Market Analysis of Propionaldehyde and Propionic Acid

Propionaldehyde and propionic acidare important fine chemicals and ba-sic chemical raw materials exten-sively used in food,feed,rubber,plastic,paint,coatings,flavor,pharmaceutical,pesticide and print-ing sectors.     

Synthesis and Properties of Lipoamino Acid–Fatty Acid Mixtures: Influence of the Amphiphilic Structure

The acylation of amino acids by acid chlorides with from 8 to 12 carbon atoms in alkaline aqueous medium following Schotten–Baumann reaction results in sodium salts of a N ^α-acylamino acid and fatty acid mixture. The latter are present in a proportion from 40 to 60%. These compositions represent mixtures of amphiphilic anionic surfactants. Together they contribute to the properties of the formulation. Measurements of the surface-active properties of these formulations, such as critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension at the CMC (ST), foaming capacity (FC) and foaming stability (FS), show that surfactant mixtures with the longest chain have the most desirable properties. They are comparable to commercial petroleum-based surfactants. Thus, the CMC, ST and CM values of the formulation obtained starting from leucine and dodecanoyl chloride (310 mg/l, 30.1 mN/m and 200%, respectively) are similar to, and even better than, sodium dodecylsulfate (290 mg/l, 39.1 mN/m and 230%, respectively).     

Effect of Calcium Salts of Glutaric Acid and Pimelic Acid on the Formation of β Crystalline Form in Isotactic Polypropylene

The effect of calcium glutarate (Cagt) and calcium pimelate (Capt) on the formation of β crystalline form in isotactic polypropylene (iPP) after isothermal crystallization at 130°C for 30 min has been investigated. The maximum K_WAXD and K_DSC values were 31.97% and 38.06%, respectively, for iPP doped with 0.2 wt.% Cagt. The maximum values of K_WAXD and K_DSC were 73.60% and 68.44% for iPP doped with 0.3 wt.% and 0.15 wt.% Capt, respectively. The crystal size of iPP doped with Capt is finer than that of iPP doped with Cagt. It is shown that the β nucleation ability of Capt is superior to that of Cagt. The difference in the β nucleation ability between Cagt and Capt is explained by the structural difference of the nucleators with β-iPP.     

Liquid–Liquid Extraction of Isovaleric Acid Using Alamine 308/Diluent and Conventional Solvent Systems: Effect of Diluent and Acid Structure

Abstract

Distribution of isovaleric (3‐methyl butanoic) acid between water and Alamine 308 (triisooctylamine) dissolved in C₅ and C₆‐ring included diluents of proton‐donating and ‐accepting (cyclopentanol, cyclohexanone), polar (chlorobenzene) and inert (toluene) types, as well as a comparison with the extraction equilibria of pure diluent alone (chloroform) have been studied at 298 K. Among the tested C₆ ring‐containing and aliphatic diluents, cyclic alcohol/amine system yields the highest synergistic extraction efficiency. The strength of the complex solvation was found to be reasonably large for halogenated aromatics favoring mainly the formation of acid₁‐amine₂ structure. The influence of the acid structure over distribution has been interpreted through comparing the extractabilities of seven acids containing different functional groups, i.e., isovaleric, formic, levulinic, acetic, propanoic, pyruvic and nicotinic acids. The results were correlated using a modified linear solvation energy relation (METLER) and versions of the mass action law, i.e., a chemodel approach and a modified Langmuir equilibrium model comprising the formation of one or two acid‐multiple amines complex formation.     

Synergism of α-Linolenic Acid, Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Calcium in Decreasing Adipocyte and Increasing Osteoblast Cell Growth

Whole fat milk and dairy products (although providing more energy compared to low- or non-fat products), are good sources of α-linolenic acid (ALA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and calcium, which may be favorable in modulating bone and adipose tissue metabolism. We examined individual and/or synergistic effects of ALA, CLA and calcium (at levels similar to those in whole milk/dairy products) in regulating bone and adipose cell growth. ST2 stromal, MC3T3-L1 adipocyte-like and MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells were treated with: (a) linoleic acid (LNA):ALA ratios = 1–5:1; (b) individual/combined 80–90 % c9, t11 (9,11) and 5–10 % t10, c12 (10,12) CLA isomers; (c) 0.5–3.0 mM calcium; (d) combinations of (a), (b), (c); and (e) control. Local mediators, including eicosanoids and growth factors, were measured. (a) The optimal effect was found at the 4:1 LNA:ALA ratio where insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) production was the lowest in MC3T3-L1 cells. (b) All CLA isomer blends decreased MC3T3-L1 and increased MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation. (c) 1.5–2.5 mM calcium increased ST2 and MC3T3-E1, and decreased MC3T3-L1 cell proliferation. (d) Combination of 4:1 LNA:ALA + 90:10 % CLA + 2.0 mM calcium lowered MC3T3-L1 and increased MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation. Overall, the optimal LNA:ALA ratio to enhance osteoblastogenesis and inhibit adipogenesis was 4:1. This effect was enhanced by 90:10 % CLA + 2.0 mM calcium, indicating possible synergism of these dietary factors in promoting osteoblast and inhibiting adipocyte differentiation in cell cultures.     

Density and Excess Molar Volume of Binary Mixtures ofp-Xylene＋Acetic Acid and o-Xylene＋Acetic Acid at Different Temperatures and Pressures

A new apparatus was designed with a thick-walled glass capillary, electric heater tube with red copper and heat preservation. The thick-walled glass capillary was used for its advantages of resistance to acid corrosion and pressure, and ease of observation. The experimental densities over the entire range of mole fraction for the binary mixture of p-xylene＋acetic acid and o-xylene＋acetic acid were measured using the new apparatus at temperatures ranging from 313.15K to 473.15K and pressure ranging from 0.20 to 2,0 MPa. The density values were used in the determination of excess molar volumes, W. The Redlich-Kister equation was used to fit the excess molar volume values, and the coefficients and estimate ot the standard error values were presented. The experimental resuits prove that the density measurement apparatus is successful.     

Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Triorganotin(IV) Derivatives with 2,2′-Thiodiglycolic Acid and 3,3′-Thiodipropionic Acid

The synthesis and structural characterization of four novel triorganotin(IV) complexes, {(R₃Sn)₂[C₂H₄S(COO)₂]} _n (R = Me: 1), {(R₃Sn)₄[C₂H₄S(COO)₂]₂} _n (R = nBu: 2), {(R₃Sn)₂[C₄H₈S(COO)₂]} _n (R = Me: 3; nBu: 4) were obtained by the reaction of 2,2′-thiodiglycolic acid, 3,3′-thiodipropionic acid and the corresponding R₃SnCl (R = Me, nBu) with potassium hydroxide in methanol. All the complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H, ¹³C, ¹¹⁹Sn) spectroscopies, X-ray crystallography and thermogravimetric analyses. The crystal structures show that 1 has 2D network structure in which 2,2′-thiodiglycolic acid acts as a tetradentate ligand coordinating to the trimethyltin(IV) ions. Complexes 2, 3, and 4 are 3D metal-organic framework structures in which the deprotoned acids act as a tetradentate ligand afforded by four oxygen atoms.     

Evaluation of In-Vitro Cytotoxicity of Composite Materials Composed of Poly-L-lactic Acid and β-Tricalcium Phosphate

Composite material film composed of Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) was prepared by a solvent evaporation technique. Cellular cultivation in vitro, Von Kossa staining and MTT assay were performed. The results of cytotoxicity test show that cells cultured in extracts of PLLA/β-TCP and on the surface of composite showed normal growth and proliferation, mineralization nodules were observed for fibroblasts cultured in PLLA/β-TCP extract at day 7. Compared with pure PLLA materials, β-TCP in the PLLA composite facilitate both adhesion and proliferation of rat fibroblasts on the PLLA/β-TCP composite film.     

Repletion of n-3 Fatty Acid Deficient Dams with α-Linolenic Acid: Effects on Fetal Brain and Liver Fatty Acid Composition

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supply to the fetal brain depends upon the dam’s dietary intake of n-3 fats. In this study, we measured the incorporation of DHA into the fetal brain and liver in n-3 fatty acid deficient (0.1% alpha-linolenate) mice upon switching to an n-3 fatty acid adequate (2.1% alpha-linolenate) diet. Second generation mice raised and maintained on an n-3 deficient diet during mating were switched to an n-3 adequate diet on embryonic day 1 (ED 1) or ED 13. Fatty acid analysis was performed on fetal brains and livers and on maternal serum on ED 13, 15, 17, and 19. Although fetal brain and liver DHA began at a very low level (both exhibited an 85% decline), recovery was nearly complete by ED 15 in the group switched near conception but thereafter diverged. The maternal serum and fetal liver were very similar in their DHA and docosapentaenoic acid time courses. However, when repletion began on ED 13, brain DHA recovery was only about 44%. These results suggest that a nutritional intervention with alpha-linolenic acid can nearly but incompletely rescue the mouse fetal DHA deficiency if began at the time of conception but that the third trimester is too late, thus leaving a large DHA gap.     

Synthesis and Aqueous Solution Properties of α-Dimethyl Oxamino Dodecyl Acid

Starting from α-chloro-lauric acid which was obtained from lauric acid through selectively chlorinating at the α-position with chlorine, a novel surfactant α-dimethyl oxamino dodecyl acid was synthesized with high yield via an economic route. The structure of α-dimethyl oxamino dodecyl acid was confirmed by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Surface tension, foaming properties and emulsifying measurements were performed to study the aqueous solution properties of the synthesized surfactant. The results showed that the behavior of the α-dimethyl oxamino dodecyl acid strongly depend on the pH of aqueous solution: it had high surface activity, excellent foaming properties and emulsion stability for paraffin oil at acid pH while the corresponding properties decrease substantially at alkaline pH.     

Supply Shortage of Adipic Acid

Adipic acid is an important organicchemical raw material.In China adi-pic acid is mainly used as raw mate-rial in the production of nylon 66 salt,     

17β-Estradiol Increases Liver and Serum Docosahexaenoic Acid in Mice Fed Varying Levels of α-Linolenic Acid

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is considered to be important for cardiac and brain function, and 17β-estradiol (E2) appears to increase the conversion of α-linolenic acid (ALA) into DHA. However, the effect of varying ALA intake on the positive effect of E2 on DHA synthesis is not known. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of E2 supplementation on tissue and serum fatty acids in mice fed a low-ALA corn oil-based diet (CO, providing 0.6 % fatty acids as ALA) or a high ALA flaxseed meal-based diet (FS, providing 11.2 % ALA). Ovariectomized mice were implanted with a slow-release E2 pellet at 3 weeks of age and half the mice had the pellet removed at 7 weeks of age. Mice were then randomized onto either the CO or FS diet. After 4 weeks, the DHA concentration was measured in serum, liver and brain. A significant main effect of E2 was found for liver and serum DHA, corresponding to 25 and 15 % higher DHA in livers of CO and FS rats, respectively, and 19 and 13 % in serum of CO and FS rats, respectively, compared to unsupplemented mice. There was no effect of E2 on brain DHA. E2 results in higher DHA in serum and liver, at both levels of dietary ALA investigated presently, suggesting that higher ALA intake may result in higher DHA in individuals with higher E2 status.     

Serum n-3 Tetracosapentaenoic Acid and Tetracosahexaenoic Acid Increase Following Higher Dietary α-Linolenic Acid but not Docosahexaenoic Acid

n‐3 Tetracosapentaenoic acid (24:5n‐3, TPAn‐3) and tetracosahexaenoic acid (24:6n‐3, THA) are believed to be important intermediates to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3) synthesis. The purpose of this study is to report for the first time serum concentrations of TPAn‐3 and THA and their response to changing dietary α‐linolenic acid (18:3n‐3, ALA) and DHA. The responses will then be used in an attempt to predict the location of these fatty acids in relation to DHA in the biosynthetic pathway. Male Long Evans rats (n = 6 per group) were fed either a low (0.1% of total fatty acids), medium (3%) or high (10%) ALA diet with no added DHA, or a low (0%), medium (0.2%) or high (2%) DHA diet with a background of 2% ALA for 8 weeks post‐weaning. Serum n‐3 and n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations (nmol/mL ± SEM) were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Serum THA increases from low (0.3 ± 0.1) to medium (5.8 ± 0.7) but not from medium to high (4.6 ± 0.9) dietary ALA, while serum TPAn‐3 increases with increasing dietary ALA from 0.09 ± 0.04 to 0.70 ± 0.09 to 1.23 ± 0.14 nmol/mL. Following DHA feeding, neither TPAn‐3 or THA change across all dietary DHA intake levels. Serum TPAn‐3 demonstrates a similar response to dietary DHA. In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate that increases in dietary ALA but not DHA increase serum TPAn‐3 and THA in rats, suggesting that both fatty acids are precursors to DHA in the biosynthetic pathway.     

Fatty Acid Composition of the Maternal Diet During the First or the Second Half of Gestation Influences the Fatty Acid Composition of Sows’ Milk and Plasma,and Plasma of Their Piglets

Dietary supplements of olive oil (OO) or fish oil (FO) during the first (G1: day 1–60) or second half of gestation (G2: day 60 to term, day 115) were offered to pregnant sows. The proportion of fatty acids in milk and plasma were determined by gas chromatography. When supplements were given during G1, the proportions of oleic acid (OA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in the plasma were higher in the OO group than in the FO group, whereas docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was higher in the latter group at day 56 of gestation. These differences in plasma DHA were still apparent at day 7 of lactation. Similarly, DHA was also higher in the colostrum and milk on days 3 and 21 of lactation and in the plasma of piglets from FO dams compared to the OO group, whereas AA was lower. When the FO supplement was given during G2, AA was lower and DHA higher in the plasma at day 105 of gestation and at day 7 of lactation compared with the OO group. Likewise, DHA was greater in FO than in OO animals during lactation in colostrum and in milk on days 3 and 21 of lactation, and in 3-day old suckling piglets plasma, whereas AA was lower in these animals. Thus, maternal adipose tissue plays an important role in the storage of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) during G1. They are mobilized around parturition for milk synthesis, and an excess of dietary n-3 LCPUFA decreases the availability of AA in suckling newborns.     

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of CF3Se-Substituted α-Amino Acid Derivatives

Several CF₃Se-substituted α-amino acid derivatives, such as (R)-2-amino-3-((trifluoromethyl)selanyl)propanoates ( 5 a / 6 a ), (S)-2-amino-4-((trifluoromethyl)selanyl)butanoates ( 5 b / 6 b ), (2R,3R)-2-amino-3-((trifluoromethyl)selanyl)butanoates ( 5 c / 6 c ), (R)-2-((S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanamido)-3-((trifluoromethyl)selanyl)propanoates ( 11 a / 12 a ), and (R)-2-(2-aminoacetamido)-3-((trifluoromethyl)selanyl)propanoates ( 11 b / 12 b ), were readily synthesized from natural amino acids and [Me₄N][SeCF₃]. The primary in vitro cytotoxicity assays revealed that compounds 6 a , 11 a and 12 a were more effective cell growth inhibitors than the other tested CF₃Se-substituted derivatives towards MCF-7, HCT116, and SK-OV-3 cells, with their IC₅₀ values being less than 10 μM for MCF-7 and HCT116 cells. This study indicated the potentials of CF₃Se moiety as a pharmaceutically relevant group in the design and synthesis of novel biologically active molecules.     

A Kinetic Model Describing Antioxidation and Prooxidation of β-Carotene in the Presence of α-Tocopherol and Ascorbic Acid

β-Carotene oxidation in the presence of both lipophilic α-tocopherol and hydrophilic ascorbic acid was experimentally studied in a biphasic oil–water system. Ascorbic acid in the water phase had two opposite effects of promoting and suppressing α-tocopherol consumption in the oil phase and indirectly participated in the antioxidation and prooxidation of β-carotene in the oil phase. The drastic antioxidation of β-carotene by stopping the consumption of α-tocopherol was caused by the depletion of oxygen in the system due to the oxidation of ascorbic acid. A kinetic model was constructed by incorporating the oxidation of ascorbic acid itself in the water phase, the regeneration and consumption of α-tocopherol by ascorbic acid at the oil–water interface, and the oxygen mass transfer across the gas–oil interface and the oil–water interface. The model well described the antioxidation and prooxidation behavior of β-carotene in the presence of α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid and the oxygen concentration profiles in each phase. The model was able to effectively determine the appropriate amounts of lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants to prevent β-carotene oxidation under various conditions.     

Evaluation of Physicochemical and Antifungal Properties of Polylactic Acid–Thermoplastic Starch–Chitosan Biocomposites

Biocomposites of polylactic acid, thermoplastic starch, chitosan powder, and chitosan lyophilized powder were prepared using an extrusion process. The color, thermal, structural, mechanical, morphology, and antimicrobial properties were evaluated. The addition of thermoplastic starch and chitosan (chitosan powder and chitosan lyophilized powder) produced significant changes in color and heterogeneous surface morphology of the polylactic acid biocomposites. The thermal, mechanical, and morphometric properties of the material showed changes with the addition of thermoplastic starch and chitosan (chitosan powder and chitosan lyophilized powder). The biocomposites formulated with chitosan powder and chitosan lyophilized powder showed antifungal activity when evaluating this property. The biocomposites produced could be used in packaging applications.     

Ultrafiltration of Humic Acid Solution: Effects of Self‐dispersible Carbon Black and Cations

Abstract

Effects of carbon black (CB) addition on membrane fouling and rejection of macromolecular humic acids (HA) were evaluated by a stirred‐cell ultrafiltration unit. Stable CB dispersions increased filtration resistances, but enhanced HA rejection by the membranes. Monovalent and divalent ions affected the filtration resistance of CB solution differently; namely, NaCl solution showed a very high resistance due to the concentration of CB in the diffusion boundary layer near the membrane surface, whereas CaCl₂ and MgCl₂ solutions showed only cake resistance. The cake layer containing both CB and HA was more easily removed from the membranes than HA‐cake layer.     

Direct Determination of MCPD Fatty Acid Esters and Glycidyl Fatty Acid Esters in Vegetable Oils by LC–TOFMS

Analysis of MCPD esters and glycidyl esters in vegetable oils using the indirect method proposed by the DGF gave inconsistent results when salting out conditions were varied. Subsequent investigation showed that the method was destroying and reforming MCPD during the analysis. An LC time of flight MS method was developed for direct analysis of both MCPD esters and glycidyl esters in vegetable oils. The results of the LC–TOFMS method were compared with the DGF method. The DGF method consistently gave results that were greater than the LC–TOFMS method. The levels of MCPD esters and glycidyl esters found in a variety of vegetable oils are reported. MCPD monoesters were not found in any oil samples. MCPD diesters were found only in samples containing palm oil, and were not present in all palm oil samples. Glycidyl esters were found in a wide variety of oils. Some processing conditions that influence the concentration of MCPD esters and glycidyl esters are discussed.