一种面向多核系统的并行计算任务分配方法

随着多核处理器的普及,目前的大规模并行处理系统普遍采用多核处理器,这对于资源管理和调度提出了更高的要求.提出了基于共享Cache资源划分的方法,建立了面向多核处理器支持Cache资源分配的进程调度模型,设计并实现了并行任务到多核处理器的映射算法,更好地解决了大规模资源管理系统中面向多核处理器的任务分配问题,降低了使用共享Cache的多个进程运行时的相互干扰,提升了应用程序性能.     

多核对分区操作系统影响研究

分区操作系统是综合化航空电子领域中的核心技术。随着单核性能极限的到来,处理器结构向着多核发展。将两者结合起来,在多核分区操作系统的基础上研究分析多核处理器结构为分区操作系统带来的影响。经分析实验数据得出多核处理器结构在多核处理器中共享Cache结构和内核中临界资源并发访问两方面对分区操作系统产生影响。     

多核处理机系统Cache管理技术研究现状

多核处理器的Cache结构设计和管理是微处理器设计领域的重要问题。当前主流的商用微处理器均采用共享最后一级Cache的系统结构,而片上最后一级Cache的性能通常对处理器的性能影响较大,因此共享Cache的管理问题成为当前研究热点。本文首先介绍当前主流多核处理器及其设计问题,然后介绍了共享Cache管理的三项重要技术:线程调度、NUCA和Cache划分,最后给出多核处理器Cache管理技术的发展方向。     

同时多线程处理器上的Cache性能分析与优化

同时多线程(SMT)是一种延迟容忍的体系结构,它在每个周期内可以执行多个线程的多条指令.在SMT处理器上,对于片上共享存储这个复杂的结构资源,至今还没有很好的共享和冲突解决方案.本文着重研究了在多个并发执行的线程间划分共享Cache所存在的问题,指出基于LRU策略的传统Cache会根据需要隐式地划分共享Cache,这在某些情况下会导致全局性能的下降.针对这一问题并且考虑到SMT处理器上对Cache访问带宽的需求,本文提出采用一种多模块多体的Cache结构设计方案.并且在一个修改过的SMT模拟器上对该设计方案进行了性能评价.实验结果显示,相比于基于LRU策略的传统Cache,这一结构可以将一个4路SMT处理器的IPC提高9%.     

面向多核处理器的实时优化技术:基于独立实时域的实时优化方法

多核处理器具有良好的性能功耗比,因此其在实时嵌入式系统中的应用是一种趋势.然而,现有的软件结构下,多核处理器的多核特性对实时性能的提高没有帮助;甚至,多核处理器核间的资源共享使影响程序执行时间的因素变得复杂,实时任务的最坏执行时间(Worst Case Execution Time,WCET)变得更为不可预测和难以控制.基于国产飞腾处理器研究了基于多核处理器的实时系统构建和实时性能优化,提出了“基于独立实时域的实时优化方法”;通过虚拟化技术把处理器分为“实时域”和“非实时域”,实时任务和非实时任务运行在不同的核心上,充分利用多核处理器各个核心,高效调度实时任务和非实时任务运行.     

多核处理器中基于Radix-Join的嵌套循环连接优化

针对目前主流的多核处理器,研究了基于共享Cache多核处理器的数据库Nested Loop Join(NINLJ)优化.针对无索引情况下的NLJ,提出了基于Radix-NL-Join算法的NLJ多线程执行框架.从减少Cache访问冲突和提高Cache命中率两个方面优化了NINLJ多线程执行框架中的聚集划分和聚集连接线程.主要贡献如下:1.针对多线程访问共享Cache容易出现共享Cache访问冲突的问题,优化了聚集划分阶段的多线程聚集划分线程的启动时机;2.针对聚集连接阶段,聚集连接线程Cache访问性能不佳,利用聚集连接线程顺序访问聚集的优势,采用预取线程提高聚集连接线程的性能;3.在实验中,基于开源数据库EaseDB实现了上述多线程执行框架,测试了多线程NLJ的性能.实验结果表明,提出的NLJ多线程执行框架,可以充分利用多核处理器的计算资源,并有效地解决共享Cache在多线程条件下的Cache访问冲突问题,大大提高了NLJ的性能,相对于未采用Cache优化的多线程Radix-NL-Join算法,其性能提升了26%左右.     

面向WCET分析的实时多核体系结构研究

随着工艺技术的发展以及嵌入式实时应用范围的不断扩大和需求的不断提升,多核处理器必将凭其高性能和低功耗特性应用到嵌入式实时领域中。但是,多核处理器体系结构很难甚至无法满足实时系统的实时限制和对WCET的可预测性要求。从多核中的共享资源入手,分析多核中的片上共享资源（共享Cache、片上互连）和片外共享资源（片外存储）对WCET分析的影响,探讨了各种干扰下的WCET分析方法。介绍了两种多核WCET分析模型：多核静态WCET分析模型和多核混合WCET分析模型;同时,针对嵌入式实时应用提出了多核设计原则。     

基于多级一致性协议的多核处理器WCET分析方法

由于多核处理器优越的计算性能,多核处理器现已广泛应用在嵌入式实时系统中.相对于单核处理器,多核处理器存在资源共享竞争、并行任务干扰等因素,尤其是缓存（Cache）一致性问题,导致任务最坏情况执行时间（worst-case execution time,WCET）的预测更加困难.基于以上因素,提出基于多级一致性协议的多核处理器WCET分析方法.该方法针对多级一致性协议体系架构,提出多级一致性域的概念,将多核处理器的数据访问分为域内访问和跨域访问2个层次,根据Cache读写策略和MESI(modify exclusive shared invalid)一致性协议,得出一致性域内部和跨一致性域的Cache状态更新函数,从而实现多级一致性协议嵌套情况下的WCET分析.实验结果表明,在改变Cache配置参数的情况下,该方法分析结果与GEM5仿真结果的变化趋势一致,经过相关性分析,GEM5仿真结果与该方法分析结果相关性系数不低于0.98;在分析精度方面,该方法的平均过估计率为1.30,相比现有方法降低了0.78.     

基于页着色的多核处理器共享Cache动态分区

随着多核/众核成为处理器结构发展的主流,并行任务间共享地使用Cache而导致的冲突越来越成为性能提升的瓶颈.利用页着色可以实现对Cache的分区管理,减少共享Cache导致的冲突.页着色的原理是利用内存与Cache之间的组相联映射关系,通过控制分配固定区域的内存而达到分配固定区域Cache的目的,这一方面限制了任务能够请求的物理内存范围,另一方面调整程序使用的Cache空间需要做大量的内存拷贝,带来了不可忽视的开销.为了克服页着色的缺点,文中通过动态内存分配的方式,只对动态分配的页进行着色,在不修改内核和程序源码的前提下实现了动态Cache分区.文中提出的动态内存分配策略(CachePM)会根据运行时环境为任务分配内存,避免不同任务间共享Cache的冲突和同一任务内出现Cache的访问热点,通过合理划分程序运行时动态分配的内存达到Cache分区的目的.当任务的运行环境改变时,CachePM自适应地改变已经分配的堆中数据在物理内存中的布局,以实现Cache分区的动态调节.为进一步降低动态页着色的开销,作者采用了减少和延迟内存拷贝的策略.实验表明,该方法能够有效实现动态Cache分区,从而提高并行运行的任务的性能;同时由于动态内存分配策略避免了同一任务内出现Cache访问热点,单独运行的任务的性能也较在libc下运行有所提升.     

片上多核Cache资源管理机制研究

随着片上多核成为处理器发展的主流和片上Cache资源的持续增长,Cache资源的管理已成为片上多核的关键问题。介绍了片上多核Cache资源管理的研究进展,依据研究内容将Cache资源的管理分为Cache划分和Cache共享两类。对Cache划分,探讨了其主要组成部分和一般形式,分析和比较了典型的片上多核Cache划分机制。对Cache共享,给出了其主要研究内容,并介绍和比较了几种主流的片上多核Cache共享机制。通过分析,认为软硬件协同管理的页划分应是未来片上多核Cache划分机制的研究重点;而片上多核Cache共享机制的研究则应从目标应用的Cache行为特征着手。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).