基于同步辐射原位CT的聚氨酯泡沫微观变形机理研究

为揭示聚氨酯泡沫的微观结构性能关系,本文依靠自主研发的微型材料试验机,在美国APS光源2BM线站上搭建了原位CT系统,对闭孔硬质聚氨酯泡沫在准静态压缩加载下的变形损伤行为进行了三维实时表征,分辨率可达0.87μm。通过原位CT试验获取了硬质聚氨酯泡沫的应力应变关系,以及三个变形阶段(弹性、平台、压实)的三维结构演化过程。三维图像显示,在平台段会观察到局部压缩带从样品两端向中间传播的过程,且压缩带传播速度会超过压头速度。同时,利用数字体图像相关技术精确计算了聚氨酯泡沫的三维变形场,表明压缩变形主要集中在变形带内部。通过追踪胞元变形过程并利用表面曲率场来量化胞壁变形,发现胞元坍塌主要源于包壁屈曲形成的褶皱。     

软质聚氨酯泡沫的动态压缩力学性能和本构模型

采用Instron 9350落锤试验机研究了中低应变率下软质聚氨酯泡沫的动态压缩力学性能,分析了其应力-应变响应特征和应变率敏感性,讨论了应变率对材料应变率敏感性指数和能量吸收特性的影响,并基于实验结果建立了可准确描述其压缩力学响应的率相关本构模型。结果表明,软质聚氨酯泡沫的静动态压缩应力-应变响应具有典型的三阶段特征,且呈现出明显的应变率强化效应。准静态加载下,材料具有较高的吸能效率但能量吸收值较小,应变率对最大吸能效率和比吸能的影响较小;动态加载下,随着应变率的增加,最大吸能效率显著减小而比吸能明显增大。考虑应变率影响的修正Sherwood-Frost模型和修正Avalle模型都能够很好地表征软质聚氨酯泡沫的静动态压缩应力-应变响应,但修正Avalle模型的参数较少,更便于工程应用。研究结果可为软质聚氨酯泡沫抗冲击结构的设计和优化提供指导。     

聚苯乙烯泡沫应力-应变模型及吸能性能研究

试验研究了四种不同密度的聚苯乙烯EPS泡沫材料单轴压缩下的应力-应变关系。在Gibson模型和Rusch模型基础上建立了EPS泡沫单轴压缩下应力-应变关系模型,并对建立的模型中各参数分别进行了定义;通过对能量吸收图、吸能效率图、理想吸能效率图的分析表明:在0.687MPa<σ≤1.038MPa范围内,密度为55kg/m3的EPS泡沫吸收的能量最大,当σ>1.038MPa时,吸收的能量随密度的增加而增加;四种密度的泡沫(28kg/m3、40kg/m3、55kg/m3、70kg/m3)在吸能能力最佳时的应力分别为0.396MPa、0.565MPa、0.866MPa、1.222MPa;密度为55kg/m3的EPS泡沫最接近于理想吸能材料。     

中高应变率下EPS泡沫的冲击压缩实验

用SHPB装置对三种密度的发泡聚苯乙烯(Expanded Polystyrene,EPS)材料进行了从300/s至1400/s共五个中高应变率下的冲击压缩实验。实验中采用波分离技术有效延长应力-应变曲线的测量范围,并简要介绍了其原理和具体实施办法。所有应变率下均获得了含有弹性段、平台屈服段和压实段完整三阶段的应力-应变曲线。曲线的重复性较好,应变率基本恒定。实验结果表明,相同密度EPS泡沫应力-应变曲线的屈服平台段长度随应变率的增加而增加,且趋于平缓。在相近应变率下,随EPS泡沫的密度增加,屈服应力增加,而变形及吸能能力减弱。     

低应变率下硅铝质泡沫陶瓷复合材料的力学性能研究

以泡沫陶瓷复合材料在防护工程中的应用为背景,利用MTS(Material Test System,材料试验机)对该型材料进行了准静态压缩实验。得到了应变率在10-5~10-3s-1范围内的应力应变曲线,并对实验结果进行了理论分析和数值模拟。研究表明,泡沫陶瓷复合材料的力学性能在准静态一维应力压缩条件下显示出明显的应变率效应,同时其应力应变曲线可用一种经验的脆性材料本构模型进行较好地拟合。而在一维应变压缩条件下,材料的应力应变曲线则显示出明显的三段式特征:弹性段、平台段和密实段,同时材料的吸能幅值随着应变率的增大而增加。     

泡沫铝率相关性能的有限元模拟

构建了三维随机分布球形泡孔模型,模拟开、闭孔混合结构泡沫铝材料的微细观结构,并通过有限元方法计算了10~104 s-1应变率范围内、孔隙率35%~65%泡沫铝材料的率相关性以及应变率和相对密度变化对泡沫铝动态压缩力学性能的影响。研究表明:中、低应变率下,泡沫铝材料率相关性能主要取决于基体材料的应变率敏感性;高应变率下,泡沫铝材料率相关性能受基体材料的应变率敏感性以及微结构惯性联合作用,且相对密度较低泡沫铝材料的微结构惯性效应更显著。     

聚氨酯泡沫铝动力学性能实验及本构模型研究

为了改进泡沫铝的动态吸能性能,将聚氨酯填充到开孔泡沫铝中制备成复合材料。通过霍普金森杆(SHPB)冲击实验,研究包含相对密度、应变、应变率和聚氨酯含量等影响因素的聚氨酯泡沫铝材料的动力学性能,并建立了动态本构模型。实验结果表明,聚氨酯泡沫铝的动态弹性模量与相对密度无关,屈服强度和流变应力与应变率和泡沫铝的相对密度成正比;聚氨酯泡沫铝的屈服强度与泡沫聚氨酯质量增加近似呈线性关系。所建立的动态本构模型在相对密度和应变率在一定的变化范围内与实验数据吻合较好。     

聚苯乙烯泡沫颗粒散体和整体集合的准静态压缩力学特性

对颗粒聚苯乙烯(EPS)泡沫单粒及封闭容器中的大量颗粒整体分别进行了不同加载速率下的准静态压缩实验,获得相应的压缩应力应变曲线.分析了单颗泡沫颗粒内部气体对材料压缩性能的影响,以及大量颗粒用作包装材料时由于内、外部气体被挤出所引起的密度变化对整体应力应变关系的影响.研究表明:EPS泡沫是典型的闭胞材料,单颗颗粒内部气体...     

开孔泡沫铝填充圆管的准静态压缩行为

采用开孔结构泡沫铝填充到薄壁圆形铝管中,制备出开孔泡沫铝夹芯铝管,并进行压缩实验,研究了这种结构材料的压缩力学行为和变形特征以及材料的结构特征参数对压缩力学性能和能量吸收特性的影响。在压缩过程中,泡沫铝夹芯铝管的载荷-位移曲线呈现出弹性段、波动的屈服平台段和压实段3个阶段特征;铝管的径厚比及泡沫铝本身的参数和强度对填充管的屈服强度、平均压溃力和吸能特性均有着非常显著的影响。填充泡沫铝后铝管的压缩变形方式发生改变,管壁只发生向外翻折变形,产生的环状褶皱减少。     

球形孔洞泡沫铝力学行为的SPH分析

分别基于体心立方元胞模型和随机孔洞模型建立了泡沫铝SPH模型.采用SPH方法分析了准静态加载条件下泡沫铝的单轴压缩力学性能.最大应变达70%.SPH计算所得应力-应变曲线表现出明显的弹性、平台和压实三段.分析了泡沫铝的微观变形机理,结果表明规则模型和随机模型均呈现出明显的局部塑性变形带,其中随机泡孔模型的孔壁变形以弯曲为主,局部塑性变形带表现更为明显.本文研究结果同时还说明了采用SPH方法研究泡沫材料力学行为的可行性与适应性.     

泡沫材料准静态力学性能实验研究

利用INSTRON-1185型万能材料试验机在准静态加载环境下对不同密度的聚氨酯泡沫的抗压、抗拉及抗弯性能进行了较系统的实验研究,分析了聚氨酯泡沫材料的力学性能及吸能特性随表观密度的变化规律.研究表明,聚氨醋泡沫材料的杭压性能优于其杭拉性能,该材料具有良好的吸能特性,且其吸能特性随密度的增大而提高.     

闭孔泡沫铝的多轴唯象受压本构参数

基于显微计算机断层扫描影像信息, 逆向重建闭孔泡沫铝试件的三维细观有限元模型, 定量研究闭孔泡沫铝在多轴压缩载荷作用下的大变形力学行为. 讨论了泡沫金属唯象弹塑性本构参数的确定方法, 根据计算结果确定了3 个有代表性的泡沫材料本构模型的本构参数, 并验证了这些本构模型在描述多轴压缩应力状态下的精度. 研究表明, 对于单轴压缩, 3 个本构模型的屈服面均有很好的精度;对于静水压缩, 有限元软件"ABAQUS"的可压缩泡沫本构模型屈服面会发生严重偏离, 陈-卢本构模型"屈服面" 略微低估静水压缩的屈服应力, 而体积强化本构模型的屈服面有很好的精度.      

Finite strain––isotropic hyperelasticity

This paper presents a strain energy density for isotropic hyperelastic materials. The strain energy density is decomposed into a compressible and incompressible component. The incompressible component is the same as the generalized Mooney expression while the compressible component is shown to be a function of the volume invariant J only. The strain energy density proposed is used to investigate problems involving incompressible isotropic materials such as rubber under homogeneous strain, compressible isotropic materials under high hydrostatic pressure and volume change under uniaxial tension. Comparison with experimental data is good. The formulation is also used to derive a strain energy density expression for compressible isotropic neo-Hookean materials. The constitutive relationship for the second Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor and its physical counterpart, involves the contravariant Almansi strain tensor. The stress stretch relationship comprises of a component associated with volume constrained distortion and a hydrostatic pressure which results in volumetric dilation. An important property of this constitutive relationship is that the hydrostatic pressure component of the stress vector which is associated with volumetric dilation will have no shear component on any surface in any configuration. This same property is not true for a neo-Hookean Green’s strain–second Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor formulation.     

A constitutive model of aluminum foam for crash simulations

A new constitutive model for metallic foams is developed to overcome the deficiency of existing models in commercial finite element codes. The proposed constitutive model accounts for volume changes under hydrostatic compression and combines the hydrostatic pressure and von Mises stress into one yield function. The change of the compressibility of the metallic foam is handled in the constitutive model by allowing for shape changes of the yield surface in the hydrostatic pressure-von Mises stress space. The backward Euler method is adopted to integrate the constitutive equations to achieve numerical accuracy and stability. The model is implemented into LS-DYNA as a user-defined subroutine, verified with existing solutions, and validated with foam testing data. The verified and validated model is then utilized in the crushing simulations of foam-filled columns with square and hexagonal cross-sections. Two constitutive models are studied: the first using an exponential function to describe the relationship of plastic Poisson's ratio with respect to true strain and the second using linear interpolation function as an alternative approximation. The new foam model provides satisfactory prediction of crushing forces and deformed shapes compared to experimental results. Additionally, the new foam model was shown to have better numerical stability and accuracy than existing LS-DYNA built-in material models.     

Multiaxial yield surface of transversely isotropic foams: Part II—Experimental

A robust understanding and modeling of the yield behavior in solid foams under complex stress states is essential to design and analysis of optimal structures using these lightweight materials. In pursuit of this objective a new custom-built Multi-Axial Testing Apparatus (MATA) is developed to probe the yield surface of transversely isotropic Divinycell H-100 PVC foam under a multitude of uniaxial, biaxial and triaxial strain paths. Experimental yield data produced constitutes the most comprehensive data set ever produced for any foam as it covers the entire spectrum of stress paths from hydrostatic compression to hydrostatic tension. Experimental results reveal that yielding in foams exhibits not only a quadratic pressure dependence, which is widely recognized in literature, but also a significant linear pressure dependence, which has been largely overlooked in previous studies. A new energy-based yield criterion developed for transversely isotropic foams is also validated using the experimental yield data.     

钙质砂的准一维应变压缩试验研究

利用?100 mm的Hopkinson压杆研究了不同预压力条件下,受侧限约束的钙质砂在500～800 s^-1应变率范围、0～200 MPa压力范围内的动态力学特性,并利用HUT106D万能材料试验机研究了相同条件钙质砂在2×10^-3 s^-1应变率、0～120 MPa压力范围内的静态力学特性。研究发现,当再次加载超过一定值后,预压力对钙质砂力学特性的影响不大;Tait物态方程可以描述钙质砂的静态容变关系及高压下的动态容变关系;钙质砂的体积压缩过程存在应变率效应。     

Modelling of the elasto-viscoplastic damage behaviour of glassy polymers

Constitutive equations are proposed in order to describe the elasto-viscoplastic damage behaviour of polymers. The behaviour is well accounted for by a modified Bodner–Partom model comprising hydrostatic and void evolution terms. The true stress–strain and volumetric strain behaviour of typical rubber-toughened glassy polymers (RTPMMA and HIPS) were experimentally determined at constant local true strain rate by using a video-controlled technique. Successful agreement is obtained between experimental results and the proposed model.     

泡沫镍/聚氨酯双连续复合材料的液滴冲蚀行为研究

利用液滴冲蚀试验装置,开展了泡沫镍/聚氨酯双连续复合材料和纯聚氨酯的液滴冲蚀试验研究,并采用PIV系统,测量了液滴冲蚀中液滴速度和直径. 结果表明:随着冲击能量的增加,复合材料表现出比纯聚氨酯更好的抗液滴冲蚀性能;泡沫镍结构参数对复合材料的液滴冲蚀行为有重要影响,泡沫镍孔径越小、体密度越大,复合材料的抗冲蚀能力越强;密集的金属骨架能有效阻挡高速液滴的破坏作用,并为树脂基体提供较强的阴影保护效应和地毯保护效应,显著提高复合材料的抗冲蚀性能.      

Partition energy absorption of axially crushed aluminum foam-filled hat sections

The “interaction effect” between aluminum foam and metal column that takes place when foam-filled hat sections (top-hats and double-hats) are axially crushed was investigated in this paper. Based on experimental examination, numerical simulation and analytical models, a systemic approach was developed to partition the energy absorption quantitatively into the foam filler component and the hat section component, and the relative contribution of each component to the overall interaction effect was therefore evaluated. Careful observation of the collapse profile found that the crushed foam filler could be further divided into two main energy-dissipation regions: densified region and extremely densified region. The volume reduction and volumetric strain of each region were empirically estimated. An analytical model pertinent to the collapse profile was thereafter proposed to find the more precise relationship between the volume reduction and volumetric strain of the foam filler. Combined the superfolding element model for hat sections with the current model according to the coupled method, each component energy absorption was subsequently derived, and the influence of some controlling factors was discussed. According to the finite element analysis and the theoretical modeling, when filled with foam, energy absorption was found to be increased both in the hat section and the foam filler, whereas the latter contributes predominantly to the interaction effect. The formation of the extremely densified region in the foam filler accounts for this effect.     

A New Shear-Compression Test for Determining the Pressure Influence on the Shear Response of Elastomers

A new shear-compression experiment for investigating the influence of hydrostatic pressure (mean stress) on the large deformation shear response of elastomers is presented. In this new design, a nearly uniform torsional shear strain is superposed on a uniform volumetric compression strain generated by axially deforming specimens confined by a stack of thin steel disks. The new design is effective in applying uniform shear and multiaxial compressive stress on specimens while preventing buckling and barreling during large deformation under high loads. By controlling the applied pressure and shear strain independently of each other, the proposed setup allows for measuring the shear and bulk response of elastomers at arbitrary states within the shear-pressure stress space. Thorough evaluation of the new design is conducted via laboratory measurements and finite element simulations. Practical issues and the need for care in specimen preparation and data reduction are explained and discussed. The main motivation behind developing this setup is to aid in characterizing the influence of pressure or negative dilatation on the constitutive shear response of elastomeric coating materials in general and polyurea in particular. Experimental results obtained with the new design illustrate the significant increase in the shear stiffness of polyurea under moderate to high hydrostatic pressures.