;MV的HI抗体GMT为1∶35.8,RV的HI抗体GMT为1∶289.2。结论MR联合疫苗在适龄儿童中使用具有良好的安全性和免疫原性。     

国产麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹联合疫苗与麻疹疫苗的免疫效果评价

目的研究探讨国产麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹联合疫苗(MMR)和麻疹疫苗的免疫效果差异性,为下一步更好使用联合疫苗提供依据。方法选择8月龄儿童随机分为两组,分别接种MMR疫苗和麻疹疫苗,于免前免后采血,用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)定量检测接种者相应的IgG抗体水平。结果观察对象接种MMR疫苗前后麻疹IgG抗体GMT分别为1.536、27.763,抗体阳转率85.71%;另一组观察对象接种麻疹疫苗前后麻疹IgG抗体GMT为1.205、30.867,抗体阳转率82.14%,两组相比差异无统计学意义。观察对象接种MMR疫苗后风疹IgG抗体和腮腺炎IgG抗体的阳转率都在80%以上。结论国产MMR疫苗具有良好的免疫原性。     

2012年扬州市麻风疫苗效价与基础免疫成功率监测分析

目的了解扬州市麻疹风疹联合减毒活疫苗(简称麻风疫苗)的效价和免疫成功率,考核疫苗管理和冷链运转状况。方法采集60名8月龄儿童麻风疫苗免疫前、后1个月双份血清标本,分别进行麻疹、风疹IgG抗体测定。选择市、县疾病预防控制中心和乡接种点各2支麻风疫苗,采用微量细胞板培养法检测,进行麻风疫苗效价测定。结果免后麻疹抗体阳性59人,阳性率98.33%,免疫成功58人,免疫成功率96.67%,GMT 1∶1 285.13;风疹抗体阳性35人,阳性率58.33%,免疫成功35人,免疫成功率58.33%,GMT 1∶19.67;市、县、乡三个点的麻风疫苗效价均在102.5 TCID50/0.1mL以上,均为合格疫苗。结论扬州市疫苗管理和冷链系统运转状况良好,能保证疫苗的质量。麻风疫苗所包含的麻疹成分免疫原性好,风疹成分免疫原性较差。须进行后续的加强免疫是必要的,还应适时开展大中学生麻风类疫苗追加免疫。     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

2011年温州城乡九所中小学生超重肥胖患病状况调查

【目的】 调查温州城乡中小学生超重肥胖的患病状况。 【方法】 2011年5-8月随机抽取温州城区、城乡结合部及农村中小学共9所学校进行整群调查。记录学生的一般资料,同时测量身高体重两项发育指标,计算体质指数,按照2004年中国肥胖问题工作组(WGOC)推荐的诊断标准,评价温州市中小学生的超重及肥胖患病状况。 【结果】 共9 657名在校学生参与调查,其中男生5 114 名,女生4 543名,平均年龄(14.95±4.53)岁,被调查人群中超重占7.6%,肥胖占2.6%,男生超重和肥胖患病状况均显著高于女生(9.8% vs 5.2%,5.2% vs 1.2%,P值均<0.01),各年龄段中以7岁儿童肥胖及超重状况最为严重(27.15% vs 7.955%),城区及城乡结合部超重肥胖患病状况明显高于农村(P值均<0.01)。 【结论】 温州中小学校肥胖和超重总患病约为10%,男性,尤其是城区及城乡结合部男生超重肥胖患病情况最为严重,需要引起高度重视。     

Efficacy of single and double doses of albendazole and mebendazole alone and in combination in the treatment of Trichuris trichiura in school-age children in Uganda

A randomised clinical trial was conducted in Kabale District, southwestern Uganda, to compare the efficacies of single and double doses of a combination of 400 mg albendazole (ALB) and 500 mg mebendazole (MBZ) with those of single and double doses of each drug given alone in the treatment of Trichuris trichiura. Infected pupils (n = 611) were randomised to six treatment groups. Three groups received either a single dose of ALB, MBZ or the combination (ALB+MBZ). The other three groups received either a double dose of ALB (ALB/ALB), MBZ (MBZ/MBZ) or the combination (ALB+MBZ/ALB+MBZ). All double doses were given 8 h apart. Children were followed-up weekly for 1 month. Cure rates were significantly higher using double doses compared with single doses (irrespective of drug; z = −4.02, P < 0.0005) as well as using the drug combination compared with single drugs (irrespective of doses; z = −7.64, P < 0.0005). Cure rates measured at Day 7 were significantly higher than on Days 14 and 21 after treatment (Day 14, z = 9.90, P < 0.0005; Day 21, z = 7.36, P < 0.0005). Geometric mean (GM) intensities of positives were significantly lower on Day 7 compared with all other subsequent days (P < 0.00005), and on Day 28 GM intensities reached pre-treatment levels (P = 0.096). Whilst there was no difference in egg excretion between single and double doses of the same drug or drug combination (F_(df1) = 0.28, P = 0.60), the combination treatment resulted in lower egg excretion than use of single drugs (F_(df2) = 50.90, P < 0.00005). All the tested regimens of ALB and MBZ had low cure rates against T. trichiura in Uganda, but both combination treatments showed satisfactory egg reduction rates 3 weeks after treatment. [ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01050452]     

儿童铁和锌缺乏与营养素补充

营养性铁和锌缺乏症是严重影响儿童健康的常见营养素缺乏问题,在发展中国家是导致疾病负担加重和高死亡率的重要因素.铁和锌缺乏症每年引起约数万名5岁以下儿童死亡.婴幼儿是铁和锌缺乏的高危人群,摄入不足是造成铁和锌缺乏的主要原因.6～24个月婴幼儿的铁缺乏可对其智力发育产生不可逆的损害;锌缺乏是引起2岁以下幼儿生长发育迟缓的主要原因之一.补充微量营养素以及应用微量营养素强化食品可减少儿童铁和锌缺乏的发生,并具有较高的成本效益,应作为优先推荐的干预措施.该文就铁和锌缺乏的危害和干预研究进展作以综述.     

Relationships between distribution of lead in erythrocytes in vivo and in vitro and inhibition of ALA-D.

Proteins in the ALA-D (delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase) fraction from gel filtration of erythrocyte supernatant (ES) have the highest affinity for lead among erythrocyte constituents in vivo and in vitro. It takes 20-40 hours for erythrocyte components to be equilibrated with lead added in vitro. AT low lead concentrations, under 60 micrograms/100 ml ES, the extent of decrease in ALA-D activity indicates the extent of lead saturation of ALA-D fraction proteins. The saturation is attained at 80-110 micrograms/100 ml ES. Although an appreciable amount of lead is also found in the haemoglobin fraction that contains certain factors concerned in ALA-D inhibition, lead responsible for inducing the inhibition is not bound to haemoglobin fraction proteins but to ALA-D fraction proteins. Of three treatments or agents recovering the enzyme from lead effects, zinc is the only one that can fully restore the inhibition.     

重庆市医疗卫生机构放射诊疗频度调查分析

目的 掌握2019年重庆市医疗卫生机构放射诊疗频度,为有关单位开展放射诊疗监督监测提供基础数据。方法 采用调查表法,调查放射诊疗机构基本情况,X射线诊断、介入治疗、核医学诊疗、放射治疗等放射诊疗频度。结果 放射诊疗机构1845家,放射诊疗设备3769台,医学放射工作人员8647人。X射线诊断1843.0501万人次（应用频度594.2人次/千人口）,其中常规X射线诊断1300.7987万人次（应用频度419.4人次/千人口）、CT诊断460.7244万人次（应用频度148.5人次/千人口）、其他X射线诊断81.527万人次（应用频度26.3人次/千人口）。介入治疗7.1436万人次（应用频度2.3人次/千人口）,核医学诊断6.681万人次（应用频度2.15人次/千人口）,核医学治疗4340人（应用频度0.14人/千人口）,放射治疗1.6249万人（应用频度0.52人/千人口）。结论 重庆市放射诊疗资源配置与放射诊疗水平发展不平衡,建议有关部门进一步优化放射诊疗资源配置,提升放射诊疗发展水平。     

Heart disease mortality in cities of Latin America and in cities and regions of England and Wales

Death rates from heart disease in cities and regions of England and Wales, based on death certificates for 1963, are compared with death rates from the same causes in 10 Latin American cities, San Francisco, USA, and Bristol, England, derived from the Inter-American Investigation of Mortality which obtained histories and clinical records of fatal illnesses for the years 1962-64 by a sampling method. Death rates in Bristol derived from the 2 sources showed an agreement close enough to justify comparisons between official rates for England and Wales and the data for the Latin American cities.     

Dissipation and Residues of Difenoconazole and Azoxystrobin in Bananas and Soil in Two Agro-Climatic Zones of China

Residues of a fungicide suspension (12 % difenoconazole, 18 % azoxystrobin) in bananas and soil were studied under tropical and subtropical monsoon climates, in Hainan and Yunnan provinces, respectively. The half-lives in bananas were shorter in Hainan (difenoconazole: 8.4–10.7 days; azoxystrobin: 7.8–8.4 days) than Yunnan (difenoconazole: 11.3–13.0 days; azoxystrobin: 10.4–11.6 days), possibly because of the higher temperatures and solar radiation levels in Hainan. The half-lives in soil were shorter in Yunnan (difenoconazole: 15.5–16.7; azoxystrobin: 11.9–13.9 days) than Hainan (difenoconazole: 23.1–23.2 days; azoxystrobin: 16.0–16.1 days), possibly because the organic carbon content was higher and rainfall lower in Yunnan than Hainan. Their physico-chemical properties suggest difenoconazole and azoxystrobin should be stable in bananas and soil, but both decreased to safe concentrations by the minimum harvest time after spraying the mixture at the recommended dosage and 1.5 times that dosage, through physical, chemical, and biological processes.