单孔后腹腔镜解剖性肾上腺切除术5例报告

目的：初步探讨单孔后腹腔镜肾上腺切除术的临床可行性和安全性。方法：2009年7～8月采用单孔后腹腔镜肾上腺切除术治疗肾上腺肿瘤患者5例,其中男性患者2例,女性患者3例,平均年龄（58．4±3．6）岁,平均体重指数（25．9±2．6）;左侧3例,右侧2例;肾上腺皮质无功能腺瘤3例,肾上腺醛固酮瘤2例。行肾上腺全切术1例,肾上腺肿瘤切除术4例。3例患者术后留置引流管,2例患者未留置引流管结果：5例单孔后腹腔镜肾上腺切除术均顺利完成,手术时间35～60min,平均（51．2±11．2）min;肿瘤最大径1．0～3．5cm,估计出血量5～10ml,平均（8．0±2．7）ml,无中转开放及转为标准三孔腹腔镜手术,术中发生1例腹膜破裂,给予修补,无其他并发症发生,短期随访无术后并发症发生。结论：初步结果显示了单孔后腹腔镜肾上腺切除术具有良好的安全性和可行性,但其临床治疗效果尚需大样本中远期随访和对照研究予以证实。     

经腹腔途径单孔腹腔镜下肾切除术的临床研究

目的 探讨经腹腔途径单孔腹腔镜手术(laparoendoscopic single-site surgery,LESS)行肾切除术的可行性及安全性. 方法 2010年11月至2012年6月应用4通道单孔腹腔镜行肾切除术患者6例.年龄34～ 77岁,平均57岁.体质指数(body mass index,BMI)20.1 ～30.3 kg/m2,平均24.2kg/m2.术前诊断肾肿瘤4例,左肾盂肿瘤1例,无功能肾1例.其中肾肿瘤1例为右侧中央型4.2 cm肾肿瘤,另3例分别为左肾下极7.4 cm肿瘤、左肾中部4.5 cm肿瘤和左肾中部4.3 cm肿瘤.全麻下健侧60°卧位,经患侧脐缘切口将单孔腹腔镜通道Quadport置人腹腔,采用5 mm头部可弯腹腔镜、标准腹腔镜直器械及预弯器械实施手术.记录手术时间、估计术中出血量、术中并发症、术后第1天疼痛指数(visual analog pain scale,VAPS)、留置引流管时间、术后住院时间和术后病理等临床资料. 结果 本组6例手术均顺利完成,无中转为标准腹腔镜或开放手术者,无另加操作通道者.手术时间145.0 ～ 235.0 min,平均181.7 min;估计术中出血量20.0～150.0 ml,平均78.3 ml;VAPS1.0 ～2.0分,平均1.7分;术后留置引流管时间1.0～4.0 d,平均2.8d;术后住院时间1.0 ～10.0d,平均6.8d.术中无严重并发症,术后无继发性出血和切口感染.病理诊断为肾透明细胞癌3例,肾嫌色细胞癌1例,肾盂尿路上皮癌1例,萎缩肾1例.肿瘤患者均未发现淋巴结转移. 结论 经腹腔途径单孔腹腔镜下肾切除术临床可行性和安全性良好.     

经腹腔途径腹腔镜肾上腺切除术的临床研究

目的 探讨经腹腔途径腹腔镜肾卜腺切除术的临床应用,疗效及安全性.方法 本组68例患者行经腹腔途径腹腔镜肾上腺切除术.记录手术时间、术中估计出血量、术中并发症、术后并发症、留置引流管时间、术后住院时间和术后病理等临床资料,并对结果进行分析.结果 68例手术均由腹腔镜完成,无转开放病例.平均手术时间(157.7±51..5)min,平均术中出血量(68.1±54.2)ml.术后留置引流时间(2.6±1.5)d,术后平均住院时间为(8.7±4.3)d.术后有2例(3.0%)引流管口愈合延迟.4例(6.0%)术区积液,没有经过外科干预恢复.随访期间患者对腹腔镜肾上腺切除术治疗反应良好.结论 经腹腔途径腹腔镜肾卜腺切除术是一种安全可行的治疗肾上腺肿瘤的手术方式.     

经腹膜后腔和经腹腔途径行腹腔镜肾上腺切除术的比较

目的比较经腹腔和经腹膜后腔两种途径的腹腔镜下肾上腺肿瘤切除术的安全性及疗效的差别。 方法回顾性分析2012年3月至2017年12月我院间收治的经腹腔途径（35例）及经腹膜后腔途径（31例）的单侧肾上腺切除手术患者的临床资料,比较两组的曲卡置入时间、手术时间、术中出血量、术后禁食时间、术后引流管留置时间及术后住院天数等临床资料。 结果所有66例手术均于腹腔镜下完成切除,无一例中转开放手术。两组在肾上腺切除手术时间、术后禁食时间等方面差异无统计学意义。但经腹腔组与经腹膜后腔组相比,置曲卡时间、总体手术时间、出血量、术后引流管留置天数及术后住院天数均明显降低。分层分析显示,在肿瘤直径>6 cm时,除了术后引流管留置时间及术后住院天数外,肿瘤切除的手术时间也是经腹腔组短于经腹膜后腔组。 结论两种手术入路的腹腔镜肾上腺切除术皆安全、有效,经腹腔途径建立操作通道时间及总体手术时间更短,对于>6 cm的肿瘤,经腹腔途径在手术时间及安全性方面的优势更明显。     

优先精准解剖肾上腺中央静脉在后腹腔镜肾上腺切除术中的应用

目的探讨后腹腔镜肾上腺切除术中优先精准解剖肾上腺中央静脉的要点及应用价值。方法回顾性分析我院2016年4月2018年6月收治的46例肾上腺肿瘤患者的临床资料,均为单侧病变,左侧肿瘤28例,右侧18例;肿瘤直径1.5~6.7 cm,平均(2.8±0.9)cm。采用腹膜后入路,术中优先精准解剖游离并酌情结扎肾上腺中央静脉,后行肾上腺切除。观察手术时间、术中出血量、腹膜后引流管留置时间、术后并发症及随访情况。结果本组46例患者均顺利完成腹腔镜手术,无中转开放手术。手术时间平均43(25~93)min,术中出血量平均20(10~50)ml,腹膜后引流管留置时间2~5 d,平均(2.8±0.6)d。所有患者术中及术后均未发生腹膜损伤、肾蒂血管损伤、腹膜后血肿、皮下血肿及切口感染等并发症。术后病理示:肾上腺腺瘤32例,皮质增生3例,嗜铬细胞瘤8例,髓样脂肪瘤2例,神经节细胞瘤1例。术后随访1年,未见肿瘤复发。结论后腹腔镜下肾上腺切除术中优先精准解剖并结扎肾上腺中央静脉,具有出血少、手术视野清晰,安全性高,值得进一步深入研究。     

经腹、经后腹腔途径腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术(附56例报告)

目的 总结经腹腔、经后腹腔途径腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术的临床经验. 方法 2001年12月～2004年12月,我院施行腹腔镜肾上腺切除术56例.采用经腹腔途径肾上腺肿瘤切除术10例,腹部取3个trocar 穿刺入路,切开侧腹膜和肾周筋膜,在肾上极内上方分离肾上腺或瘤体,结扎速结合超声刀将肿瘤切除.经后腹腔途径切除肾上腺肿瘤46例,腰部取3个trocar 穿刺入路,用自制的气囊扩张后腹腔,切开肾周筋膜,在肾上极内上方分离肾上腺或瘤体,结扎速结合超声刀将肿瘤切除. 结果 10例经腹腔途径中3例因腹腔广泛粘连中转开放手术,46例经后腹腔途径中1例因下腔静脉损伤大出血中转开放手术.余52例术中出血量20～200 ml,平均70 ml,均未输血.手术时间40～200 min,平均110 min.术后住院3～8 d,平均5.4 d.52例随访6～36个月,平均8个月,未见肿瘤复发和转移. 结论 腹腔镜肾上腺切除术效果确切,损伤小,术后恢复快,住院时间短,是肾上腺手术的首选术式.     

单切口多通道后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术的可行性和安全性研究

目的:探讨使用常规腹腔镜器械经后腹膜腔行单切口多通道肾上腺肿瘤切除术的可行性和安全性。方法:选取我院自2011年10月~2013年6月收治的肾上腺肿瘤患者12例,男6例,女6例,年龄35~60岁,平均42.6岁。肿瘤最大径1.5~3.5cm,平均2.8cm。肿瘤位于右侧5例,左侧7例。在腋中线髂脊上3~4cm做直径长约3cm半圆形切口,应用常规腹腔镜器械行单切口多通道后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术。结果:12例患者手术均获成功,无一例中转开放手术。手术时间90~120min,平均106min。出血量50~150ml,平均95ml。术后引流管留置时间1~3d。术后平均住院时间4~6d。所有患者术后未使用镇痛药物。术后病理检查报告为嗜铬细胞瘤3例,皮质腺瘤9例。结论:应用常规腹腔镜器械经后腹膜腔行单切口多通道肾上腺肿瘤切除术安全有效,不仅具有传统腹腔镜手术的优点,还可以减少手术费用及手术创伤,并具有一定美容效果。     

腹腔镜肾上腺手术22例报告

目的 :探讨腹腔镜肾上腺切除术的方法、技巧。方法 :经腹膜后腔或腹腔途径 ,实施腹腔镜肾上腺切除 2 2例。结果 :2 2例手术均获成功 ,手术时间 15 0～ 2 70min ,失血 2 0～ 2 0 0ml,术后第 1天进流质并下床活动 ,术后平均住院 4d ,术中腹膜破裂 5例 ,无其他并发症。结论 :腹腔镜肾上腺切除用食指分离建立后腹膜腔和用吸引管分离肾上腺具有省时、省力等优点     

后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺肿瘤的优势和手术技巧

目的探讨后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术的优势和手术技巧。方法分别行后腹腔镜（33例）和传统开放手术（10例）治疗肾上腺肿瘤,患者平均年龄37．6岁,平均瘤体大小1．2～6．4cm。结果33例后腹腔镜手术均获成功,手术时间50～130min,平均（80．5±21．3）min;术中失血50～150ml,平均（65．2±11．6）ml;术后引流管留置1～2d,平均住院5d。随访6个月～3年无并发症发生。与开放手术相比有明显的优势。结论后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术安全,疗效好,疼痛轻,患者术后恢复快。     

后腹腔镜下肾上腺肿瘤切除212例临床分析

目的探讨经后腹腔镜行肾上腺肿瘤切除术的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2006～2009年年间住院手术治疗的212例次肾上腺肿瘤患者的临床资料。分析手术时间、术后住院时间、术后引流管留置情况、手术输血情况4项指标。评价微创手术在肾上腺肿瘤治疗中的效果。结果212例次手术中有211例成功在后腹腔镜下实施,1例中转为开放手术。手术时间40～160min,术中出血量30～900mL;术后住院时间4～7d。术中、术后均无明显并发症。结论经后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除手术具有创伤小、安全可靠、术后恢复快等特点,可作为治疗肾上腺肿瘤的金标准。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.