Undiagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Presenting with Orbital Cellulitis

The authors describe the case of a 48 years old woman who presented with a one week history of a painful, swollen left eye with proptosis and diplopia. A computed tomography (CT) scan showed features of left orbital cellulitis, and blood tests and urinalysis confirmed the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. The infection resolved following a course of intravenous antibiotics and with glycaemic control. To our knowledge, undiagnosed diabetes mellitus presenting with orbital cellulitis has not previously been reported.     

Successfully treated rare presentation of orbital me- lioidosis

AIM: To report a rare case of melioidosis presenting as orbital abscess, who was successfully treated with high dose of intravenous ceftazidime. METHODS: A case report. RESULTS: A 55-year-old Malay gentlemen who was newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, presented with prolonged low grade fever for three weeks and left eye swelling for five days duration. Initial CT scan of brain and orbit showed left periorbital cellulitis and acute left sphenoidal sinusitis. Initial swab culture grew Pseudomonas sp. His general condition improved with regular antibiotics. However, upon completion of intravenous therapy his condition worsened and the left eye became more proptosed. Repeat CT scan of the brain and orbit showed left eye orbital abscess with intracranial exten-sion. Swab culture from fistula of the lateral part of upper eyelid showed Burkholderia pseudomallei. He was treated with high dose of intravenous ceftazidime, oral co-trimoxazole for the acute management and on maintenance dose of oral co-trimoxazole for 2 months. He responded well to treatment and had no relapse up to one year post treatment. Unfortunately his left eye vision was not salvageable. CONCLUSION: This case illustrates a rare presentation of orbital abscess due to melioidosis which was complicated with cerebral abscess and septicemia. An accurate diagnosis was essential and high dose of susceptible antibiotics was important for the institution of therapy to successfully treat this potentially fatal condition.     

成功治疗罕见的眼眶类鼻疽1例(英文)

目的:报告1例罕见的以眼眶脓肿为主要表现,大剂量头孢他定静脉给药治疗成功的类鼻疽。方法:眼眶类鼻疽病例报告1例。结果:一名55岁的马来人,新近诊断为糖尿病,低热3wk,左眼肿胀5d入院。头颅及眼眶CT显示左眼眶蜂窝织炎和左侧急性蝶窦炎,最初上眼睑瘘管拭子培养结果为假单胞菌属,给予常规抗生素治疗,患者的全身情况改善。然而随着持续静脉给药,患者全身情况开始恶化,左眼变得更加突出,复查头颅及眼眶CT显示左眼眶脓肿并颅内扩散形成脑脓肿。来自上眼睑侧部瘘管的拭子培养结果显示类鼻疽假单胞菌,急性期采用大剂量头孢他定静脉治疗并口服复方增效磺胺,后采用复方增效磺胺维持治疗2mo治愈,观察1a未见复发。不幸的是患者的左眼视力丧失。结论:这是1例罕见的由类鼻疽引起的伴发脑脓肿和败血症的眼眶脓肿。在正确诊断的前提下,同时应用大剂量敏感抗生素可有效治疗这种严重疾病。     

Blinding orbital cellulitis: a complication of strabismus surgery

A 56-year-old healthy man underwent left medial rectus recession and lateral rectus resection for esotropia. The next day he developed severe left periocular pain with decreased vision, an afferent pupillary defect, periorbital edema, limited ocular motility, and proptosis. Computed tomography showed fat stranding and less than 90 degrees of posterior globe tenting. Despite intravenous antibiotics to treat orbital cellulitis, and a lateral canthotomy and cantholysis to decompress the orbit, visual acuity worsened to no light perception. The patient underwent emergent orbital decompression including release of the superior and inferior septum and outfracturing of the orbital floor and medial wall; however, there was no recovery of vision. Blinding orbital cellulitis is a rare complication after strabismus surgery. Despite poor prognosis, prompt diagnosis and aggressive treatment may maximize visual potential.     

Anaerobic orbital cellulitis

A 10-year-old boy with orbital cellulitis died seven weeks after admission to the hospital despite intensive surgical intervention and medical therapy. We isolated many anaerobic bacteria from the orbit, frontal sinus, and epidural space. Orbital cellulitis, which often occurs by direct extension from infected paranasal sinuses, commonly affects children and young adults, and is a potentially lethal disease, if left untreated. Heightened awareness of the role of anaerobes in chronic sinusitis and of the possibility of an anaerobic orbital cellulitis may lead to the identification of more cases. Penicillin G appears to be the first drug of choice in cases with suspected anaerobic orbital cellulitis. Chloramphenicol and clindamycin should be considered, if treatment with penicillin fails. Antibiotics alone should not be considered as a panacea, and surgical drainage is often the most compelling consideration.     

Orbital infarction syndrome secondary to rhino-orbital mucormycosis in a case of COVID-19: Clinico-radiological features

Orbital infarction syndrome is an uncommon pathology with devastating consequences. It is frequently secondary to atherothrombotic phenomena in the internal carotid artery. We report a case of a 66-year-old male with uncontrolled diabetes and use of systemic steroids for COVID-19, who presented with a sudden loss of vision in the left eye, with total ophthalmoplegia and diffuse opacification of the retina. On imaging, he was found to have features of rhino-orbital cellulitis with ischemia of the orbital tissue secondary to isolated ophthalmic artery obstruction (OAO) with a patent internal carotid artery. KOH mount of deep nasal swab was confirmatory of mucor. This is the first reported case of orbital infarction syndrome in the setting of COVID-19.     

Intraorbital wood foreign body: a case study

A 12-year-old child had left orbital trauma by wood. He consulted 4 months after for orbital cellulitis with cutaneous fistula. The CT scan showed the presence of a left orbital wood foreign body extended to the homolateral cavernous sinus and intracranial. Extraction of the wood fragment associated with an adapted antibiotic treatment led to clinical improvement without visual recovery. A situation of orbital trauma and secondary orbital inflammatory syndrome must raise the suspicion of a foreign body of the orbit and motivate emergency imaging for optimal management of the disorder.     

Orbital abscess masquerading as a rhabdomyosarcoma.

Although orbital cellulitis is the most common cause of acute-onset proptosis with inflammatory signs in a child, the clinician should always be alert to the possibility of rhabdomyosarcoma. We describe an unusual presentation of acute-onset nonaxial proptosis of the left orbit without sinus disease or systemic toxicity in a 6-year-old boy. Our clinical differential diagnosis included orbital cellulitis, metastatic disease, capillary haemangioma, lymphangioma with cyst, ruptured dermoid cyst, and orbital rhabdomyosarcoma. Only after orbital biopsy and subsequent microbiologic confirmation were obtained was a diagnosis of chronic orbital abscess tenable. Features in our patient included paucity of symptoms and signs of inflammation. This case illustrates the difficulty in differentiating a chronic orbital infection from orbital rhabdomyosarcoma on the basis of clinical, laboratory, and orbital imaging findings. Possible causes of this unusual presentation are discussed.     

Intraocular malignant melanoma of the choroid presenting as orbital cellulitis

We report a case of choroidal melanoma with features suggestive of orbital cellulitis. A 24-year-old Asian Indian male presented with a 20-day history of sudden loss of vision in the right eye. Edematous eyelids with complete mechanical ptosis, complete ophthalmoplegia, gross proptosis accompanied by massive chemosis, and prolapse of the inferior forniceal conjunctiva were noted. He denied perception of light in the right eye. The left eye was unremarkable. B-scan ultrasonography of the right eye showed a large dome-shaped mass filling the posterior segment suggestive of choroidal melanoma. Computed tomography confirmed those findings and showed no extraocular tumor extension. The patient was conservatively treated with systemic steroids following which the inflammation subsided. He underwent enucleation of the right eye and a diagnosis of spindle A cell choroidal melanoma was confirmed by histopathological examination. Although rare, orbital cellulitis is one of the presenting features of choroidal melanoma. Uveal melanoma-associated orbital cellulitis can be well controlled with systemic steroids, does not always indicate extraocular tumor extension, and can occur in spindle A cell melanomas.     

Acute Dacryocystitis Causing Orbital Cellulitis and Abscess

Purpose: Acute dacryocystitis commonly presents as preseptal cellulitis as lacrimal sac lies anterior to the orbital septum and hence infection localizes in the preseptal space. The purpose of this study is to describe presentation and management of cases of acute dacryocystitis presenting as orbital cellilitis and abscess secondary to acute dacryocystitis. Method: This retrospective, non-comparative, interventional case series included 6 patients presenting with orbital cellulitis and abscess secondary to acute dacryocystitis. All patients underwent drainage of abscess under general anesthesia. External dcaryocystorhinostomy was advised as the definitive treatment for all pateints. Result: Abscess was localized in the extraconal space in 4 patients and in the intraconal space in 2 patients. Patients with intraconal abscess had visual loss on presentation while vision could be preserved in patients with abscess in extraconal space. Both patients with intraconal abscess had history of acute dacryocystitis. Conclusion: Acute dacryocystitis is an ophthalmic emergency that can cause orbital cellulitis with abscess formation, and even vision loss, if left untreated.     

Fungal Orbital Cellulitis: Presenting Features,Management and Outcomes at a Referral Center

Purpose: To report a series of patients with fungal orbital cellulitis who underwent exenteration surgery and describe presenting features, management and outcomes at a referral center.

Methods: Retrospective case series.

Results: From November 2011 to March 2014, four patients underwent orbital exenteration for fungal orbital cellulitis at the University of Illinois. Three patients had mucormycosis and one had aspergillosis. All patients were treated with intravenous antifungals and underwent orbital exenteration. Two patients were successfully treated with supplemental intra-orbital catheter delivery of amphotericin B. Presenting visual acuity in the affected eye ranged from 20/25 to no light perception. Some level of ophthalmoplegia was present in three patients. Significantly elevated intraocular pressure was found in two patients. All patients with mucormycosis were found to have uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. One patient had a history of myelodysplastic syndrome, chronic hepatitis C infection, polysubstance abuse and Crohn’s disease. Another patient had a history of alcoholic liver cirrhosis, Crohn’s disease treated with systemic immunosuppression and renal cell carcinoma. The patient with aspergillosis had myelodysplastic syndrome and portal hypertension, and the initial presentation resembled giant cell arteritis. Two of four patients died during their hospitalization.

Conclusions: Fungal orbital cellulitis has a high mortality rate despite aggressive antifungal treatment and orbital exenteration performed soon after the diagnosis is confirmed. Patients often have a history of immunosuppression and the onset may be insidious. There must be a high rate of suspicion for fungal orbital cellulitis given the appropriate signs and medical history in order to avoid treatment delay.     

Acute ophthalmic artery obstruction secondary to subperiosteal abscess with retrobulbar phlegmonous infection

A 57-year-old diabetic woman experienced a sudden severe visual loss and total ophthalmoplegia in her left eye. Magnetic resonance imaging studies showed orbital cellulitis, located mainly in the posterior orbit, secondary to ethmoid and maxillary sinusitis. Fundus examination and fluorescein angiograms were suggestive of left ophthalmic artery occlusion. Subsequent ethmoidectomy and incisional biopsies failed to show any specific microorganism, particularly mucormycosis. This case represents an unusual complication of orbital subperiosteal abscess with retrobulbar phlegmonous infection which left the patient with no light perception as a result of ophthalmic artery obstruction. Posterior orbital infections should be more closely monitored and surgery should be considered in early stages of the disease.     

儿童眶周和眼眶蜂窝织炎的临床分析

目的:探讨儿童眶周和眼眶蜂窝织炎的临床特点及治疗方法。方法:对2010年本院收治的54例眶周和眼眶蜂窝织炎患儿的临床资料进行回顾性研究。结果:儿童眶周蜂窝织炎34例,眼眶蜂窝织炎20例,平均男女比例2.6∶1,3岁以下发病比例达71%。两者发病季节高峰分别在11月份和1月份,发病原因多样化。眶周蜂窝织炎的外周血白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数及血清C反应蛋白(CRP)升高比例低于眼眶蜂窝织炎,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。57%眶周蜂窝织炎和88%眼眶蜂窝织炎患儿CT检出鼻窦炎。眼部脓肿的脓液培养得到金黄色葡萄球菌、模仿葡萄球菌和肺炎链球菌。眶周蜂窝织炎可用单一或二联抗生素治疗,眼眶蜂窝织炎常需抗生素联合用药,必要时实行手术。结论:儿童眶周蜂窝织炎和眼眶蜂窝织炎的发病年龄集中在3岁以下,秋冬季为高发季节,上呼吸道感染和鼻窦炎是主要病因。眼眶蜂窝织炎比眶周蜂窝织炎感染重,CT有利于临床诊断,抗生素应覆盖葡萄球菌和链球菌,并根据病因和微生物学检查调整用药,在适宜时期实行手术可以加快治愈并减少复发。     

Superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis in a patient with dacryocystitis-induced orbital cellulitis

A 71-year-old-man presented with chronic left-sided epiphora and a 5-day history of progressive left orbital swelling that had started with a "bump" on the left side of his nose. Orbital CT revealed left-sided preseptal and postseptal inflammation, along with marked thickening of the left superior ophthalmic vein. Orbital MRI with gadolinium enhancement and fat suppression revealed a low-intensity signal in the left superior ophthalmic vein, consistent with a superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis. There was no cavernous sinus involvement. A diagnosis was made of left-sided dacryocystitis-induced orbital cellulitis and superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis. Treatment consisted of intravenous vancomycin, followed by early dacryocystorhinostomy and postoperative intravenous dexamethasone. Anticoagulation was not used. Within 1 week after surgery, the orbital congestion had dramatically improved. Though rare, isolated superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis can be a harbinger of cavernous sinus thrombosis; therefore, early detection is the key to avoiding cavernous sinus thrombosis.     

Orbital cellulitis

Orbital cellulitis is uncommon in ophthalmologic practice. The majority of cases arise from direct spread of sinus infection or eyelid infection. Clinically, orbital cellulitis is divided into two forms: the preseptal form, anterior to the orbital septum, and the retroseptal form, posterior to the orbital septum. Management and prognosis differ widely between the two types. The retroseptal form or "true" orbital cellulitis is a severe disease with potentially disastrous consequences for vision and survival. Clinical examination and urgent CT scanning are indispensable for correct diagnosis, evaluation of severity, surgical planning and antibiotic selection.     

Orbital cellulitis due to mucormycosis

A case of orbital cellulitis caused by mucormycosis developed in a patient subsequent to cataract extraction and during systemic steroid treatment for postoperative complications. Fatal mucormycosis is a rare disease usually beginning with a subcutaneous inflammatory lesion. As the subsequent development of orbital cellulitis is very rare, little has been published on this subject. In cases of subcutaneous mucormycosis, the diagnosis can easily be made by means of histologic examination of the lesion. However, early diagnosis is difficult in cases with orbital involvement, because the most common cause of orbital cellulitis is bacterial. Thus, orbital cellulitis caused by mucormycosis is often wrongly treated with antibacterial agents only, as histologic examination is neither easy nor part of any routine investigation. Therefore, a combined treatment using antibiotics and antifungal agents in immunusuppressed patients with this disease is advocated.     

Midline granuloma presenting as orbital cellulitis

Background: Lethal midline granuloma usually presents with rhinorrhoea and redness of the skin above the nose. Early ocular symptoms are very rare. We here describe a patient who presented with acute orbital cellulitis. Patient: A 73-year-old woman had a 24-h history of severe pain around her left eye. We saw the typical clinical picture of orbital cellulitis. A CT scan revealed a diffuse infiltration of the left upper and lower lid, the anterior orbit and the ethmoidal sinuses. Result: On surgical exploration we found a granular, partly necrotic tumour. Histological examination revealed an angiocentric nasal T-cell lymphoma (midline granuloma). Conclusion: Midline granuloma should be included in the differential diagnosis of acute orbital cellulitis.