鼻咽癌咽旁间隙受侵对预后的影响

目的 探讨鼻咽癌咽旁间隙受侵对患者预后的影响。方法 1987年1月994年12月间对197例初程治疗的鼻咽半成品 患者进行CT扫描检查,利用SPSS8.0软件进行单因素和多因素分析影响预后的因素。结果 咽旁间隙受侵对实际生存、无瘤生存及局部控制有影响（P=0.0115,P=0.003,P=0.0367)。咽旁间隙阴性患者的5年实际生存率、无瘤生存率和局部控制率分别为87.9%,88.0%和96.9%,茎突前暗隙受侵分别为75.0%、71.2%和93.7%,茎突后间隙受侵分别为60.5%、57.7%和86.8%。结论 咽旁间隙受侵影响生存及局部控制,当茎突后间隙明显受侵时,远处转移的机会增加。     

基于MRI和IMRT的鼻咽癌鼻窦侵犯的预后研究

目的探讨基于MRI和IMRT的鼻咽癌鼻窦侵犯在鼻咽癌分期中的意义。方法 回顾分析2005—2010年基于MRI诊断的接受IMRT的1197例初诊鼻咽癌患者资料。根据AJCC第7版分期重新分期。鼻窦侵犯分为伴有鼻窦侵犯T₃、T₄期。Kaplan-Meier法计算LRFS、DMFS、OS率并Logrank法检验。Cox模型多因素预后分析及T分期各亚组局部复发风险比。结果 鼻窦侵犯率为14.2%。鼻窦侵犯不是影响鼻咽癌OS、LRFS、DMFS的因素(P=0.677、0.485、0.211)。T₂期、伴鼻窦侵犯T₃期及不伴鼻窦侵犯T₃期局部复发风险比接近(HR=1.927、2.030、2.283)。LRFS、OS曲线在T₂期、伴鼻窦侵犯T₃期及不伴鼻窦侵犯T₃期接近(P>0.05),与伴鼻窦侵犯T₄期及不伴鼻窦侵犯T₄期明显分开(P<0.05)。结论 鼻窦侵犯不是IMRT鼻咽癌OS、LRFS和DMFS的预后因素,但伴鼻窦侵犯的T₃期OS、LRFS与T₂、T₃期相似,预后较T₄期好。     

Preliminary results of a phase I/II study of simultaneous modulated accelerated radiotherapy for nondisseminated nasopharyngeal carcinoma

PURPOSE: To present preliminary results of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with the simultaneous modulated accelerated radiotherapy (SMART) boost technique in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Twenty patients who underwent IMRT for nondisseminated NPC at the Asan Medical Center between September 2001 and December 2003 were prospectively evaluated. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy was delivered with the "step and shoot" SMART technique at prescribed doses of 72 Gy (2.4 Gy/day) to the gross tumor volume, 60 Gy (2 Gy/day) to the clinical target volume and metastatic nodal station, and 46 Gy (2 Gy/day) to the clinically negative neck region. Eighteen patients also received cisplatin once per week. RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 27 months. Nineteen patients completed the treatment without interruption; the remaining patient interrupted treatment for 2 weeks owing to severe pharyngitis and malnutrition. Five patients (25%) had Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Grade 3 mucositis, whereas 9 (45%) had Grade 3 pharyngitis. Seven patients (35%) lost more than 10% of their pretreatment weight, whereas 11 (55%) required intravenous fluids and/or tube feeding. There was no Grade 3 or 4 xerostomia. All patients showed complete response. Two patients had distant metastases and locoregional recurrence, respectively. CONCLUSION: Intensity-modulated radiotherapy with the SMART boost technique allows parotid sparing, as shown clinically and by dosimetry, and might also be more effective biologically. A larger population of patients and a longer follow-up period are needed to evaluate ultimate tumor control and late toxicity.     

40例鼻咽癌高剂量放疗后咽旁感染临床特点分析

目的探讨鼻咽癌放疗后继发咽旁感染的临床诊断与影像学特点。方法1997年1月至2008年8月共收治鼻咽癌放疗后咽旁感染40例患者,多以颞侧头痛（62.5%）和咽部疼痛（22.5%）为首发症状。鼻咽纤维镜检查其中35例鼻咽黏膜呈不同程度感染、溃疡或坏死样改变（87.5%）,5例见结节状肿物。CT与MRI误诊为鼻咽部复发或疑诊复发共14例（35.0%）。全部病例给予抗炎治疗。结果所有病例经抗炎治疗后疼痛症状消失。影像学复查1例鼻咽及咽旁肿物完全消退,30例黏膜感染、溃疡及咽旁软组织增厚范围稍有缩小或变化不大。随访10～150个月,36例无瘤存活至今,4例死于肺炎呼吸衰竭。结论鼻咽癌放疗后咽旁感染,其临床和影像学均易与鼻咽肿瘤复发相混淆。其特点为慢性发病、曾有高剂量放疗史、颞侧或咽部疼痛、鼻咽黏膜感染、溃疡或坏死等。CT与MRI见咽旁可疑肿块影。抗炎治疗效果好。     

Prognostic value and predictive threshold of tumor volume for patients with locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma receiving intensity-modulated radiotherapy

Background:Gross target volume of primary tumor (GTV?P) is very important for the prognosis prediction of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), but it is unknown whether the same is true for locally advanced NPC patients treated with intensity?modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). This study aimed to clarify the prognostic value of tumor volume for patient with locally advanced NPC receiving IMRT and to ifnd a suitable cut?off value of GTV?P for prognosis prediction. Methods:Clinical data of 358 patients with locally advanced NPC who received IMRT were reviewed. Receiver oper?ating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to identify the cut?off values of GTV?P for the prediction of different end?points [overall survival (OS), local relapse?free survival (LRFS), distant metastasis?free survival (DMFS), and disease?free survival (DFS)] and to test the prognostic value of GTV?P when compared with that of the American Joint Committee on Cancer T staging system. Results:The 358 patients with locally advanced NPC were divided into two groups by the cut?off value of GTV?P as determined using ROC curves: 219 (61.2%) patients with GTV?P≤46.4mL and 139 (38.8%) with GTV?P>46.4mL. The 3?year OS, LRFS, DMFS, and DFS rates were all higher in patients with GTV?P≤46.4mL than in those with GTV?P>46.4mL (allP<0.05). Multivariate analysis indicated that GTV?P>46.4mL was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for patient survival. The ROC curve veriifed that the predictive ability of GTV?P was superior to that of T category (P<0.001). The cut?off values of GTV?P for the prediction of OS, LRFS, DMFS, and DFS were 46.4, 57.9, 75.4 and 46.4mL, respectively. Conclusion:In patients with locally advanced NPC, GTV?P>46.4mL is an independent unfavorable prognostic indi?cator for survival after IMRT, with a prognostic value superior to that of T category.     

鼻咽癌调强放疗中靶区剂量变化规律研究

目的 研究鼻咽癌调强放疗(IMRT)过程中肿瘤靶区变化对剂量分布的影响.方法 21例行根治性IMRT初程治疗鼻咽癌患者分别于计划设计前及治疗开始后前5周每周固定同一天行螺旋CT扫描各1次,共126次.以计划制定前扫描cT的3个体表标记点作为参考标记并确定靶区中心,然后由计划系统进行正向计算,得出治疗开始后前5周每周CT扫描时的靶区实际受量,比较其间有无差异并与计划设计前相比较.结果 GTV_(nx) CTV_1、CTV_2在治疗过程中连续5周每周同时间采集的D_(mean)、D_(95)、D_(90)、D_(10)、D_5和V_(100)经方差分析均相似,GTV_(nx)的分别为15.44～15.60 Gy(F=0.07,P=0.996)、14.66～14.92 Gy(F=0.11,P=0.990)、14.81～15.06 Gy(F=0.12,P=0.988)、15.88～16.29 Gy(F=0.28,P=0.924)、16.00～16.38 Gy(F=0.25,P=0.940)、98.1%～99.5%(F=0.08,P=0.995),CTV_1的分别为14.75～14.98 Gy(F=0.07,P=0.997)、13.39～13.73 Gy(F=0.20.P=0.964)、13.74～13.96 Gy(F=0.08,P=0.995)、15.65～15.90 Gy(F=0.09,P=0.994)、15.91～16.05 Gy(F=0.10,P=O.992)、98.2%～99.5%(F=0.02,P=1.000),CTV_2的分别为13.34～13.64 Gy(F=0.18,P=0.970)、12.71～13.18 Gy(F=0.32,P=0.898)、12.89～13.28 Gy(F=0.23,P=0.949)、13.79～14.03 Gy(F=0.12,P=0.987)、13.92-14.16 Gy(F=0.12,P=0.987)、94.4%～99.6%(F=0.25,P=0.937).结论 鼻咽癌调强放疗中随靶区变化其剂量变化不显著,即使在外轮廓变化最大点处初始计划仍能很好地覆盖靶区,因此临床上因肿瘤靶区改变而修订计划的意义不大.     

放疗后局部复发的鼻咽癌调强放疗的预后分析

目的回顾性分析和评价局部复发鼻咽癌调强放疗的临床结果和预后因素.方法共132例进入分析,其中男104例,女28例,中位年龄44.5岁（21～73岁）.全组中位复发时间为24个月（6～184个月）.依1992年福州分期标准再进行临床分期,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳa期分别为5、14、29、84例,其中T1、T2、T3、T4期各7、14、30、81例.22例同时伴有颈淋巴结复发.鼻咽大体肿瘤体积（GTV）处方剂量60～70Gy,分次剂量1.94～2.80Gy.60例接受了2～6个疗程的化疗.结果GTV中位体积为39.5 cm3（0.8～158.9 cm3）,治疗计划显示平均D95和V95分别达66.9Gy和98.3%,平均剂量和分次剂量均值分别为69.8、2.32Gy.全组中位随访时间12个月（2～47个月）.1、2、3年局部无进展生存率和总生存率分别为96.4%、88.4%、85.3%和65.9%、49.6%、41.6%.11例治疗后发生远处转移,47例治疗后出现鼻咽坏死或大出血,死亡57例.单因素及多因素分析显示分次剂量（P=0.016）和GTV体积（P=0.009）显著影响了患者的生存时间.结论IMRT可提高复发鼻咽癌患者的局部控制率和生存率.分次剂量和GTV体积为影响患者生存时间的独立预后因素.复发鼻咽癌治疗后的主要死亡原因为鼻咽坏死和大出血.     

Prognostic factors and failure patterns in non-metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma after intensity-modulated radiotherapy

Background:The prognostic values of staging parameters require continual re?assessment amid changes in diag?nostic and therapeutic methods. This study aimed to identify the prognostic factors and failure patterns of non?meta?static nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in the intensity?modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) era. Methods:We reviewed the data from 749 patients with newly diagnosed, biopsy?proven, non?metastatic NPC in our cancer center (South China, an NPC endemic area) between January 2003 and December 2007. All patients under?went magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before receiving IMRT. The actuarial survival rates were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method, and survival curves were compared using the log?rank test. Multivariate analyses with the Cox proportional hazards model were used to test for the independent prognostic factors by backward eliminating insigniifcant explanatory variables. Results:The 5?year occurrence rates of local failure, regional failure, locoregional failure, and distant failure were 5.4, 3.0, 7.4, and 17.4%, respectively. The 5?year survival rates were as follows: local relapse?free survival, 94.6%; nodal relapse?free survival, 97.0%; distant metastasis?free survival, 82.6%; disease?free survival, 75.1%; and overall survival, 82.0%. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that orbit involvement was the only signiifcant prognostic fac?tor for local failure (P=0.011). Parapharyngeal tumor extension, retropharyngeal lymph node involvement, and the laterality, longest diameter, and Ho’s location of the cervical lymph nodes were signiifcant prognostic factors for both distant failure and disease failure (allP<0.05). Intracranial extension had signiifcant prognostic value for distant failure (P=0.040). Conclusions:The key failure pattern for NPC was distant metastasis in the IMRT era. With changes in diagnostic and therapeutic technologies as well as treatment modalities, the signiifcant prognostic parameters for local control have also been altered substantially.     

局部残留和复发鼻咽癌立体定向放疗的预后因素分析

目的分析局部残留和复发鼻咽癌分次立体定向放疗(FSRT)的预后因素。方法采用FSRT治疗鼻咽癌常规放疗后局部残留和复发患者共90例,除3例治疗前已发生远处转移外,余87例(34例残留,53例复发)纳入分析。其中肿瘤位于鼻咽腔内、外者分别为44、43例;中位肿瘤体积为5.7 cm3(0.8～24.7 cm3);残留和复发病灶FSRT的中位处方剂量分别为18 Gy分3次和48 Gy分6次。用Kaplan-Meier法计算无局部失败生存率(LFFS)和疾病相关生存率(DSS),用Logrank法和Cox模型分别进行单因素和多因素的预后分析。结果中位随访时间为24.9个月(3.3～86.3个月),1、2、3、4年LFFS和DSS分别为90%、83%、81%、75%和84%、77%、61%、56%。单因素分析显示肿瘤体积(≤或>5 cm3)对患者DSS有影响(P=0.015)。多因素分析显示肿瘤体积和病灶类型(残留或复发)是影响DSS的独立因素(P<0.05)。残留组和复发组晚期副反应发生率分别为9%和26%。结论FSRT治疗残留和复发鼻咽癌可得到较好局部控制率和生存率,复发病灶和较大肿瘤体积是预后不良的独立影响因素。     

鼻咽癌放疗后复发再程调强放疗的疗效分析

目的　研究鼻咽癌放疗后复发再程调强放疗的疗效及影响预后的因素。方法　回顾性分析６２例鼻咽癌放疗后复发患者,男性４６例,女性１８例,中位年龄４９岁（３７～６５岁）,中位复发时间为２５个月（１０～５７个月）。全组患者均行调强放疗,肿瘤靶体积ＧＴＶ总剂量为６０～７０Ｇｙ,每次分割剂量１.８～２.３Ｇｙ。结果　全组患者的中位随访时间为１４个月,１、３年生存率分别为６２.２％和４１.８％。至随访截止日期,死亡２８例,再复发３例,再复发同时转移２例,转移５例。单因素分析结果显示,仅化疗（Ｐ＝０.００３）与生存期相关;多因素分析提示,化疗（Ｐ＝０.０００）和ＧＴＶ体积（Ｐ＝０.０１９）是影响复发鼻咽癌的独立预后因素。毒副反应可耐受。结论　鼻咽癌放疗后复发患者再程调强放疗有效、可靠,化疗与ＧＴＶ体积是影响预后的主要因素。     

图像引导鼻咽癌调强放疗的初步观察

调强放疗(intensity modulated radiotherapy, IMRT)技术使鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma, NPC)放疗的剂量得以优化,但实施过程中存在着靶区运动、摆位误差等不确定因素,影响IMRT的准确性.我们将影像引导放疗(image guided radiotherapy, IGRT)系统应用于NPC的IMRT,以探讨其应用价值.     

Prognostic factors in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated in Hospital Kuala Lumpur

Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is the third most common cancer among men in Peninsular Malaysia.However, no information is available about the prognostic factors. The objective of this study was to identifyfactors with an influence on outcome in patients treated in Hospital Kuala Lumpur. Methods: A total of 159patients with non-metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated during 2002-2003 in Hospital Kuala Lumpurwere included in this study. All received radiotherapy. Fifty three patients were treated with radiotherapy alone,while 106 patients received combination chemotherapy. Overall survival and local recurrence-free survival wereanalyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and univariate analysis was performed using the log-rank test. Results:This study found out that 5-year overall survival and 5-year local recurrence-free survival rates were 58.6% and54.2% respectively. The stage specific 5-year overall survival rates were: Stage I, 100%; Stage II; 93.3%, StageIII, 62.7%; Stage IVA, 42.2%; and Stage IVB, 40.6%. On univariate analysis, gender (p<0.05), T-classification(p< 0.001), N-classification (p<0.05), stage (p<0.05) and cranial nerve involvement (p< 0.001) were found to besignificant prognostic factors for 5-year overall survival, while gender (p<0.05) and N-classification (p<0.05)were significant prognostic factors for 5-year local recurrence-free survival. Conclusion: The overall survivalrate of patients for this study was low. The patient factor that significantly affected 5-year overall survival wasgender, while disease factors were stage, T-classification, N-classification and cranial nerve involvement.     

鼻咽癌调强放疗长期疗效及预后分析

目的 评估鼻咽癌调强放疗的长期疗效,分析影响预后的因素。方法 回顾分析 299例无远处转移鼻咽癌首程治疗病例资料。鼻咽原发灶及上颈部调强放疗70 Gy,下颈部及锁骨上区用单前野预防性常规放疗54 Gy,5 次/周共30次。鼻咽残存灶采用局部小野IMRT加量或X刀补充照射 4~20 Gy。用Kaplan-Meier方法计算总生存率(OS)、无疾病进展生存率(DPFS)、无远处转移生存率(DMFS)等,Logrank法检验和单因素预后分析,Cox法多因素预后分析。结果 全组随访率为99.7%,随访时间满 5年者为 119例。Ⅰ+Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期 5年OS分别为97.1%、82.7%、52.2%(χ²=46.19,P=0.000),DPFS分别为100%、77.6%、57.7%(χ²=23.29,P=0.000),DMFS分别为100%、82.3%、63.7%(χ²=16.57,P=0.000)。男性和女性 5年OS、DPFS、DMFS分别为70.7%和94.1%(χ²=16.82,P=0.000)、71.5%和87.3%(χ²=4.74,P=0.029)、77.2%和89.7%(χ²=4.38,P=0.036);<45岁男性和女性的分别为66.8%和91.2%(χ²=7.07,P=0.008)、59.9%和91.2%(χ²=7.72,P=0.005)、66.4%和94.0%(χ²=8.46,P=0.004),≥45岁的只有OS不同(72.2%和96.0%,χ²=10.19,P=0.001)。多因素分析显示性别、TNM分期、淋巴结包膜受侵均影响OS (χ²=14.27、5.72、17.64,P=0.000、0.017、0.000)、DPFS (χ²=5.33、15.70、10.57,P=0.021、0.000、0.001)、DMFS (χ²=4.30、11.08、21.24,P=0.038、0.001、0.000),颅内受侵、锁骨上淋巴结转移影响OS (χ²=13.32、5.38,P=0.000、0.020)。结论 除分期、淋巴结包膜受侵影响预后外,性别也是影响预后因素之一,特别是<45岁男性预后更差。     

T3、T4期鼻咽癌IMRT中海马受量相关性分析

目的 分析T₃、T₄期鼻咽癌患者IMRT中海马的受量,并探讨不同解剖结构受累与海马受量的相关性。方法 勾画 62例接受IMRT的鼻咽癌患者的双侧海马,并将其分为头、体、尾3部分,分析各部分照射剂量指标。结果 左、右侧海马的平均受量分别为(1127±704)、(1173±762) cGy。左侧海马头、体、尾的平均受量分别为(1732±1029)、(820±632)、(423±366) cGy (P=0.000);右侧海马头、体、尾的平均受量分别为(1985±1101)、(837±531)、(432±343) cGy (P=0.000)。海马头部受量和不同照射剂量的受照体积均明显高于体部与尾部,且头、体、尾的受量依次降低。蝶窦、筛窦及海绵窦受累与海马受量显著相关。结论 鼻咽癌患者IMRT中海马头、体、尾的受量不同,头部剂量最高。蝶窦、筛窦及海绵窦受累则提示海马受到高剂量照射,应予以重视。     

Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: clinical correlation of dose to the pharyngo-esophageal axis and dysphagia

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to quantify the dose delivered to the pharyngo-esophageal axis using different intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) techniques for treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and to correlate this with acute swallowing toxicity. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The study population consisted of 28 patients treated with IMRT between February 2002 and August 2005: 20 with whole field IMRT (WF-IMRT) and 8 with IMRT fields junctioned with an anterior neck field with central shielding (j-IMRT). Dose to the pharyngo-esophageal axis was measured using dose-volume histograms. Acute swallowing toxicity was assessed by review of dysphagia grade during treatment and enteral feeding requirements. RESULTS: The mean pharyngo-esophageal dose was 55.2 Gy in the WF-IMRT group and 27.2 Gy in the j-IMRT group, p < 0.001. Ninety-five percent (19/20) of the WF-IMRT group developed Grade 3 dysphagia compared with 62.5% (5/8) of the j-IMRT group, p = 0.06. Feeding tube duration was a median of 38 days for the WF-IMRT group compared with 6 days for the j-IMRT group, p = 0.04. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical vigilance must be maintained when introducing new technology to ensure that unanticipated adverse effects do not result. Although newer planning systems can reduce the dose to the pharyngo-esophageal axis with WF-IMRT, the j-IMRT technique is preferred at least in patients with no gross disease in the lower neck.     

调强放疗与常规放疗鼻咽癌患者生活质量的比较

目的　通过与常规放疗比较,了解调强放疗对鼻咽癌患者生活质量的影响,并分析鼻咽癌患者总体生活质量和口干的影响因素。方法　以２００５年５月至２００８年５月武汉大学中南医院放化疗科行常规放疗或调强放疗且同意配合调查的初治鼻咽癌患者为研究对象,采用问卷方式调查接受调强放疗和常规放疗鼻咽癌患者的生活质量。调查表包括生活质量核心问卷（ＱＬＱ-３０）中文版及头颈部特殊问卷（ＱＬＱ-Ｈ＆Ｎ３５）。结果　１２０例鼻咽癌患者,其中调强组６１例,常规组５９例。与常规放疗比较,调强放疗改善了总体生活质量、角色功能、口干、口黏等,两者比较差异有统计学意义（Ｐ＜０.０５）。接受调强放疗的患者总体生活质量较高（ＯＲ＝２.６８５;９５％ＣＩ：１.２１２～５.９４８）,接受化疗的患者总体生活质量较低（ＯＲ＝０.３７４;９５％ＣＩ：０.１５０～０.９３３）,接受调强放疗的患者口干症状较轻（ＯＲ＝０.３４７;９５％ＣＩ：０.１２４～０.９６８）。结论　与常规放疗比较,调强放疗改善了患者口干、口黏、疼痛、乏力及总体生活质量等评分。治疗方式和化疗是患者总体生活质量的影响因素。