2种方法诱导形成的破骨细胞特性比较

采集ICR小鼠骨髓单核细胞在体外培养过程中加入25.0 μg/L M-CSF+50.0 μg/L RANKL诱导形成破骨细胞,同时选择RAW264.7细胞培养过程中添加100.0 μg/L RANKL诱导分化为破骨细胞.通过检测抗酒石酸碱性磷酸酶(Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase,TRAP)染色阳性数及骨吸收陷窝,比较小鼠骨髓单核细胞和RAW264.7细胞株诱导形成的破骨细胞活性.结果显示,小鼠骨髓诱导的细胞TRAP阳性数显著低于RAW264.7细胞株(P＜0.05),而小鼠骨髓诱导的破骨细胞所形成骨吸收陷窝的面积显著大于RAW264.7细胞株(P＜0.05).结果表明,2种方法均可诱导形成具有典型特征的破骨细胞,骨髓单核细胞诱导形成的破骨细胞活性更强,但破骨细胞的数量和纯度明显低于RAW264.7细胞株.     

TNF-α/IL-1α机制对破骨细胞形成和活化的影响

为了探讨肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)/鼠重组白介素-1α(IL-1α)是否能独立于RANKL/RANK/ OPG机制之外直接刺激破骨细胞(OC)的形成和活化.提取4周龄C57雌性小鼠脾细胞,加入鼠巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(M-CSF)TNF-α(±IL-1α)进行体外培养,同时加入骨保护素(OPG)和可溶性NF-κB受体活化子配体(sRANKL)以区别RANKL/RANK/OPG机制.通过OC形态学观察、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色、骨吸收陷窝方法鉴定OC的形成和活化水平.结果显示:TNF-α(±IL-1α)能诱导睥细胞融合产生TRAP阳性的多核细胞并在象牙片上产生吸收陷窝,加入OPG不能阻断其诱导破骨细胞形成和产生骨吸收陷窝.结果表明:在MCSF存在的情况下,TNF-α以一种独立于RANKL/RANK/OPG之外的机制诱导破骨细胞的形成和活化,而且IL-1α能显著促进TNF-α的诱导作用(P＜0.05).     

低水平镉暴露对破骨细胞分化的影响

为研究低水平镉(Cd)暴露对破骨细胞(osteoclast,OC)分化的影响,试验以RAW264.7细胞(单核巨噬细胞系)为材料,在巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(M-CSF)和核因子κB受体活化因子配体(RANKL)存在的条件下,用不同浓度Cd处理4 d;利用CCK-8法检测破骨细胞及其前体细胞活性变化,抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色试验观察破骨细胞生成,激光共聚焦显微镜观察破骨细胞形态变化,蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot)技术和荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)检测破骨细胞标志性蛋白及其mRNA水平。结果显示,随着Cd浓度升高,细胞活力受到明显的抑制(P<0.01),并呈浓度-效应关系;与对照组相比,破骨细胞产生的数目和面积均显著或极显著下降(P<0.05或P<0.01);2、5μmol·L^-1 Cd处理组破骨细胞封闭带的形成均受到抑制;2和5μmol·L^-1 Cd处理组破骨细胞特异性蛋白及其mRNA表达量均显著或极显著下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),并呈剂量依赖性。结果表明,低微摩尔水平镉暴露能够抑制破骨细胞的分化。     

过表达TRPV6基因对小鼠破骨细胞钙转运基因与凋亡相关基因表达的影响

破骨细胞是体内唯一的骨吸收细胞,对钙离子跨细胞膜转运及维持正常血钙水平有非常重要的作用。瞬时性受体电位通道香草酸受体6(transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 6,TRPV6)是TRP家族中的一员,对钙离子有高度选择性,且是钙离子跨细胞转运的限速门控通道。本试验旨在研究TRPV6过表达对破骨细胞钙转运相关基因及细胞凋亡相关基因表达的影响。用TRPV6过表达慢病毒载体(LV-TRPV6)转染培养7 d的破骨细胞构建TRPV6过表达破骨细胞模型,以阐释小鼠破骨细胞中TRPV6与钙离子转运和细胞凋亡的关系。将破骨细胞分为3组:空白对照组、阴性对照组和LV-TRPV6组。结果显示:与空白对照组比较,破骨细胞TRPV6过表达后钙离子转运相关基因(calbindin-D28K,NCX1) mRNA和蛋白表达水平显著增加(P0.05);破骨细胞TRPV6过表达后细胞凋亡相关基因mRNA和蛋白表达水平显著降低(Fas和Fas L除外)(P0.05)。流式细胞仪分析显示,LV-TRPV6组凋亡率显著下降6.33%±0.235%(P0.05)。研究表明,破骨细胞过表达TRPV6基因导致钙转运相关基因表达增加并抑制破骨细胞凋亡。     

钙磷对体外培养SD大鼠破骨细胞生成和活化的影响

通过成骨细胞与脾细胞共培养，在体外诱导脾细胞转化为破骨细胞，转化过程中分别加入3、5mmol／L的钙或磷及不同比例的钙、磷，设不添加钙、磷因子对照。经形态学观察、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶（TRAP）染色计数、扫描电镜观察象牙片吸收陷窝研究钙、磷因子对大鼠破骨细胞生成和活化的影响。结果表明，培养液中钙、磷浓度分别为3、5mmol／L时对破骨细胞的生成及活化均有显著抑制作用（P〈0．05），5mmol／L Ca对破骨细胞生成活化的抑制与对照组差异极显著（P〈0．01）。Cca：Cp=2：1组对破骨细胞生成和活化的抑制作用最强。证实钙、磷通过抑制破骨细胞的生成和活化抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收活性。     

1,25(OH)_2D_3对体外诱导培养鸡胚破骨细胞的影响

为了研究1,25(OH)2D3对体外诱导培养鸡胚破骨细胞的作用,从18日龄鸡胚长骨(股骨和胫骨)分离骨髓细胞进行培养,在培养过程中分别添加10-7,10-8和10-9mol/L的1,25(OH)2D3。通过倒置显微镜观察其活体形态,对培养1,3,5,7 d的破骨细胞进行抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶染色(TRAP)鉴定,培养7 d后进行骨吸收陷窝和功能分析。结果显示,10-8mol/L组除第1天和其他各组差异不显著以外,第3,5,7天诱导所生成的破骨细胞的数量都显著高于10-7和10-9mol/L这2组(P0.05),极显著高于对照组(P0.01)。经扫描电镜观察,无论是吸收陷窝面积还是陷窝吸收程度,10-8mol/L组均显著高于其2组;对照组无明显陷窝。由此可知,1,25(OH)2D3能诱导鸡胚骨髓细胞形成破骨细胞,且浓度为10-8mol/L时效果最好,所诱导的破骨细胞活性较高。     

鸭胚与小鼠的破骨细胞特性比较

本文分别采集鸭胚与小鼠的破骨细胞(osteoclast,OC),通过检测TRAP阳性细胞数及骨吸收陷窝面积,比较鸭胚与小鼠的OC形态、数目及活性。结果表明,鸭胚OC形状不规则、体积较大、核多且主要分布于胞质,而小鼠OC形状较规则、体积小、核多且大多分布于细胞边缘;随机选取视野中,鸭胚与小鼠OC数差异不显著;而鸭胚OC骨吸收陷窝面积显著大于小鼠OC骨吸收陷窝面积(P0.05)。表明鸭胚与小鼠OC均具有OC的普遍特征,但两者在骨吸收活性方面存在差异。     

Micro-CT分辨率对松质骨微观结构测量的影响

目的:探索Micro-CT在研究小鼠骨小梁结构参数时的最适分辨率。方法:Micro-CT扫描正常小鼠股骨得到松质骨结构参数,扫描分辨率为5μm,通过对合并像素点将分辨率降低至10μm到50μm,分别测量不同分辨率下松质骨标本的结构参数,应用统计学分析比较结构参数在不同分辨率下的差异。结果:随着分辨率从5μm到50μm按5μm一个梯度的降低,BV/TV、BS/BV、Tb.N和Tb.Pf呈现下降趋势,Tb.Th和Tb.Sp呈现上升趋势,而SMI和DA的变化趋势不明显。BS/BV、Tb.N和Tb.Pf分别在40μm、20μm和10μm时与对照组出现明显统计学差异,Tb.Th和Tb.Sp也分别在25μm和50μm时出现显著性差异,BV/TV、SMI和DA未出现显著性差异。结论:该试验证实了不同分辨率对Micro-CT测量小鼠松质骨显微结构有显著影响。Tb.Pf对分辨率的变化敏感度很高,最合适分辨率为5μm;若不考虑Tb.Pf,其余七个参数的最合适分辨率是20μm。     

依普黄酮对笼养蛋鸡骨质疏松症骨组织病理变化的影响

本试验选用200只24周龄健康海蓝褐蛋鸡,随机分为4组:对照组(基础日粮中含钙3.55%)、低钙组(日粮含钙1.27%)、试验Ⅰ组(8mg依普黄酮/kg低钙日粮)和试验Ⅱ组(20mg依普黄酮/kg低钙日粮),观察依普黄酮对笼养蛋鸡骨质疏松症骨组织病理变化的影响。结果显示,与低钙组相比,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组骨髓腔面积分别显著下降7.81%(P0.05)和10.26%(P0.05),骨皮质平均厚度分别显著升高23.78(P0.05)和27.60(P0.05),并且骨小梁增厚、变密,骨陷窝变浅,成骨细胞增多,破骨细胞减少。结果表明,低钙日粮中添加依普黄酮能显著改善蛋鸡骨质疏松症的临床症状,与其促进成骨细胞生成,抑制破骨细胞活性,使其骨量增加,骨结构得到改善密切相关。     

氨基咪唑-4-甲酰胺核苷酸对破骨细胞自噬和分化的影响

为了探究氨基咪唑-4-甲酰胺核苷酸(AICAR)对破骨细胞自噬及分化能力的影响,以BALB/c小鼠骨髓巨噬细胞诱导分化形成的破骨细胞为研究对象,添加0.5 mmol·mL~(-1)AICAR(AMPK激活剂)处理4 h后,抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色鉴定破骨细胞;CCK-8法检测破骨细胞存活率;高内涵系统分析TRAP~+细胞比率、面积、荧光强度及圆度;蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot)和荧光定量聚合酶链式反应方法(qRT-PCR)检测AMPK、NFATc1、c-Fos、CTSK、TRAP、(LC3-Ⅱ)、ATG5、Beclin1、p62的mRNA和蛋白水平;激光共聚焦显微镜观察EGFP-pmCherry-LC3荧光聚点。结果显示,通过30 ng·mL~(-1)M-CSF和60 ng·mL~(-1)RANKL诱导分化4 d的细胞TRAP染色后大部分呈阳性且细胞核数目≥3。AICAR处理后,与对照组相比,细胞存活率无显著差异(P0.05),但细胞面积、TRAP~+(细胞核数目≥3)细胞率、TRAP荧光强度显著下降(P0.05)。AICAR组破骨细胞c-Fos、TRAP(P0.01)、p62(P0.05)的mRNA水平显著下降,LC3、ATG5的mRNA水平显著升高(P0.05)。AICAR处理致AMPKα蛋白磷酸化水平极显著升高(P0.01),NFATc1、c-Fos、CTSK、p62(P0.01)和TRAP(P0.05)蛋白表达量显著下调,LC3-Ⅱ、ATG5和Beclin1蛋白表达水平极显著上调(P0.01)。转染LC3质粒结果显示AICAR处理后LC3黄色及红色荧光聚点数目增多,绿色荧光聚点数目减少。结果表明0.5 mmol·mL~(-1)AICAR作用4 h可激活破骨细胞AMPKα,增强破骨细胞的自噬水平,但抑制了破骨细胞的分化。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.