膜下滴灌条件下加工番茄施肥推荐与决策支持系统的建立

以新疆兵团农八师143团为例,针对土壤信息数据在农业生产中的重要作用,综合应用作物平衡施肥原理、数据库技术、Delphi技术,依据区域土壤肥力、质地类型,番茄需肥特点等众多特点,以条田为操作单元,建立了集土壤养分管理、专家施肥推荐、SQL信息查询等功能于一体的膜下滴灌条件下加工番茄施肥推荐与决策支持决策系统。     

沈阳市农田土壤养分肥力状况及供肥量研究

1984～1993年,以玉米、水稻为供试作物,设置经典的5处理肥料田间试验。结果表明,沈阳市两大主栽作物产量对土壤肥力的依存率为52．6％,余者为肥料效应。土壤氮磷钾养分的保证程度分别为63．6％,83．6％和85．5％。通过基础产量与施肥最高产量回归统计,获得以y＝100x／（a＋bX）为模型的两个“以地定产”算式;用基础产量与土壤有效养分含量回归统计,获得土镶有效养分校正系数,就此可算出土壤某种养分供应量,为推行配方施肥技术提供了准确的参数。     

长期定位施肥对作物产量及土壤养分的影响

根据24年肥料效应长期定位监测试验结果,研究了不同施肥处理对作物产量及土壤肥力、养分水平等指标的影响.结果表明,不同施肥处理作物产量差异较大,有机肥和氮、磷、钾化肥的配合施用对提高作物产量、增加土壤养分作用十分明显.     

安徽土壤肥料信息系统中施肥决策的研究

研究了安徽土壤肥料信息系统中配方施肥决策的算法和模型中的参数。采用土壤养分校正系数法,得出了安徽省各地区土壤养分校正系数值及其与土测值之间的关系,从而根据土壤养分含量、作物种类和目标产量确定某一区域的施肥量,为土壤肥料信息系统中的施肥决策提供方法依据。     

不同施肥制度下冀东褐土肥力演化的主成分分析

以冀东褐土为试材,采用主成分分析方法对连续8年不同施肥制度定位试验土壤的肥力演化进行了研究.结果表明,不同施肥制度下作物产量、土壤物理性质、土壤有机碳及氮磷钾养分含量与组成、土壤酶活性等变化各异,冀东褐土肥力演化方向可用土壤养分贮备和供应过程与无机磷积累和尤效化过程表征,不施肥使土壤养分贮备和供应极度匮乏;单施常量NPK化肥和增量NPK化肥造成土壤无机磷无效化过程强烈;有机肥(物)料配施化肥则可使土壤肥力向养分贮备丰富、供应水平高和快速、无机磷有效化程度较高的方向发展.     

基于PDA-GIS的测土配方施肥系统的研究与建立

充分利用农业部广泛开展的测土配方施肥丰富的技术成果和基础数据,以土壤养分丰缺指标法和养分平衡法分别构建区域施肥模型和精准施肥模型,基于esupermap for.NET平台进行二次开发,运用嵌入式GIS、移动式GPS定位技术,PDA用户可随地获取土壤养分、施肥技术、缺素图谱等。系统以安徽省金寨县为例,针对茶园与农作物耕地,分别具备精准施肥和区域施肥两种方案,解决施肥技术推广的瓶颈问题,使施肥技术成果被更精准快速的推广应用。     

连续施肥对塿土肥力及产量的影响

对25年连续不同施肥小区土壤的养分状况和作物产量进行分析研究,结果表明:多年连续施肥,可以明显提高塿土中有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷的含量,增加作物产量,即单施化肥或有机一无机肥料配合施用,都可以增强土壤养分容量及其供应强度,有利于培肥土壤,提高土壤肥力,从而提高作物产量,其中又以有机一无机肥料配合施用的效果更好。     

基于FPGA的土壤数据采集分析决策系统

为了改善当前土壤施肥及土壤数据管理的盲目性和随意性,提出了一种基于现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)的土壤数据采集分析决策系统;系统用FPGA搭建了土壤数据采集模块,采集了温湿度、酸碱度、常量元素含量和中微量元素含量等土壤信息,通过GPRS将采集到的数据传输给上位机;上位机以专家信息为参考,结合测土施肥技术、数据库技术和.NET技术,完成数据库、模型库和知识库的建立,并最终给出适宜种植的作物、肥力评价、施肥方案等决策结果;试验测试结果表明,该系统可以为种植农作物提供有效方案,在农业生产中有一定的应用前景。     

生态平衡施肥模型理论与应用

根据质量守恒定律和肥料-土壤-作物间养分转化关系,提出施肥机理模型的一般数学表达式W=P+Lfsp+(Tn+1-Tn)×2.25(或0.15),称之为"生态平衡施肥模型”.初步应用结果表明,按此模型推荐的施肥量比目标产量法减少17%～22%.     

辽宁昌图旱田土壤养分状况分析

通过对昌图县18个乡(镇)旱田(主要栽培作物玉米)耕层的97个土壤样品中大量元素、微量元素的速效养分化验分析,结果表明:大量元素速效氮磷钾均较丰富,只是个别样品所代表的地块缺氮,微量元素有效铁和铜均较丰富,有效锰和锌缺乏。因此,在农作物施肥上应在增施有机肥的基础上,大力推进测土配方施肥,以达到土壤养分平衡,保证作物高产稳产优质。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).