软性角膜接触镜与透气性硬性角膜接触镜对像差的影响

目的 分析配戴软性角膜接触镜、透气性硬性角膜接触镜（rigid gas-permeable contact lens,RGP）患者波前像差及角膜地形图在配戴前后的变化,探讨角膜接触镜对人眼屈光系统成像质量的影响.设计前瞻性随机对照临床研究.研究对象近视眼患者41例（80眼）.方法 软镜组20例（40眼）配戴软性角膜接触镜,RGP组21例（40眼）配戴RGP镜片,患者治疗前后作角膜地形图及波前像差检查,随访观察12个月.主要指标观察配戴接触镜治疗前后角膜地形图及波前像差的变化.结果 软镜组患者治疗后角膜表面规则指数（surface regularityindex,SRI）及角膜表面非对称指数（surface asymne-tryindex,SAI）有所增加,而RGP组SRI及SAI轻度下降;戴镜条件下,两组的整体波前像差（软镜组：0.58;RGP组：0.91）均低于治疗前裸眼的整体波前像差（软镜组：0.71;RGP组：1.21）;配戴后裸眼条件下,RGP组整体像差低于治疗前,且以低阶像差下降为主,而软镜组整体像差高于治疗前,各阶像差呈均匀上升趋势.结论 良好配适状态下的角膜接触镜均可使像差减小,使患者获得优质的光学矫正.     

共焦显微镜在角膜营养不良诊断中的应用

目的 探讨共焦显微镜在角膜营养不良诊断中的应用价值。设计 病例系列研究。研究对象 6例角膜营养不良，包括4例Reis-Bueckleas角膜营养不良、1例角膜斑点状营养不良、1例。Fuchs角膜内皮营养不良。方法 患者双眼行裂隙灯显微镜及共焦显微镜检查，选择病变在不同角膜层次的共焦显微镜图像，对角膜沉淀进行形态学评价，并与裂隙灯检查比较。主要指标角膜病变的裂隙灯显微镜及共焦显微镜图像。结果 共焦显微镜显示Reis-Bficklers角膜营养不良病变主要累及前部基质，包括角膜上皮、基底细胞及前弹力层；斑点状角膜营养不良病变仅累及基质层，而角膜上皮层及内皮层正常；在Fuchs角膜内皮营养不良中，可直接观察角膜小滴及角膜内皮情况。结论 共焦显微镜检查提供了一种评价角膜病变的方法，较裂隙灯显微镜的分辨率高。     

2型糖尿病患者角膜上皮基底膜沉积物的激光共焦显微镜观察

目的 观察2型糖尿病患者角膜上皮基底膜沉积物在激光共焦显微镜下的表现,探讨糖尿病患者出现角膜上皮病变的可能因素.方法 应用激光共焦显微镜对9例(15眼)2型糖尿病患者和年龄、性别匹配的健康对照眼的全角膜进行分区扫描检查,记录角膜上皮层、前弹力层及前基质层的图像,同时行眼前节光学相干断层扫描(OCT)检查,对所有检查资料进行分析.结果 9例(15眼)中,激光共焦显微镜显示8例(11眼)出现角膜上皮基底膜的异常沉积物,部分沉积物周边可见纤细的神经纤维,角膜上皮层下神经纤维异常,神经纤维密度明显低于正常对照眼.眼前节OCT检查发现有4眼的基底膜、前弹力层及前基质层部位有强反射信号.角膜上皮基底膜沉积物与角膜上皮下神经纤维密度间无明显相关性(r=-0.265,P=0.430).结论 2型糖尿病患者角膜上皮基底膜出现异常沉积物,可能是糖基化终末产物(AGEs)在角膜上皮基底膜的沉积,对糖尿病角膜上皮病变及角膜上皮下神经病变有一定的影响.     

共焦显微镜检查在眼表系统中的应用

共焦显微镜通过对结膜、角膜和泪膜等结构的三维、实时和活体条件下的无创光学断层扫描成像,从细胞水平上高分辨率地观察正常或病变的组织,在眼表系统的科研和临床诊断中体现出极大的优越性。就共焦显微镜检查在各种角膜结膜病变、干眼症及配戴角膜接触镜、角膜屈光手术后、角膜移植术后的相关应用进展进行综述。     

不同程度糖尿病视网膜病变干眼症患者波前像差的研究

目的：比较不同程度糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)干眼症患者波前像差的变化,探讨糖尿病视网膜病变干眼症患者视觉质量下降的原因。

方法：随机选取本院就诊的不同程度糖尿病视网膜病变干眼症患者各40眼,正常对照组40眼。采用Topcon KR-1W视觉质量分析仪记录瞳孔直径4mm和6mm的角膜总高阶像差、彗差、球差及三叶草像差的均方值。采用方差分析比较不同程度糖尿病视网膜病变干眼症患者波前像差及与对照组像差值。

结果：4mm和6mm瞳孔直径下无明显糖尿病视网膜病变(nondiabetic retinopathy,NDR)干眼症组、非增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变(nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy,NPDR)干眼症组及增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变(proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)干眼症组较对照组眼总高阶像差、彗差及三叶草像差均有明显升高(P<0.01),且PDR干眼症组较NDR干眼症组和NPDR干眼症组总高阶像差、球差、彗差及三叶草像差均有明显升高(P<0.01)。

结论：不同程度糖尿病视网膜病变干眼与波前像差的增高密切相关,波前像差增高可能是降低糖尿病视网膜病变干眼症患者视觉质量的原因之一,为糖尿病干眼视功能下降提供了依据。     

非球面切削LASEK治疗薄角膜高度近视的临床疗效研究

目的 探讨角膜波前像差引导联合Q值优化的最优个性化角膜屈光矫正程序(ORK-CAM)引导的非球面切削准分子激光上皮下角膜磨镶术(LASEK)治疗角膜薄的高度近视临床疗效.方法 运用角膜波前像差引导联合Q值优化的ORK-CAM及小光斑高速飞点激光扫描系统对49例76只眼角膜薄的高度近视患者行LASEK.术后2周,1月,3及6月检查裸眼视力、验光、Haze等级.术后半年时复查角膜地形图、波前像差、视觉对比敏感度并进行满意度调查.结果 术前平均最佳眼镜矫正视力(BSCVA)为1.10+0.12,术后6月BUCVA(BUCVA)为1.12+0.17.术后平均模拟角膜记读数(SimK)等效值、慧差、球差、总体像差分别增加了-13.5%、93.87%、172.22%、23.81%、43.28%,较术前差异有统计学意义.角膜地形图形态有92.11%为同心圆型,视觉质量满意度为95.92%.结论 角膜波前像差引导的LASEK治疗角膜薄的高度近视,术后3个月以后平均视力稳定,且好于术前BCVA.术后6月时平均总波前像差增加百分比较小,球差增加较少,较好的保持了角膜的的非球面性.术后患者出现眩光、夜视力差的机率较低,具有较好的临床疗效.     

分泌减少性干眼症角膜共焦显微镜下的形态学改变

目的应用角膜共焦显微镜活体、无创观察分泌减少性干眼症患者的角膜上皮及上皮下神经纤维的形态学改变。方法选择临床确诊为分泌减少性干眼症的患者37例（73眼）。印迹细胞学检查对患眼进行干燥程度分级,应用角膜共焦显微镜观察角膜上皮下神经纤维的形态学改变,及角膜上皮细胞密度定量测定。结果干眼症患者干燥斑处有明显的角膜上皮细胞坏死脱落区,反光极强;细胞问隙明显增宽,局限上皮细胞缺损、排列稀疏。部分患者呈扁平形浅表层角膜上皮细胞缺失。角膜上皮下神经纤维出现分支紊乱、异常走行弯曲,神经纤维不均匀增粗、增生,7眼未见上皮下神经纤维。干燥程度分级≤Ⅱ级者6眼,角膜上皮细胞密度为（629±168）个／mm^2;Ⅲ级者51眼,细胞密度为（615±181）个／mm^2;≥Ⅳ级者16眼,细胞密度（605±108）个／mm^2,分别与正常眼比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论分泌减少性干眼症角膜共焦显微镜下呈现角膜上皮细胞密度降低、上皮下神经纤维的特征性异常改变,与干眼症干燥程度密切相关。     

人工泪液对干眼症患者眼像差及角膜地形图的影响

目的 观察干眼症患者滴用人工泪液后眼像差和角膜地形图的改变.方法 对18例(30只眼)干眼症患者滴用人工泪液前、用药后即刻和用药10min后进行眼像差和角膜地形图的测量,分析指标为像差均方根值(RMSg),垂直慧差(C7),水平慧差(C8),球差(C12),角膜表面规则性指数(SRI)和角膜表面不对称指数(SAI),采用重复测量方差分析方法 对数据进行分析,以P<0.05认为差异具有统计学意义.结果用药后即刻测得的RMSg、C7、C8、C12、SRI和SAI值较用药前明显下降(P≤0.01),指标在用药10min时仍然维持稳定.结论 人工泪液可以改变干眼症患者角膜表面的不规则性参数,从而通过改变RMSg、C7、C8、C12、SRI和SAI值来改善其光学视觉质量.     

常规LASIK与波前像差引导下LASIK术后相关性研究

目的比较常规准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术(常规LASIK)和波前像差引导的个体化准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术(波前LASIK)术后视功能状况。方法选取接受手术者共60例(120只眼),屈光度-3.25～-10.00 D。随机分为两组:常规组30例(60只眼)和波前组30例(60只眼)。常规组接受常规LASIK;波前组接受波前像差引导LASIK。患者于术前,术后1个月、3个月行明、暗环境下对比敏感度仪、波前像差仪和角膜地形图检查。应用SPSS17.0统计学软件进行统计。结果视力:两组在术后均比术前显著改善。对比敏感度:术后明、暗环境条件下,眩光或者无眩光条件下,波前组的对比敏感度在各个频率都高于常规组。总体相差:术后早期两组像差数据均存在波动。在暗环境下,波前组的通过率高于常规组,有眩光条件下更为明显。角膜地形图:术后不同时间两组角膜形态主要为均匀形,而波前组规则形比例高于常规组。结论与常规LASIK相比,波前像差引导的LASIK术后视觉质量优势显著。     

角膜屈光手术术前视功能和影像学检查规范操作指南（2023）

角膜屈光手术术前检查操作的规范、检查结果的精确及可重复，对于全面衡量和评估患者的病情、合理地选择手术适应证、保证手术的安全性、有效性和远期稳定性有着十分重要的意义。近年来，各种屈光手术术前检查仪器及软件的临床应用和持续更新，为我们的角膜屈光手术术前检查提供了更多有效的检查方法。角膜屈光手术术前视功能和影像学检查包括眼球生物学参数测量、角膜地形图检查、角膜内皮镜检查、双眼视功能检查、波前像差检测、对比敏感度及眩光检查、客观视觉质量分析、非接触式眼表综合分析、角膜生物力学检查、超广角眼底成像、眼前节及眼底OCT检查等。本指南总结了角膜屈光手术术前视功能和影像学检查中各项检查的操作流程及注意事项，以期为角膜屈光手术术前视功能和影像学检查规范化提供参考依据，提升术前检查的精准性和可重复性。     

New diagnostic methods for imaging the anterior segment of the eye to enable treatment modalities selection

New diagnostic instruments for imaging the anterior segment of the eye have been developed using the corneal topographer, wavefront sensor, and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT). Data obtained from these instruments can be used to choose treatment modalities by providing information that is complementary to slit-lamp examination and visual acuity measurements. Zernike vector analysis was used to evaluate the corneal higher-order aberrations to quantify the effects of the corneal shape on the optical quality of the eye. The analyses showed the optical characteristics of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the cornea in patients with keratoconus or pellucid marginal corneal degeneration. The association between the deterioration of optical quality during rigid gas-permeable contact lens wear in patients with keratoconus and the residual coma due to posterior corneal shape was suggested by the findings made with this method. Zernike vector analyses also revealed the differences in the ocular higher-order aberrations between conventional Laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and custom LASIK. Serial measurements of the ocular higher-order aberrations by a wavefront sensor enabled us to evaluate the effects of tear fluid dynamics on the optical quality of the eye. The findings clarified the characteristics of serial alterations of higher-order aberrations in normal eyes, dry eye with tear deficiency and dry eye with tear evaporation. The effects of internal lubricating agents on the soft contact lenses were also evaluated objectively. In addition, these results suggest that the effects of serial fluctuations in the ocular higher-order aberrations on refractive surgery should be considered. To observe the cornea at the cellular level with anterior segment OCT, a prototype machine of full-field OCT was developed. This made it possible to show epithelial edema in human donor corneas as well as the alterations in the epithelial layer and stromal layer associated with intraocular pressure elevation in ex vivo porcine eyes. An OCT-based corneal topographer was developed using a three-dimensional anterior segment OCT with the swept-source principle. Corneal topographic analyses of the anterior and posterior surfaces either in eyes with keratoconus or following keratoplasty was possible even in where it was difficult for conventional corneal topographers to analyze accurately. Also, OCT-based corneal topographer analyzed the host and donor cornea separately following Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty by recognizing the host-graft interface. The results from these new diagnostic methods for imaging the anterior segment of eye will be useful for the diagnosis of corneal disorders and the planning of treatment by evaluating the effects of corneal topographic abnormalities and tear fluid dynamics on visual function, by observing the abnormalities of the corneal tissue at the cellular level, and by showing corneal topography in diseased corneas more accurately and non-invasively.     

Integrated multimodal metrology for objective and noninvasive tear evaluation

The clinical tests used to assess tear film and diagnose dry eye are invasive and produce results that are different from natural tear characteristics. There is a need to objectively and noninvasively assess tear parameters under controlled environmental circumstances to refine dry eye diagnosis and therapy. We have developed multimodal tear imaging systems integrated in a chamber in which individual environmental factors can be precisely varied to investigate their impacts on tear parameters. With the custom-built high-resolution wavefront sensor combined with placido disc, it is possible to objectively detect two-dimensional tear breakups in real time and evaluate its impact on visual quality. Micrometer ultra-high resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) enables us to quantify thickness and volume of the tear over the cornea and tear menisci. The ocular surface imaging ellipsometer uses polarized illumination from which both the lipid refractive index and thickness can be measured at a very high resolution. Using an enhanced thermal camera, we measure the ocular surface temperature noninvasively, which makes it possible to study spatial and temporal changes in tear evaporation. The multimodal deployment of these four components in the controlled chamber will assist in better differentiating the various clinical dry eye entities and will lead to the development of specific dry eye treatments.     

Assessment of optic disc anatomy and nerve fiber layer thickness in ocular hypertensive subjects with normal short-wavelength automated perimetry

PURPOSE: To compare optic disc topography and nerve fiber layer thickness in ocular hypertensive eyes and normal subjects. DESIGN: Prospective, case-controlled study. PARTICIPANTS AND CONTROLS: One eye in each of 20 normal and 27 ocular hypertensive patients was enrolled. METHODS: Consecutive normal and ocular hypertensive patients were enrolled. Each patient underwent complete ophthalmic examination, achromatic automated perimetry, short-wavelength automated perimetry, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, confocal scanning laser polarimetry, and optical coherence tomography. The intraocular pressure was 21 mmHg or less for normal subjects and at least 25 mmHg on two separate occasions in ocular hypertensive eyes. Structural parameters were compared between the two groups. Eyes with evidence of glaucomatous optic neuropathy, achromatic visual field loss, or evidence of focal visual field injury during short-wavelength automated perimetry were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Optic nerve head topography and nerve fiber layer thickness. RESULTS: The three imaging technologies could not detect differences in optic disc or nerve fiber layer anatomy between the two groups. Ocular hypertensive eyes had a greater corrected pattern standard deviation than normal eyes during short-wavelength automated perimetry (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Ocular hypertensive eyes with normal achromatic automated perimetry and short-wavelength automated perimetry could not be distinguished from normal subjects with confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, confocal scanning laser polarimetry, and optical coherence tomography.     

Non-contact confocal microscopy of the tear film in unoperated eyes

PURPOSE: The NIDEK ConfoScan4 (CS4) is a digital scanning slit confocal microscope. The corneal structure and tear film can be viewed, magnified, measured, and photographed at magnifications up to 500x, in vivo, in a noninvasive manner. The objective of this study was to evaluate and illustrate various conditions related to dry eye using the CS4 confocal microscope with the 20x noncontact lens. METHODS: The CS4 was used to evaluate the natural tear film in 58 eyes of 29 patients with normal examinations, allergic conjunctivitis, nonspecific conjunctivitis, and dry eyes. In a subset of this patient population, subjective and objective findings were used to classify mild, moderate, and severe dry eye disease states. The usefulness of confocal microscopy as an objective tool to diagnose and manage different tear film-related ocular disease was also evaluated. RESULTS: The differences in tear film composition were visible using confocal microscopy. Photographs demonstrate confocal noncontact 20x microscopy as a diagnostic tool. CONCLUSIONS: Noncontact confocal microscopy is a valuable tool in the diagnosis and treatment of dry eye syndrome and other ocular states such as allergic and nonspecific conjunctivitis. It provides a simple and effective way to observe, classify, and treat the tear film. As investigators visualize and learn more, understanding of this structure will continue to improve.     

Dynamics of ocular surface topography

PURPOSE: To investigate fluctuations in the ocular surface, we used high-speed videokeratoscopy (50 Hz) to measure the dynamics of the ocular surface topography. METHODS: Ocular surface height difference maps were computed to illustrate the changes in the tear film in the inter-blink interval. Topography data were used to derive the ocular surface wavefront aberrations up to the fourth radial order of the Zernike polynomial expansion. We examined the ocular surface dynamics and temporal changes in the ocular surface wavefront aberrations in the inter-blink interval. RESULTS: During the first 0.5 s following a blink, the ocular surface height at the upper edge of the topography map increased by about 2 mum. Temporal changes occurred for some ocular surface wavefront aberrations and appeared to be related to changes in the distribution of tear film. CONCLUSION: In the clinical measurement of ocular surface topography using videokeratoscopy or optics of the eye using wavefront sensors, care should be taken to avoid the initial tear film build-up phase following a blink to achieve more consistent results.     

眼表病理生理改变在干眼中的研究进展

干眼的发病率逐年升高,目前已成为最常见的眼部疾病之一。干眼的症状主要为眼部的干涩感、异物感、烧灼感、痒、分泌物等,这些不适很大程度上影响了干眼患者的日常生活、工作学习、心理健康和身体功能。干眼是一种多因素眼病,其特征是泪膜稳态的丧失,泪液的高渗透压、眼表炎性反应和损伤以及神经感觉异常等参与了干眼的发生发展,同时,干眼患者眼部会出现组织结构及眼表微环境的改变。由于干眼是一种日益严重的公共卫生问题,严重影响人们的视觉质量和生活质量,因此,研究干眼的病理生理对开展高效的诊断、更具针对性的治疗及减少不良事件的发生具有重要意义。本文对近年来干眼的病理生理学的研究进展进行综述。     

P2Y2受体激动剂用于干眼治疗的研究进展

干眼属常见的眼表疾病,是指由于泪液的量和（或）质的异常引起的泪膜不稳定和眼表面的损害,从而导致眼部不适症状的一类疾病。目前我国干眼的治疗包括病因治疗、人工泪液替代治疗、抗炎治疗、免疫抑制剂治疗、手术治疗以及中医治疗等。Ｐ２Ｙ２受体激动剂是一种治疗干眼的新型药物,它能够通过激动位于眼表的Ｐ２Ｙ２受体,促使结膜上皮细胞泪液的分泌以及结膜杯状细胞对黏蛋白的分泌,从而增强泪膜稳定性,改善干眼症状。３０ｇ·Ｌ－１地夸磷索四钠滴眼液是目前唯一上市的Ｐ２Ｙ２受体激动剂。本文就近年来地夸磷索四钠用于干眼治疗的临床疗效、安全性以及相关研究进展作一综述。     

Wavefront analysis of higher order aberrations in dry eye patients

PURPOSE: To compare ocular wavefront aberrations of normal and dry eyes and to describe the characteristics of higher order aberration in dry eyes. METHODS: Wavefront analysis of higher order ocular aberrations (total S3+4+5, spherical-like S4, coma-like S3+5) was performed with a Hartmann-Shack aberrometer in 20 dry eyes and 20 normal control eyes. RESULTS: Total, spherical-like, and coma-like aberrations were significantly greater in dry eyes than in normal controls (P < .01) both for a 4-mm (total S3+4: factor of 2.58; spherical S4: factor of 2.50; coma S3: factor of 2.70) and 6-mm-diameter pupil (S3+4+5: factor of 2.29, S4: x2.53, and S3+5: factor of 2.40). CONCLUSIONS: Eyes of dry eye patients showed greater optical aberrations compared with normal control eyes. Increase in higher order aberrations in dry eyes resulted from increased tear film irregularity.     

Ocular findings in hepatitis C patients treated with interferon

The pathology of the liver is associated with many disorders including the eye. We described ocular changes following hepatitis C. The most common ophthalmic findings in hepatitis C patients treated with interferon--involve keratoconjunctivitis, scleritis, dry eye syndrome, uveitis, retinopathy, retinal hemorrhages, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, retinal vascular changes and macular oedema, as well as electroretinogram, visual field and OCT abnormalities.     

Das trockene Auge

The etiology of dysfunctional tear syndrome ("dry eye") is multifactorial and complex. Recent evidence suggests an important role of androgens in regulating tear film secretion onto the ocular surface. In addition, inflammatory processes of the ocular surface seem to be the common final pathway of all chronic forms of dry eye. Novel concepts of pathogenesis and state-of-the-art diagnostic tools are discussed. In vivo confocal microscopy allows quantification of ocular surface inflammatory cells. This is of increasing importance for evaluation of anti-inflammatory treatments in dry eye patients.