Protein markers of Marteilia sydneyi infection in Sydney rock oysters, Saccostrea glomerata

Marteilia sydneyi is the causative agent of QX disease in Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea glomerata . It is responsible for disease outbreaks among oysters that occur during summer and can result in up to 95% mortality. QX disease has significantly decreased S. glomerata production in some areas of Australia's eastern seaboard over the past 30 years. Marteilia sydneyi sporulates in the digestive gland of oysters leading to complete disorganization of the infected tissues. The current study used proteomics to identify potential molecular markers of sporulating M. sydneyi infection during a field trial undertaken in the Georges River, Sydney, between December 2006 and May 2007. Early stages of M. sydneyi infection were detected by polymerase chain reaction, whilst cytological examination was used to identify sporulating M. sydneyi in the gut. Protein expression in oyster haemolymph was assessed during the M. sydneyi infection period by two dimensional electrophoresis. Proteome maps identified significant differences in the expression of four proteins in oysters with sporulating M. sydneyi infections.     

Mortality in single‐pair mating families of QX disease‐resistant and wild‐type Sydney rock oysters (Saccostrea glomerata)

QX disease causes mass mortalities among Sydney rock oysters (Saccostrea glomerata). To overcome commercial production losses, Industry & Investment NSW has been developing mass selected QX disease‐resistant breeding lines since 1997. This breeding programme has significantly reduced QX‐associated mortality in the Lime Kiln Bar (LKB) breeding line relative to non‐selected, wild‐type (WT) oysters. The current study assessed mortality in families produced by single‐pair mating between LKB and WT oysters. When these families were grown in a QX disease‐prone area, the progeny of LKB × LKB crosses had significantly lower mortality compared with LKB × WT or WT × WT families. Mortality in the different crosses was associated with infection by sporulating Marteilia sydneyi, the parasite responsible for QX disease. Overall, the study identified a strong association between parentage and mortality resulting from QX disease.     

近江蛏精子超微形态结构观察及与缢蛏精子的比较

利用扫描电镜和透射电镜分别观察了近江蛏和缢蛏成熟精子的超微形态结构。发现近江蛏精子与缢蛏精子在超微形态结构上差异很大。近江蛏精子为典型的原生型,成熟精子由头部、中段和尾部组成,头部包括顶体和细胞核。近江蛏精子与缢蛏精子顶体均为保龄球状,但近江蛏精子顶体全长比缢蛏短。近江蛏精子细胞核略扁圆形,外缘具8～9个圆弧形凸起;缢蛏精子细胞核则呈圆球状。近江蛏精子中段由线粒体和中心粒复合体构成,线粒体一般5个,个别4～6个;缢蛏线粒体5个或6个。近江蛏精子尾部为细长的鞭毛,轴丝为“9 2”结构,与缢蛏的相同。从近江蛏与缢蛏的精子形态差异看,两者应属于种间差异。     

中华鲟、史氏鲟及达氏鳇血清免疫球蛋白的纯化及部分特性分析

采用饱和硫酸氨分步沉淀和Sephadex G200凝胶层析的方法,首次分别纯化制备了健康非免疫状态下中华鲟（Acipenser sinensis）、史氏鲟（Acipenser schrenckii）和达氏鳇（Huso dauricus）的血清免疫球蛋白（Ig） ,并采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）、SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDSPAGE）、蛋白免 疫印迹（Western blotting）及免疫琼扩实验等方法对其Ig及Ig亚单位的分子量和部分特性进行了分析。PAGE及SDSPAGE的结果显示：史氏鲟,中华鲟和达氏鳇IgM的相对分子量分别为867 kD, 896 kD和924 kD;3种鲟鱼Ig的重链分子量均为88 kD,都具有29 kD的轻链,其中达氏鳇还另有一分子量约为26 kD的轻链蛋白。分子量的测定及计算结果显示鲟鱼的Ig为四聚体。Western-blotting的检测结果表明,3种鲟鱼Ig的重链与其Ig具有同样的抗原性,在硝酸纤维素膜上可被兔抗鲟Ig多克隆抗体所识别,而轻链的Western blotting检测结果则呈阴性。免疫沉淀反应的结果显示,3种鲟鱼的血清及其Ig与相互之间的兔抗Ig血清有免疫沉淀反应,但与兔抗鲤Ig血清无免疫沉淀反应,这表明3种鲟科鱼类的Ig在结构和序列上是较为相似的,而与鲤鱼等高等硬骨鱼类的Ig存在较大的差别。     

日粮中裂殖壶藻油配伍外源性EPA对草鱼幼鱼脂肪酸组成、FAD、ELO基因表达及脂质代谢的影响

摄食含有裂殖壶藻硬脂油日粮的草鱼可能通过节省DHA合成所需的能量和促进脂解作用供应能量以减少蛋白质分解的共同作用下,刺激蛋白质沉积,获得比摄食鱼油更好的生长效果。为探究草鱼日粮中应用富含DHA的裂殖壶藻硬脂油后是否需要配伍EPA及其可能机制,实验配制5组等氮等能日粮饲养草鱼[(22.70 g±0.80) g]49 d,分别以鱼油(F-O);藻油硬脂(S-O);藻油硬脂(DHA)∶EPA=3∶2(SE1-O);藻油硬脂(DHA)∶EPA=1∶1(SE2-O);EPA(E-O)提供5组饲料中的0.52%n-3长链多不饱和脂肪酸(LC PUFA)。结果显示:(1)增重率(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)及饲料系数(FCR)在各组间均无差异;(2) S-O组肌肉粗蛋白含量显著高于E-O组;(3) S-O组肌肉DHA含量显著高于F-O组、SE1-O组和E-O组;(4)动脉粥样硬化指数在各组间无显著差异,SE2-O组血栓形成指数显著高于F-O组,S-O组和SE2-O组胆固醇血症指数显著低于F-O组;(5) E-O组的腹腔脂肪细胞显著大于F-O组和SE1-O组,且甘油三酯水解酶(ATGL)和肉碱棕榈酰转移酶(CPT1)转录水平显著下调;肌肉中的脂肪酸去饱和酶(FAD)转录水平在E-O组显著高于S-O组,脂肪酸延长酶(ELO)转录水平在S-O组显著下调。研究表明,裂殖壶藻油单独或配伍EPA使用对草鱼生长、n-3 LC PUFA含量及脂肪组织水解无显著影响。仅以EPA为n-3LC PUFA来源时,会减弱脂肪组织的水解并降低肌肉粗蛋白的含量。日粮中高水平的DHA会减弱机体合成LC PUFA的能力。相对于EPA,草鱼可能更需要DHA,生产中可以单独使用裂殖壶藻油,而无需配伍EPA。     

血卵涡鞭虫单克隆抗体的制备与初步应用

用血卵涡鞭虫可溶性抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠,经常规融合、间接ELISA方法筛选,将所得阳性克隆再经3次亚克隆后,共获得3株针对血卵涡鞭虫的单克隆抗体(2B₂、3G₄、4G₇),单克隆抗体亚类鉴定表明,三者为IgG类抗体。用筛选的杂交瘤细胞株制备小鼠腹水抗体,其细胞上清及腹水效价分别为5.12×10^-4和8.00×10^-4。进一步利用单克隆抗体建立间接荧光抗体方法对单抗特异性进行鉴定,阳性虫体被染上黄绿色荧光,而正常梭子蟹血淋巴则未被染色。用单克隆抗体和多克隆兔抗血清以羊抗鼠HRP-IgG为酶标抗体,建立了检测血卵涡鞭虫的双抗体夹心ELISA方法,该方法对血卵涡鞭虫阳性标本检测符合率为100%。结果表明,制备的单克隆抗体效价高、特异性好,可用于血卵涡鞭虫的早期临床诊断。     

团头鲂NK-lysin基因鉴定和表达分析

为研究抗菌肽NK-LYSIN在团头鲂免疫系统中的可能功能,本实验从团头鲂转录组中钓取到2个NK-lysin基因(nkla和nklb),通过PCR扩增并测序验证其ORF序列。通过荧光定量PCR检测其在健康组织和嗜水气单胞菌感染后免疫组织中的表达,并构建其原核表达体系。结果显示,团头鲂nkla和nklb分别编码122和136个氨基酸,NKLA和NKLB均属于鞘脂激活蛋白样蛋白家族成员,各含有6个高度保守的半胱氨酸及1个Sap B结构域。在健康团头鲂各组织中,nkla在脾脏中表达量极高,在肌肉和血液中表达量极低;而nklb则在肠中表达量较高,在头肾中表达量较低,在其他组织均有表达。nkla和nklb不同的表达模式暗示它们可能存在功能上的分化。经嗜水气单胞菌感染后,团头鲂nkla与nklb表达变化模式相似,头肾中,表达量在4 h时显著下降;肝脏中,表达量在4 h达到最高,而后回落到正常水平;在脾脏和肠中4 h时开始下降,72 h时达到峰值,暗示NK-lysin可能在团头鲂抗嗜水气单胞菌感染过程中发挥重要作用。另外,本实验对nkla和nklb进行了原核表达,为进一步研究NK-lysin的功能奠定了基础。     

团头鲂tf和tfr1a基因启动子克隆及转录调控分析

为探索鱼类转铁蛋白基因tf和转铁蛋白受体基因tfr1a的转录调控机制,本实验以团头鲂为研究对象,在其全基因组数据库中获取tf和tfr1a基因序列,对2个基因候选启动子区转录因子结合位点及CpG岛进行预测,通过PCR方法克隆得到tf和tfr1a基因近端启动子区不同长度片段,连接至pGL3-Basic/pEGFP-1载体,瞬时转染入Hela细胞,并采用双荧光素酶报告基因检测系统进行检测。结果发现,团头鲂tf基因启动子区无CpG岛位点,而tfr1a基因启动子区有2个CpG岛位点。成功构建9个tf和10个tfr1a不同长度启动子片段的重组质粒,经双荧光素酶报告基因系统检测发现,tf启动子核心区域为-268～+56 bp,且-1 308～-1 102 bp片段可能存在正调控该基因表达的转录因子结合位点;tfr1a启动子核心区域为-224～+48 bp,且+48～+92 bp可能存在抑制该基因转录的负调控元件,而-1 229～-1 219 bp区域可能存在促进tfr1a基因表达的正调控转录因子结合位点。     

鲫肠道乳酸菌的分离及益生特性

为获得鱼源益生乳酸菌,本研究从健康鲫肠道内分离鉴定得到38株乳酸菌,并选择其中8株乳酸菌进行体外益生特性分析。结果显示,8株乳酸菌均能在p H=4.5和10%鲫胆汁环境中存活,对嗜水气单胞菌、豚鼠气单胞菌、无乳链球菌和副溶血弧菌均有较强的抑菌能力,但菌体表面疏水性和自凝集能力具有菌株特异性。选择5株疏水性较高(63%~89%)、自凝集能力强(37%~45%)的乳酸乳球菌进行体外黏附能力测定,结果显示,黏附能力在菌株间具有差异性(4.5%~7.9%),但均能显著降低嗜水气单胞菌NJ-35的体外黏附率,黏附抑制率达30%~35%;最后对筛选出的3株高黏附力的乳酸乳球菌进行安全性评价,发现3株菌对鲫均无致病力。鱼源乳酸菌的筛选,为鲫养殖生产中益生菌的实际应用提供了理论依据。     

花鲈ncc、nkcc基因在海、淡水适应中鳃组织的表达与定位分析

为探究ncc、nkcc基因在花鲈渗透调节中发挥的作用,实验通过全基因组鉴定、多重序列比对、系统进化树构建以及蛋白结构预测对花鲈ncc进行了鉴定及序列分析,利用实时荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)检测ncc和nkcc在海水、淡水花鲈鳃组织中的表达水平,利用原位杂交技术确定ncc2和nkcc1a在海水及淡水花鲈鳃中的表达位置。结果显示,从花鲈中鉴定出2个ncc基因,即ncc1和ncc2,其编码序列(CDS)长度分别为2 691和3 120bp,编码896和1 039个氨基酸,在进化上具有保守性。ncc2在淡水花鲈鳃组织中的表达量显著高于海水,而nkcc1a在海水花鲈鳃组织中的表达量显著高于淡水,ncc1、nkcc1b、nkcc2在海淡水中的表达量则无显著差异。淡水适应过程中花鲈鳃组织中的ncc2的表达量逐渐上调,而nkcc1a的表达量逐渐下调;海水适应过程则呈现相反的表达趋势。此外,原位杂交结果显示,ncc2和nkcc1a基因分别位于淡水与海水中鳃组织的相邻鳃小片间的鳃丝上皮。以上结果表明,ncc2和nkcc1a基因分别编码淡水及海水花鲈鳃中重要的Na⁺及Cl     

二氧化锗对共培养萱藻丝状体和硅藻生长的影响

为抑制萱藻丝状体保存和扩增过程中出现的小伪菱形藻与碎片菱形藻的生长,本实验应用实验生态学方法,分别建立了丝状体与小伪菱形藻、丝状体与碎片菱形藻、丝状体与小伪菱形藻和碎片菱形藻的共培养体系,研究了1.00～4.00μg/mL二氧化锗(GeO_2)对共培养条件下丝状体生长发育及附生硅藻生长的影响。结果显示:(1)处理萱藻丝状体和硅藻共培养体系的适宜GeO_2浓度为1.00～2.50μg/mL,各实验组14 d的硅藻抑制率均高于67.33%±5.18%,且丝状体生长发育良好,2.00μg/mL为最适浓度,此浓度下丝状体日均增长率最高,在各培养体系中均大于11.00%,且诱导后孢子囊枝比例和孢子囊直径分别为57.47%±5.31%和(24.55±1.01)μm,与对照组差异不显著;(2) 3.50和4.00μg/mL GeO_2虽对硅藻抑制效果更佳,但同时也会抑制丝状体生长和后期孢子囊的形成与发育,其中4.00μg/mL GeO_2可导致丝状体死亡;(3)碎片菱形藻较小伪菱形藻对GeO_2更敏感。实验14 d,各浓度GeO_2对碎片菱形藻的抑制率为(82.10%±2.40%)～(96.35%±0.79%),均高于同浓度GeO_2对小伪菱形藻的抑制率;同时在丝状体与小伪菱形藻和碎片菱形藻的共培养体系中,碎片菱形藻占硅藻比例随GeO_2浓度升高而相应下降。     

乳酸乳球菌Q-9胞外多糖对鲤先天免疫应答、抗氧化活性和抗病性能的影响

为研究乳酸乳球菌Q-9胞外多糖(exopolysaccharides from Lactococcus lactis Q-9, EPS-9)对鲤免疫应答、抗氧化活性以及抗嗜水气单胞菌性能的影响,实验将提取并纯化的EPS-9 (250、500和1 000μg/mL)与鲤头肾细胞体外共培养,检测头肾细胞的增殖能力和吞噬活性,以及孵育液中一氧化氮(NO)和细胞因子的合成量。将300尾健康鲤[(47.66±0.43) g]随机分为5组,对照组(阴性和阳性)灌喂无菌的磷酸盐缓冲溶液(phosphate buffer saline, PBS),处理组分别灌喂不同浓度的EPS-9 (250、500和1 000μg/mL),1次/天,连续处理7 d后取血液和肝胰腺组织。随后,阳性组和处理组腹腔注射嗜水气单胞菌,阴性组用无菌PBS处理,感染24 h后取血液和肝胰腺组织。分别检测血清中NO和细胞因子的合成量,及溶菌酶(LZM)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)的活性;肝胰腺组织中的抗氧化(T-AOC、T-SOD、CAT、GSH、GSH-Px和MDA)指标。体外结果显示,EPS-9能显著增强鲤头肾细胞的增殖能力和吞噬活...     

西伯利亚鲟海豚链球菌和鲟疱疹病毒Ⅱ型混合感染的诊断与病理损伤

2018年8月,四川彭州与邛崃的养殖西伯利亚鲟发生一种以出血为临床特征,高死亡率的传染病,为明确其病因,本研究对发病鲟的肝脏、肾脏进行病原菌分离、鉴定和鲟疱疹病毒Ⅱ型(AciHV-2)的PCR检测。从患病鲟体内分离到2株G+链状球菌,其16S rRNA序列(MN416231、MN416230)与GenBank中海豚链球菌16S rRNA序列同源性达99%,在以16S rRNA序列构建的系统发育树上,分离菌与海豚链球菌聚为一支;同时基于海豚链球菌lctO基因的特异性PCR检测为阳性,鉴定2株分离菌为海豚链球菌。提取患病鲟肝脏、肾脏组织DNA进行AciHV-2特异性PCR检测,扩增出501 bp的特异性条带,在以AciHV-2 polymerase基因序列构建的系统发育树上,检测样本与AciHV-2聚为一支。病理组织学上,患病鲟的多组织器官发生明显损伤,尤其是肝脏、肾脏、鳃、脾脏和肠的损伤较为严重,表现为明显的变性、坏死、出血以及炎症细胞浸润;电镜下,观察到肝脏、肾脏组织内大量直径200～220 nm的疱疹病毒样颗粒与0.7～0.8μm的链球菌入侵细胞,并导致细胞损伤。综上,诊断患病西伯利...     

引起养殖许氏平鲉死亡的鳗利斯顿氏菌的分离鉴定及致病性

从患病许氏平鲉的病灶处分离得到一株优势菌,记为SS-1。通过两点背部肌肉注射进行人工感染实验,证明该菌对健康许氏平鲉的半数致死浓度为9.6×106CFU/mL,可感染许氏平鲉的多种内脏和组织。细菌形态学和生理生化特征测定结果显示,菌株SS-1为革兰氏阴性,短杆状,极生单鞭毛;氧化酶阳性、接触酶阳性、硝酸盐还原阳性、吲哚产生阳性、V-P试验阳性、精氨酸双水解酶阳性、H2S产生阴性等,与鳗利斯顿氏菌特征相符。16S rRNA基因序列分析结果表明,该菌与鳗利斯顿氏菌的同源性达到了99%,因此,将菌株SS-1鉴定为鳗利斯顿氏菌。     

美洲鳗鲡致病性鲍曼不动杆菌的分离、鉴定及致病性分析

为确定海南某鳗鲡养殖场患病美洲鳗鲡大量死亡的原因,从患病美洲鳗鲡肝脏和脾脏中分离获得1株优势菌株AB01,回归感染证实该菌株为导致此次美洲鳗鲡患病的病原菌。经生理生化鉴定、16S rDNA基因序列比对及系统发育分析,判定菌株AB01为鲍曼不动杆菌。致病性分析结果显示,菌株AB01对美洲鳗鲡的半致死浓度为4.63×106CFU/mL。组织病理学观察显示,患病美洲鳗鲡的肝脏、脾脏均发生不同程度的病变,其中,肝脏中部分肝索排列紊乱,细胞肿胀,胞核溶解,胞质疏松,结构模糊,有大量大小不等的空泡;脾脏中胞质多处稀疏,伴有大面积损伤。药敏检测显示,鲍曼不动杆菌AB01对头孢噻吩、头孢唑啉、阿奇霉素、丁胺卡那霉素、利福平、依诺沙星、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星敏感,对氟苯尼考、氨苄西林等9种抗生素中度敏感,对氨曲南和四环素等20种抗生素有多重耐药性。     

The risk of parasite transfer to juvenile fishes by live copepod food with the example Triaenophorus crassus and Triaenophorus nodulosus

Natural zooplankton is a potential food resource for juvenile fish in fish farms as it is a good source of fats, carbohydrates, and protein. However, it is also a potential source of parasites and pathogens. The present study was conducted (1) to estimate the risk of parasite transfer by live copepod food under intensive farming conditions using the parasites Triaenophorus crassus and Triaenophorus nodulosus as example and (2) to look for strategies to avoid parasite infestation of juvenile fish.An easy and routinely applicable aniline blue staining method was developed to check the infestation levels of copepods with procercoids during the on-growing season of juvenile fish. From the copepod species occurring in zooplankton Cyclops spp. was infested frequently (9.4 ± 12.0%, maximum 38.7%), Diaptomus spp. infrequently (1.5 ± 1.6%, maximum 3.2%), Daphnia spp. never. Juvenile grayling, Thymallus thymallus, and corgonids, Coregonus sp., which had been fed with natural zooplankton revealed infestations rates with T. crassus of circa 5%, with T. nodulosus of circa 10%. As the occurrence of procercoids in the zooplankton was temporary limited, Triaenophorus infestation can be avoided by using artificial food instead of live copepods during the risky season.To prevent parasite infestation of juvenile fish methods were investigated to eradicate procercoids from copepods by chemical treatment (sodium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, citric acid treatment) and by freeze-thawing methods. Chemical methods failed to remove procercoids. In fish, which had been fed with frozen thawed zooplankton, no Triaenophorus spp. infestation was observed. Their survival rates were similar as in the control fed with live zooplankton, however the weight of the fish was significantly lower.     

Comparison of age estimates from scale, opercular bone, otolith, vertebrae and dorsal fin ray in Labeo rohita (Hamilton), Catla catla (Hamilton) and Channa marulius (Hamilton)

The present study was undertaken with a view to compare the precision and reliability of the age readings obtained from different bony structures of some important freshwater teleosts viz., Labeo rohita (Hamilton), Catla catla (Hamilton) and Channa marulius (Hamilton). Standard procedures were followed to prepare and study the age structures. In L. rohita and C. marulius percent agreement between reader's age estimates was highest for scales, i.e. 96.3% and 90.5%, respectively and in C. catla percent agreement was highest (93.3%) for opercular bone. When scale ages were compared with other alternative structures viz., otoliths, opercular bone, vertebral centra and dorsal fin rays, percent agreement was found highest between scale and opercular bone age estimates (77.8%) in L. rohita and between scale and otoliths (94.8%) in C. marulius. In case of C. catla highest percent agreement was found between opercular bone and scale age estimates. In L. rohita each of the ageing structure showed significant (P < 0.05) underestimation of age in comparison to scales. In C. catla mean age estimates from opercular bone were comparable (P > 0.05) to the values obtained from all other structures except dorsal fin rays. In C. marulius mean age estimates from scales were comparable (P > 0.05) to those from all other structures except from dorsal fin rays. Results indicated scales to be the most suitable structure for ageing L. rohita and C. marulius and opercular bone for C. catla. However, in C. catla also scales may be used as a non-destructive method of age estimation with satisfactory results.     

Shell shape and meat condition in selectively bred Sydney rock oysters,Saccostrea glomerata (Gould, 1850): The influence of grow‐out methods

The Australian edible oyster industry has been severely impacted by disease and declining yields since the 1970s. Selective breeding of Saccostrea glomerata is one measure addressing these problems by producing fast‐growing, disease‐resistant oysters. Farmers report that selected oysters have different growth characteristics than their wild counterparts using conventional grow‐out methods. This study investigated how different grow‐out methods influence commercially valuable oyster characteristics including shell length, shape, surface growth deformities and meat condition. In June 2015, selectively bred S. glomerata spat were deployed in two estuaries (Hawkesbury River and Georges River) in NSW, Australia, using three grow‐out methods (fixed trays, Stanway cylinders and floating baskets). In November 2015, oysters were transferred among grow‐out methods to test for the effects of changing grow‐out methods on oyster growth patterns. Oysters transferred from baskets to cylinders and from trays to cylinders had, on average, deeper and wider shells, a higher meat condition and fewer shell surface deformities than oysters in other grow‐out method combinations. However, these oysters were smaller than oysters not grown in cylinders. While there were some differences in growth patterns between the estuaries, overall it was the grow‐out methods that most influenced oyster characteristics. This was attributed to differences in the amount and magnitude of movement oysters experienced in the grow‐out methods, as recorded by motion sensors. This study demonstrates how grow‐out methods can be managed to achieve desired growth trajectories and therefore improve marketability among selective bred S. glomerata.     

引起混养塘中异育银鲫和鲢发病死亡的病原及组织病理

混养的异育银鲫和鲢鱼种大批死亡,为明确发病死亡的病原和组织损伤并提供相关的疾病防控措施,进行了病鱼肉眼和显微镜检查、细菌学检测、病毒学检测、组织病理和药敏试验研究。结果发现,除在患病鱼体表偶然发现有少量不会引起充血等症状的杯体虫和车轮虫外,未在体内外发现其他寄生虫和真菌类病原;通过细菌分离、人工回感试验、生理生化特性和16S r RNA基因序列分析,从患病异育银鲫和鲢分离到的致病菌株均为嗜水气单胞菌;根据异育银鲫和鲢病毒性疾病的现状,使用鲤疱疹病毒2型(Cyprinid herpesvirus 2,Cy HV-2)DNA聚合酶基因的特异性引物分别对自然发病的异育银鲫和鲢进行PCR检测,只有异育银鲫检测到Cy HV-2,分别用它们的除菌组织上清液进行人工感染试验,只有异育银鲫出现充血症状和死亡现象;由此得出嗜水气单胞菌是异育银鲫和鲢发病死亡的主要病原,Cy HV-2是异育银鲫混合感染的次要病原。患病鲢与患病异育银鲫呈现出类似的组织病理现象,又有一些各自特有的组织病理表现,单纯细菌感染的鲢轻度病变以细胞颗粒变性为主,坏死细胞以核溶解为主,细菌和病毒混合感染的异育银鲫肝脏轻度病变以细胞滴状玻璃样变的变性为主,坏死组织细胞以核固缩和核碎裂为主,在肾脏和脾脏出现染色质边集于核膜的肿大细胞核,主要组织器官出现从变性到坏死的病理变化过程,最终失去应有的功能而死亡。依据药敏试验结果,建议内服诺氟沙星和氟苯尼考等抗生素防治本病的嗜水气单胞菌感染,混合感染Cy HV-2的异育银鲫可以通过注射Cy HV-2疫苗和生态养殖的方法控制和减少该病毒病感染和发展。     

一株芽孢杆菌PC024的鉴定及其抗WSSV感染效果的研究

为了筛选WSSV的防病益生菌株,从健康中国明对虾消化道分离纯化一株芽孢杆菌PC024,经Biolog碳源利用反应、ATB微生物自动鉴定系统、脂肪酸气相色谱分析得出该菌株与坚强芽孢杆菌的生理生化特性最为相似,该菌株为革兰氏阳性菌,有一根端极鞭毛;细胞呈球杆状,有椭圆芽孢;单个菌落呈圆形,中间略微凸起;16S rRNA序列分析表明,该菌株与坚强芽孢杆菌进化地位最接近,同源性均达到100％,综合以上4种方法的鉴定结果,该菌株被鉴定为坚强芽孢杆菌.将已鉴定的PC024菌株粘附于对虾饲料表面投喂给凡纳滨对虾20 d后,进行WSSV肌肉注射感染,测定投喂和感染后对虾血淋巴上清和肝胰腺的免疫相关酶活性,并对对虾肠道总菌数和添加菌PC024进行计数及鉴定.结果表明:添加该菌的实验组对虾相对存活率高,相对保护率达33.7％;投喂含该菌饲料的实验组对虾血清和肝胰腺的相关免疫酶活性较对照组显著提高,对虾肠道总细菌数始终显著高于对照组,并在实验组能够分离得到坚强芽孢杆菌,坚强芽孢杆菌PC024可作为WSSV的防病益生菌株应用于对虾养殖生产.