作物水分亏缺指数在农业干旱监测中的适用性

将作物水分亏缺指数作为干旱识别指标,对其在我国不同农区适用性进行了探讨.通过计算1971～2000年全国18个气象站的逐日滚动作物水分亏缺指数,以及春、夏、秋、冬各季节和逐年平均作物水分亏缺指数,初步分析了该指数的时空分布特征.以作物水分亏缺指数距平为干旱监测指标,对代表站典型干旱年的干旱时段进行分析验证,与实况基本吻合.该指标能较好地反映各站主要生长季作物水分亏缺与农业干旱情况,对监测不同区域的农业干旱具有较好的适用性.     

青海高寒草地区曲麻莱县遥感干旱指数的适用性研究

利用2001—2016年MODIS产品数据和地面站点数据,在垂直干旱指数、归一化植被水分指数和植被状况指数与土壤水分数据相关分析基础上,筛选相关性较高的遥感干旱指数和适用时段,再结合典型干旱案例,确定青海南部典型高寒草地区曲麻莱县最优遥感干旱指数和适用时段,构建牧草生育期土壤水分估算模型,并再现2015年夏旱事件。结果表明:植被状况指数比较适合曲麻莱县夏旱监测,依据百分位法划分的土壤干旱分布区域与牧草长势较差的分布区域基本一致,旱情空间演变趋势与实际情况相符。该模型及基于百分位法的旱情评价方法能较好地满足日常干旱监测业务需求。     

内蒙古地区农业干旱检索查询及旱情实时监测系统

针对内蒙古地区农业干旱的特点和旱灾发生频繁的现状，以及干旱对当地农业生产所造成的严重影响，利用地理信息系统(GIS)、Visual Basic和Access等技术方法，编制了内蒙古农业干旱检索查询及旱情实时监测系统。该系统建立了历史上农区干旱信息、农区干旱指标和作物生长季(4～9月)的基本气象资料、干旱实时监测信息等数据库，实现了历史上农区干旱信息(干旱出现年份、发生季节、出现强度、出现区域、受损情况等)的综合检索查询和实时气象资料的自动采集，具有监测信息的统计、检索、旱情分析评估等功能，能实时有效地监测干旱灾害的发生、发展，并提供逐月旱情评估、任意时段旱情分析和不同年份旱情的比较分析，可为相关部门抗旱决策提供可靠的数据资源。     

安徽省农业干旱综合监测技术及其业务试用

针对安徽省农业干旱业务服务需求,利用已业务应用的农业干旱指标:土壤墒情、累积湿润指数、植被供水指数,配合阶段降水量和降水日数,进行农业干旱综合监测指标和方法研究.综合指标中各因子权重的确定采用层次分析法.根据安徽省气候过渡区下垫面地表特征差异和云天状况,分别确定了湿润区、半湿润区的晴空和云覆盖4种状态下的各因子权重序列,均通过了一致性检验;建立了相应的农业干旱综合监测模型;确定了4要素和5要素农业干旱监测等级标准.综合模型概括了各单指标主体监测结果,有利于对农业旱情的综合判断,监测模型检验效果良好,可业务应用.     

基于MODIS数据的广西旱区干旱指数模型研究

根据EOS/MODIS数据,采用植被状态指数(VCI)和温度条件指数(TCI)构建干旱指数(DI)遥感监测模型,应用于2004、2005年9-11月的广西旱情监测,制作了旱情时空变化的遥感图像,并与旱情实况数据进行对比分析,验证了干旱指数DI的有效性.通过对DI与TCI、VCI、NDVI和LST的相关性分析,发现TCI、VCI比LST、NDVI与DI的相关更显著,以TCI和VCI为因子构建的DI模型更适用于桂中旱区的旱情遥感监测.     

广西农业干旱动态评估模型

以自然条件下大气-作物-土壤系统的水量平衡方程为基础,结合广西干旱灾害特点,建立广西农业干旱评估模型。与广西历史农业旱情实况对比分析表明,该模型能够较客观、定量地对农业干旱的发生、发展过程进行逐日动态监测和灾中、灾后评估。     

广西农业干旱动态评估模型

以自然条件下大气-作物-土壤系统的水量平衡方程为基础，结合广西干旱灾害特点，建立广西农业干旱评估模型。与广西历史农业旱情实况对比分析表明，该模型能够较客观、定量地对农业干旱的发生、发展过程进行逐日动态监测和灾中、灾后评估。     

安徽冬麦区4种干旱指数应用对比

干旱是安徽冬小麦生育期主要的农业气象灾害,对冬小麦生长发育及产量形成均产生重要的影响。利用安徽冬麦区36个气象站1960—2012年逐日气象资料,分别计算冬小麦生育期水分亏缺指数(CWDI)、综合气象干旱指数(CI)、标准化降水指数(SPI)及降水距平百分率(PA),并对上述指标的计算结果进行对比及适应性分析。结果表明:冬小麦生育期4种干旱指数得到的干旱日数时空分布趋势基本一致;SPI和PA指数计算相对简便、稳定,但由于没有考虑水分支出,易导致干旱程度跳跃发展,CI和CWDI指数考虑了最近的降水情况,同时考虑了水分的收支情况,能够较好的表征干旱过程发生发展机制及特征,尤其是CWDI考虑到生长季作物系数,能反映作物水分亏缺状况。通过干旱指数与冬小麦减产率的相关分析,进一步表明CWDI在安徽冬小麦生育期干旱监测评估中具有较好的适用性。     

帕默尔干旱度指标的灵敏度及其潜在蒸散量的标准化系数Z指标

1.引言帕默尔干旱度指标(PDST)是美国广 泛采用的,在美国商业部和农业部联合发布 的《天气和作物周报》中作为干旱监测报 道。在许多干旱研究中,如北美近三十多年 的旱情比较,分析旱情的时空分布特征、气 候评价,干旱面积与火灾,城市和灌溉供水 问题等许多方面都应用帕默尔干旱度指标。 这个指标比其他指标更全面实用。该指标是 在水分平衡计算的基础上算出气候适宜降水 量,然后用它求出距平值,并对距平进行权 重,再综合考虑时间因子,最后得出指数 值。     

相对湿润度指数在农业干旱监测业务中的应用

该文介绍相对湿润度指数在逐日滚动的农业干旱监测业务中应用的处理方法。文中采用联合国粮农组织推荐的方法进行潜在蒸散的计算和作物系数订正,提出了作物根区可吸收土壤总有效含水量的概念,并替代作物根区土壤总有效含水量进行水分胁迫条件下的作物系数订正,观察济南站2008年1—5月冬小麦实际蒸散量的计算结果,发现在蒸发强烈的春季,水分胁迫效果明显;提出了复合相对湿润度指数、区域综合相对湿润度指数等概念,对相对湿润度指数进行应用上的演化,解决了干旱演变过程中存在的前期土壤水分盈亏的累积影响问题,实现了县域内农业干旱状况的综合评定,并突破单种作物生长季的局限,实现了农业干旱的周年监测。通过对山东省114个测墒站2008年2月28日—12月8日人工测墒与区域综合相对湿润度指数的干旱等级对比,3048组有效数据中,2012组数据吻合,总吻合率为66%,其中,黄河、东平湖、微山湖灌溉区及鲁西北大部吻合率在50%以下;中东部地区多在70%以上;从全年情况来看,春季吻合率较低,夏季吻合率较高。     

Analysis of multidimensional aspects of agricultural droughts in Zimbabwe using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)

This study focuses on a framework of methodologies used for analyzing the frequency and spatiotemporal characteristics of agricultural droughts in Zimbabwe from a vulnerability context. By employing an empirical orthogonal analysis method, the study revealed that relatively strong spatial and temporal station drought relationships prevail, making the drought spatiotemporal characteristics of the country to be considered highly homogeneous. Thus, agricultural droughts were characterized temporarily using the Standardized Precipitation Index derived from rainfall data for the longer but sparse data period from 1901 to 2004. At the same time, higher spatial density analysis was achieved from shorter but denser database for the period 1941 to 1999. The results indicated that drought is a natural climatic feature of the region and occurs from time to time in defined periods. However, severe and extreme droughts tend to concentrate near the end of the time series, suggesting that during the earlier period of the twentieth century, droughts have been smaller or less pervasive. The extreme droughts appear to inherit the coincidence of both very high values of spatial extent and intensity in a single event. This offers a possible explanation to why extreme droughts in Zimbabwe usually have dire consequences on agriculture and the national economy. By showing that the related national drought impacts on staple maize food production can be estimated, this study has demonstrated that it is possible to anticipate future drought hazard impacts and predict periods of food insecurity. As far as the forecasting of agricultural droughts is concerned, the recently discovered Indian Ocean dipole/zonal mode seems to perform better than the traditional El Niño–Southern Oscillation as a potential drought predictor during the twentieth century.     

中国干旱事件成因和变化规律的研究进展与展望

干旱是世界上危害最广泛、最严重的自然灾害之一。中国地处典型季风气候区,干旱灾害的影响尤为突出。国际上对干旱问题已经进行了大量研究,逐渐由对干旱的定性和表象的认识发展到对干旱客观特征的定量认识和形成机理的深入揭示。自新中国成立以来,中国从以往仅对一些重大干旱事件的零散认识逐步发展到与国际干旱研究的完全接轨,干旱研究取得了长足进展。但是,目前对干旱研究取得的科学进展缺乏客观全面的整体认识,对干旱研究的发展方向尚未能充分洞察。为此,基于国际干旱研究现状,系统回顾了新中国成立以来中国干旱研究的历程,总结了中国干旱研究的重要进展,划分出了干旱事件的现象特征和时空分布、干旱形成机理及变化规律、干旱灾害风险和骤发性干旱研究兴起等中国干旱研究的4个主要发展过程。并从干旱事件特征、干旱时空分布、干旱变化规律、干旱成因、干旱影响机制、干旱风险形成过程以及干旱对气候变暖的响应、骤发性干旱的特殊性等方面归纳凝练了中国干旱研究的主要成果。同时,结合干旱研究的国际前沿、热点问题和发展趋势,科学分析了中国干旱研究的不足和问题,提出了中国未来干旱研究需要在加强典型干旱频发区综合性干旱科学试验研究的基础上,对干旱形成的多因子协同影响、陆-气作用对干旱形成发展的作用、骤发性干旱的判别及监测预测、各类干旱之间转换规律及其非一致性特征、关键影响期对农业干旱发展的作用、干旱对气候变暖响应的复杂性、干旱灾害风险的科学评估等重点科学问题上取得突破。      

重庆市伏旱时空变化特征

利用1961—2008年重庆34个台站的逐日降水资料,采用主成分分析、旋转主成分分析等方法对重庆伏旱变化的时空特征进行了分析。结果表明：重庆中西部是伏旱高频区,约10年7遇,且多重伏旱。重庆伏旱的第1载荷向量场表明重庆伏旱变化具有很好的整体一致性。重庆伏旱空间异常可分为4个区,即西部区、东北部区、东南部区和中部区。西部伏旱在1960—1970年代最强,东北部伏旱在90年代最强,其次是70年代,中部伏旱在70年代最强,其次是2000年以后,东南部伏旱的年代际变化趋势不明显,且伏旱整体较轻。     

On the potential application of land surface models for drought monitoring in China

The potential of using land surface models (LSMs) to monitor near-real-time drought has not been fully assessed in China yet. In this study, we analyze the performance of such a system with a land surface model (LSM) named the Australian Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange model (CABLE). The meteorological forcing datasets based on reanalysis products and corrected by observational data have been extended to near-real time for semi-operational trial. CABLE-simulated soil moisture (SM) anomalies are used to characterize drought spatial and temporal evolutions. One outstanding feature in our analysis is that with the same meteorological data, we have calculated a range of drought indices including Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). We have assessed the similarity among these indices against observed SM over a number of regions in China. While precipitation is the dominant factor in the drought development, relationships between precipitation, evaporation, and soil moisture anomalies vary significantly under different climate regimes, resulting in different characteristics of droughts in China. The LSM-based trial system is further evaluated for the 1997/1998 drought in northern China and 2009/2010 drought in southwestern China. The system can capture the severities and temporal and spatial evolutions of these drought events well. The advantage of using a LSM-based drought monitoring system is further demonstrated by its potential to monitor other consequences of drought impacts in a more physically consistent manner.     

The changing pattern of droughts in the Lancang River Basin during 1960–2005

Drought is one of the most costly natural disasters in the world. Understanding the drought characteristics in space and time will help deepen our apprehension of the drought formation and evolution mechanisms. It can also contribute to design monitoring system for drought warning and mitigation. In this study, we analyzed meteorological droughts, using the Standardized Precipitation Index, for Lancang River Basin, Southwest China. The 46-year (1960–2005) daily precipitation observations from 35 meteorological stations in the basin were used to derive the drought index. Spatial patterns and temporal patterns of the drought characteristics at multiple scales were investigated. The results utilizing the Principal Component Analysis and K-means clustering methods suggest that the study area can be divided into four sub-regions geographically with each sub-region having its own distinctive temporal evolution patterns of droughts. The temporal variability of droughts was investigated using the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) analysis and the wavelet method. The EMD analysis showed that more than 60 % of the variance of the drought is associated with intra-decadal fluctuations in precipitation, except for one sub region, represented by the Changdu station. The wavelet transform showed an evolution of the main cycle near 3–7 years for most parts of the study area.     

辽宁省农业干旱监测预报业务系统的设计与实现

为了提高农业干旱的监测预测服务能力,减少农业干旱对社会生产生活的影响,通过对干旱信息的采集、存储、加工处理和干旱产品的制作发布等环节进行梳理与完善,构建辽宁省农业干旱监测预报业务系统,实现了对农业干旱的一体化、精细化和定量化监测和预测,实现了干旱产品的标准化、自动化制作和发布。该系统依托农业干旱监测技术、遥感干旱监测技术、农业干旱预报技术等手段,实现了观测数据的收集存储、干旱信息的展示分析和干旱产品的制作发布等功能,并形成了省、市、县一体化干旱服务体系。最终实现对干旱的全方位监测、立体化服务模式,从而提高应对干旱灾害的防灾减灾能力。该系统的业务化应用提高了农业干旱监测预测的定量化、自动化和智能化水平,提升了地面和卫星遥感干旱监测预测的业务能力。该系统构建的省市县一体化服务模式,形成了省级农业气象业务中心统一制作干旱产品,省、市、县3级同时开展精细化干旱指导服务的体系。     

基于精细资料的宁夏春季干旱特征分析

本文利用多种地面精细观测资料,统计分析得到近55a宁夏春季干旱的精细化空间分布和多时间尺度变化特征。结果表明:在采用了更为精细的观测资料后,宁夏春季干旱的分布显得更为不均,呈中部多发南北少发的分布特征而干旱平均强度却呈中部弱南北强的分布特征;最大春季干旱强度分布呈明显的多极性分布。在宁夏5地市中,吴忠市、银川市、中卫市3市较易发生干旱。宁夏春季干旱发生次数基本呈逐年增加的趋势,但平均强度呈逐年减弱的趋势;年代际发生次数的增加趋势更加明显;在20世纪80年代前后存在1次突变。春季干旱强度具有较为稳定的气候态,3、5月易出现大范围轻旱以上的干旱过程;3月上旬、5月上旬、5月下旬较易出现重旱级别的干旱过程。500hPa大陆高压脊与大气环流的变化是造成西北地区春季干旱强弱分布的主要原因之一。     

Spatiotemporal analysis of the agricultural drought risk in Heilongjiang Province,China

Droughts are natural disasters that pose significant threats to agricultural production as well as living conditions, and a spatial-temporal difference analysis of agricultural drought risk can help determine the spatial distribution and temporal variation of the drought risk within a region. Moreover, this type of analysis can provide a theoretical basis for the identification, prevention, and mitigation of drought disasters. In this study, the overall dispersion and local aggregation of projection points were based on research by Friedman and Tukey (IEEE Trans on Computer 23:881–890, 1974). In this work, high-dimensional samples were clustered by cluster analysis. The clustering results were represented by the clustering matrix, which determined the local density in the projection index. This method avoids the problem of determining a cutoff radius. An improved projection pursuit model is proposed that combines cluster analysis and the projection pursuit model, which offer advantages for classification and assessment, respectively. The improved model was applied to analyze the agricultural drought risk of 13 cities in Heilongjiang Province over 6 years (2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, and 2014). The risk of an agricultural drought disaster was characterized by 14 indicators and the following four aspects: hazard, exposure, sensitivity, and resistance capacity. The spatial distribution and temporal variation characteristics of the agricultural drought risk in Heilongjiang Province were analyzed. The spatial distribution results indicated that Suihua, Qigihar, Daqing, Harbin, and Jiamusi are located in high-risk areas, Daxing’anling and Yichun are located in low-risk areas, and the differences among the regions were primarily caused by the aspects exposure and resistance capacity. The temporal variation results indicated that the risk of agricultural drought in most areas presented an initially increasing and then decreasing trend. A higher value for the exposure aspect increased the risk of drought, whereas a higher value for the resistance capacity aspect reduced the risk of drought. Over the long term, the exposure level of the region presented limited increases, whereas the resistance capacity presented considerable increases. Therefore, the risk of agricultural drought in Heilongjiang Province will continue to exhibit a decreasing trend.     

基于IWAP的广西干湿演变尺度效应与过程识别

伴随着全球变化和区域旱涝加剧,明晰最佳表达时间尺度,开展精细化旱涝演变监测和过程识别、支撑业务化精准预警是当前有效应对旱涝灾害的迫切需求。针对广西旱涝并存且频繁交替现象,采用距平改进的加权平均降水指数（IWAP）分析了区域日、候、旬、月、季尺度1961—2017年气象干湿演变监测的尺度效应; 并结合游程理论和极端事件强度-过程检测方法（EID）对典型干旱、湿润事件过程进行识别。结果表明:（1）时间尺度越小（如日、候）,IWAP对广西大气干湿快速频繁交替波动和空间格局变化监测效果越好; （2）日与候尺度IWAP对广西干湿面积变化监测具有强正相关一致性,其他尺度间的相关性普遍较弱,季尺度结果存在较显著的累加抵消现象,数值明显小于其他尺度; （3）各时间尺度IWAP对广西总干旱、总湿润事件频次监测差异小于各尺度间同等级干湿事件的频次差异,日与候、旬与月尺度分别表达了广西干湿事件相近的演变模态和强度分布; （4）文中方法对广西干湿演变过程及起讫时间识别效果良好,且日尺度能更好地揭示骤发性干旱和突发极端降雨湿润现象。