可公开验证的高效无证书聚合签密方案

签密技术是构建网络信任体系的基础，能够保证数据的机密性、完整性和可验证性，但是当大量用户同时进行签密时，验证耗时较长。聚合签密技术将大量用户的签名进行聚合，并提供批量验证以提高验证效率。针对现有基于双线性映射的聚合签密方案存在聚合验证效率低、不满足可公开验证性的问题，基于计算双线性Diffie-Hellman和计算性Diffie-Hellman困难问题假设，提出可公开验证的无证书聚合签密方案。采用双线性映射运算将发送方与接收方的身份信息分别添加到签名和密文中，以隐藏用户身份信息。在随机预言模型下验证该方案的机密性和不可伪造性，并且在对数据的真实性产生质疑时，通过任何可信第三方对验证等式进行计算，无需用户私有信息，具有可公开验证性。分析结果表明，该方案具有较少的运算开销，在聚合验证阶段，仅使用2次固定的双线性映射运算，能够有效提高运算效率。     

无证书的可公开验证聚合签密方案

聚合签密的研究多以基于身份密码体制下提供机密性与认证性,提高验证的效率为目标,存在对证书管理以及密钥托管问题,因此需要设计新的聚合签密算法,在解决证书管理以及密钥托管问题的同时兼顾机密性与高效性。分析了当前主流的聚合签密算法及其发展,利用Zhang等(ZHANG L, ZHANG F T. A new certificateless aggregate signature scheme. Computer Communications, 2009,32(6)：1079-1085)方案,并考虑上述需求,提出了一种新的无证书的聚合签密方案。方案基于双线性Diffie-Hellman(BDH)和计算性Diffie-Hellman(CDH)问题,证明了方案的机密性和不可伪造性。实验结果表明,所提方案在聚合解签密运算量上与其他方案持平或降低;同时,新的方案还满足了可公开验证性,消除了公钥证书的使用,并且解决了基于身份密码体制中的密钥托管问题。     

标准模型下安全基于身份代理签密方案

针对现实中代理签密的安全问题,提出一种基于Gu等（GU K, JIA W J, JIANG C L. Efficient identity-based proxy signature in the standard model. The Computer Journal, 2013:bxt132）代理签名的标准模型下可证安全的基于身份代理签密方案。代理签密允许原始签密者授权签密能力给代理签密者,后者能够代表前者生成密文。该方案通过结合基于身份签密和代理签名,既保持了基于身份签密的优点,又具有代理签名的功能。分析表明,基于Diffie-Hellman问题假设下,所提方案满足机密性性和不可伪造性。与已知方案相比,代理密钥生成算法和代理签密算法中各需要2个对运算和1个对运算,方案效率更高。     

不含双线性对的高效无证书聚合签密方案

现有的聚合签密方案主要是基于复杂的双线性对构造,计算效率较低,不能很好地适用于计算资源和通信带宽受限的应用环境。为了提高聚合签密的效率,提出一种不含双线性对映射的无证书聚合签密方案。基于计算Diffie-Hellman问题（CDHP）和离散对数问题（DLP）的困难性,在随机预言模型下证明了方案满足机密性和不可伪造性。该方案不含双线性对运算和指数运算,在单签密阶段仅需要2个点乘运算,与已有的典型聚合签密方案相比具有更高的计算效率且密文长度更短;而且方案的聚合签密验证阶段无需任何用户的秘密信息,方案具有可公开验证性;此外,方案在部分私钥生成阶段不需要安全信道,降低了通信复杂度。     

可证明安全的基于身份的聚合签密方案

为了更有效地保护网络信息的安全,需要同时实现消息的机密性和认证性。签密方案能够在一个逻辑步骤内同时实现对消息的签名和加密。为了提高当前已存在的签密方案的安全性和算法效率,结合聚合签名的思想,提出一种基于身份的聚合签密方案。在随机语言模型中证明了该方案具有适应性选择密文攻击下的不可区分性,在适应性选择消息攻击下是存在性不可伪造的,其安全性归约为计算椭圆曲线离散对数问题和双线性Diffie-Hellman问题的困难性。与目前效率较高、密文长度较短的几个方案进行比较的结果表明,新方案的签密和解签密过程分别仅需1次双线性对运算,具有计算成本低、密文长度短的优良特性。     

基于区块链的V2G无证书环签密隐私保护方案

为实现车辆到电网(V2G)系统中车辆用户交易信息隐私保护和通信消息安全传输,提出一种基于区块链的无证书环签密隐私保护方案。在交易阶段采用无证书环签密对服务数据进行加密,减少签密过程中的双线性配对运算与指数运算,同时引入聚合签名技术降低签名验证的计算开销。在交易完成后将记录的服务数据与交易账单聚合为交易数据,将交易数据哈希、服务数据的环签密以及交易编号返回至区块链进行存储,而完整交易数据由云服务器存储,用户需要提供交易数据对应的环签密及交易编号,并通过智能合约完成对交易数据的访问。在随机预言模型下,通过安全分析来验证该方案的匿名性、可认证性、机密性和不可伪造性。实验结果表明,相较3种对比方案,该方案的计算开销具有明显优势,在签名数量增加到50个时,其聚合签名验证的计算开销减少近50%,同时能保证数据的机密性和成员通信的匿名性,有效提高V2G网络中的通信效率。     

适用于物联网通信的无证书聚合签密算法

针对目前无证书聚合签密（CLASC）方案计算效率较低的问题,提出了一个适合于物联网的无双线性对的聚合签密方案。与目前较好方案相比,运算效率提高了近六倍,在聚合签密阶段只需要2◢n◣+1次点乘运算,在聚合解签密阶段需要5◢n◣+1次点乘运算。基于离散对数问题,在随机预言模型下证明了方案满足机密性和不可伪造性;在聚合签密验证阶段,不需要第三方的秘密信息,方案满足可公开验证性。最后,指出该方案能以较低的计算速率实现较高的安全性,更适合用于物联网。     

ECDSA可公开验证广义签密

签密是一种能够同时提供加密和认证功能的密码体制，该文首次将答密的应用范围推广到仅需要机密性或完整性的场合，提出了广义签密的定义．广义签密不仪具有一般签密的属性，针对特定的输入还可提供单独的加密或签名功能．基于椭圆曲线数字签名标准ECDSA，文中提出一个广义签密方案SC-ECDSA，无特定验证方时等价于ECDSA签名，无特定发送方时等价于AtE（OTPs，MAC）结构加密，第三方可在ECDSA的模式下公升验证，在Random Oracle模型上证明了该方案的安全性：CUFCPA的机密性、与ECDSA同等的小可伪造性和不可否认性，效率分析表明，在适当的安全参数下SC-ECDSA的计算培比目前最快的SCS签密降低了78％。     

基于双线性对的无证书聚合签密方案

签密是一种能在一个逻辑步骤内同时提供消息的机密性和消息源认证性的密码原语。针对目前基于双线性对的无证书聚合签密(CLASC)方案效率较低的问题,提出了一种新的基于双线性对的无证书聚合签密方案。在该方案中,任何用户均可作为聚合者发起签密协议。用户生成签密密文后,密文被发送给聚合者进行聚合。安全性分析证明了该方案在随机预言模型下满足不可伪造性和保密性。对比结果表明所提方案仅要求每位签密者进行一次对运算,能够提高计算效率,有利于对实时性要求较高的应用。     

基于身份的门限环签密方案

把基于身份的环签密和门限签名结合起来,提出了一个基于身份的门限环签密方案。此方案不但具有签密的一般性质：机密性和认证性,还具有签密者的匿名性和门限性质。在CDHP、DBDHP困难性假设下,分别证明了方案在适应性选择消息攻击下的不可伪造性以及在适应性选择密文攻击下的不可区分性。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).