组合2DFLDA监督的非负矩阵分解和独立分量分析的特征提取方法*

通过对投影非负矩阵分解(NMF)和二维Fisher线性判别的分析,针对NMF的特征提取存在无监督学习以及特征维数高的问题,提出了组合2DFLDA监督的非负矩阵分解和独立分量分析(SPGNMFICA)的特征提取方法。首先对样本进行投影梯度的非负矩阵分解,将得到的NMF子图像进行二维Fisher线性判别,主要反映类间差异信息构建子空间;对子空间的向量进行独立分量分析(ICA),得到独立分量特征空间;其次将样本在独立分量特征空间上进行投影;最后使用径向基网络对投影系数进行识别。通用人脸库ORL和YALE的识别实验证明,该算法是一种有效的特征提取和识别方法。     

基于L1/2范数约束增量非负矩阵分解的SAR目标识别

增量非负矩阵分解(INMF)随目标样本增加逐渐更新分解模型,能够有效解决NMF算法的计算代价随样本增加而成倍增长的问题。然而INMF在使NMF具备增量学习能力的同时,并未考虑NMF分解矩阵的稀疏性对识别性能的提升作用。针对上述问题,提出基于L1/2范数约束的增量非负矩阵分解(L1/2-INMF)算法,并应用于SAR目标识别。L1/2-INMF采用L1/2范数实时约束增量过程中的NMF分解矩阵,能够在不增加计算复杂度的同时,提升识别性能。针对MSTAR数据集的仿真实验结果表明,提出的L1/2-INMF能够解决传统非负矩阵分解方法计算代价随样本增加而增加的问题。     

基于投影梯度法的非负矩阵分解稀疏算法

文章提出了一种基于投影梯度法的非负矩阵分解稀疏算法,该算法通过引入基于投影梯度的迭代方法,来解决加向量1-范数约束以及加向量2-范数约束的非负矩阵分解问题,得到了局部最优解。通过实验表明该算法在分解时间以及基矩阵的稀疏度表达能力上优于NMF算法和SNMF算法。     

基于非负矩阵分解的图像水印算法

提出一种基于非负矩阵分解NMF(Non-negative Matrix Factorization)的数字水印算法.先通过NMF构造载体图像基于部分表示的系数矩阵,将灰度水印图像嵌入其中;再利用NMF基矩阵作为密钥提取水印.为了说明有效性,该算法与主流的DCT水印算法进行相关比较实验,结果表明该算法同DCT算法一样有效,且在抗剪切和抗滤波性能上优于DCT算法.     

一种改进的基于NMF的人脸识别方法

针对NMF(非负矩阵分解)算法基于局部特征提取的特点,提出了一种对NMF基矩阵的处理方法,以提高在局部遮挡环境下人脸识别系统的识别率。首先使用离散小波变换得到样本的低频信息,利用NMF得到基矩阵;然后通过阈值判断提取能够突出表现人脸特征的部分,得到优化后的特征子空间,并将样本在该子空间上投影;最后使用支持向量机对所得到的投影系数分类。实验结果表明,优化算法其运算时间较短,且能有效地提高人脸在部分遮挡环境中的识别率。     

基于全局融合的多核概念分解算法

非负矩阵分解（NMF）算法仅能用于对原始非负数据寻找低秩近似，而概念分解（CF）算法将矩阵分解模型扩展到单个非线性核空间，提升了矩阵分解算法的学习能力和普适性。针对无监督环境下概念分解面临的如何设计或选择合适核函数这一问题，提出基于全局融合的多核概念分解（GMKCF）算法。同时输入多种候选核函数，在概念分解框架下基于全局线性权重融合对它们进行学习，以得出质量高稳定性好的聚类结果，并解决概念分解模型面临核函数选择的问题。采用交替迭代的方法对新模型进行求解，证明了算法的收敛性。将该算法与基于核的K-均值（KKM）、谱聚类（SC）、KCF（Kernel Concept Factorization）、Coreg（Co-regularized multi-view spectral clustering）、RMKKM（Robust Multiple KKM）在多个真实数据库上的实验结果表明，该算法在数据聚类方面优于对比算法。     

基于NMF-SVM的复杂化工过程故障诊断

针对复杂化工过程中存在故障数据维数大与识别率低的问题,提出了1种非负矩阵分解与支持向量机相结合的故障诊断方法。该方法首先对原始特征数据进行非负矩阵分解,得到基向量矩阵与系数矩阵,用基向量矩阵作为输入训练SVM分类器,针对NMF结果的不稳定性,采用PCA模型确定NMF的初始值;然后通过系数矩阵构造超定线性方程组,并将其最小二乘解作为样本特征矩阵输入分类器进行故障类型的识别。通过对Tennessee Eastman(TE)过程数据的仿真研究,实验结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于图正则化和稀疏约束的增量型非负矩阵分解

非负矩阵分解(Nonnegative Matrix Factorization,NMF)不仅可以很好地描述数据而且分解后的矩阵具有直观的物理意义。为了提高算法的有效性和识别率,提出了一种更为合理的算法——基于图正则化和稀疏约束的增量型非负矩阵分解(Graph Regularized and Incremental Nonnegative Matrix Factorization with Sparseness Constraints,GINMFSC)。该算法既保持了数据的几何结构,又充分利用上一步的分解结果进行增量学习,而且对系数矩阵施加了稀疏性约束,最后将它们整合于单个目标函数中,构造了一个有效的更新算法。在多个数据库上的仿真结果表明,相对于NMF,GNMF,INMF,IGNMF等算法,GINMFSC算法在降低运算时间的同时,还具有更好的聚类精度和稀疏性。     

邻域保持判别非负矩阵分解

非负矩阵分解（NMF）是一种新的矩阵分解技术,为了提高NMF算法的识别率,提出了一种新的方法——邻域保持判别非负矩阵分解（NPDNMF）,该方法通过将邻域保持判别分析（NPDA）与NMF相结合来实现。邻域保持判别分析是一个将线性判别分析（LDA）与局部保持投影（LPP）综合考虑的判别分析方法,该算法既保持了LDA的判别能力,同时又可以保持原始数据的几何结构。通过将NPDA与NMF相结合,提取得到局部化同时又有很强判别能力的基图像。在ORL人脸数据库上进行人脸识别实验,结果表明该方法得到较好的识别效果。     

稀疏约束下非负矩阵分解的增量学习算法

非负矩阵分解(NMF)是一种有效的子空间降维方法。为了改善非负矩阵分解运算规模随训练样本增多而不断增大的现象,同时提高分解后数据的稀疏性,提出了一种稀疏约束下非负矩阵分解的增量学习算法,该算法在稀疏约束的条件下利用前一次分解的结果参与迭代运算,在节省大量运算时间的同时提高了分解后数据的稀疏性。在ORL和CBCL人脸数据库上的实验表明了该算法降维的有效性。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).