综合式消力池坎高与池深组合消能计算方法

现有底流消能计算中,综合式消力池坎高与池深组合计算的传统试算法十分繁琐,特别是坎上淹没系数计算需多次反复查表试算。为解决这一问题,通过无量纲原理、数学推导及MatLab软件数值分析,给出了坎上淹没系数简洁的高精度解析计算式,并通过对比分析得到该解析计算式最大相对误差仅为0.405%;同时还给出了跃后共轭水深的高精度解析计算式。在考虑消力池深与消力坎的组合消能影响下,给出简洁的无量纲消力坎坎高的解析计算式,并通过MatLab软件给出了无量纲坎高随无量纲单宽流量、下游水深以及消力池池深之间的二维曲面关系图,依据大量数值计算成果,给出了最不利消能工况下的坎高极值计算式。最后通过2个实例计算对比,可见所提出的简洁算法精度高且方便快捷,为工程实际设计提供了参考。     

波浪布拉格共振研究进展

为给河口海岸防护工程设计和地形演变预测提供科学依据,研究了波浪从外海向近岸传播过程中在一定地形条件下产生的布拉格共振现象。介绍了波浪布拉格共振的定义、特征和研究意义,评述了现场观测、理论研究、水槽试验、数值模拟等4种研究方法的优缺点,总结了波浪布拉格共振类型、低阶共振反射系数公式和高阶共振数值模拟的研究成果,提出了波浪布拉格共振主频下移、不规则波布拉格共振特性、波流相互作用下布拉格共振机理等3个亟待深入研究的课题。     

典型沙洲形态与河道的关系

沙洲是冲积河道泥沙长期淤积的产物,河道既为沙洲提供发育空间又约束沙洲自由发展.以沙洲的卫星图片为依据,选取长江、汉江、西江、湘江、黑龙江、密西西比河及额尔齐斯河的653个单个沙洲及所在河道作为统计对象,初步划分了3种典型沙洲形态:椭圆形、竹叶形和镰刀形,并统计分析了3种沙洲自身形态及其与河道的关系.研究表明,椭圆形沙洲分布最为广泛数量最多,其次是竹叶形和镰刀形沙洲.竹叶形沙洲的周长和面积一般较大,镰刀形居中,椭圆形较小.沙洲面积与周长,沙洲面积与河宽都呈幂函数关系.沙洲洲面中点的宽度与河宽相关性好,相关系数依次是,镰刀形＞竹叶形＞椭圆形;沙洲周长与河宽相关性较好,相关系数依次是镰刀形＞竹叶形＞椭圆形.沙洲将河道分成主汊和支汊,3种典型沙洲的河道分汊比均保持在0.09至0.97之间.     

碳纤维复合材料封装光纤Bragg光栅

利用碳纤维复合材料(CFRP)对光纤Bragg光栅进行封装保护。在外加应力的作用下,碳纤维复合材料发生形变,从而带动粘贴于碳纤维复合材料上的光纤Bragg光栅产生与应变相关的Bragg波长移位,与信号处理装置连接显示光纤Bragg光栅波长值。本设计将碳纤维复合材料所受应变转换为对光纤Bragg光栅峰值波长的调制。在用CFRP对结构体加固的同时,还能通过预先埋入CFRP的光纤Bragg光栅对其进行长期监测,构成了一种集加固与监测于一体的智能结构,能对结构体进行长期的实时健康监测。     

悬栅消力池内水流冲刷过程中悬栅抗冲刷研究

悬栅布置在消力池内,提高消力池消能效果的同时又受水流的冲刷和破坏,为研究水流对悬栅的稳定性影响情况,通过模型试验得到单、双层悬栅较优布置型式,并在较优布置型式下进行冲刷试验,同时采用RNGk~ε双方程紊流模型进行数值模拟计算,对比验证试验结果,得到在单宽流量设计值q_0=21.43L/s所对应的消力池内单层悬栅较优布置型式为栅条数为11根、栅距为5.5cm、栅高为10cm,第1根悬栅受水流冲刷严重,稳定性影响较大;双层悬栅较优布置型式为栅条数为11根、栅距为12cm、层距为4cm,第1根悬栅和下层悬栅受水流冲刷严重,稳定性影响较大,可以为悬栅的结构设计提高依据。     

型钢布设方式对型钢混凝土闸墩工作性能的影响研究

为了确定型钢混凝土闸墩结构内最优的型钢布设形式,利用ANSYS软件对闸墩进行有限元数值计算分析.基于两种不同计算工况下3种不同数量型钢布设方式所得到的有关型钢位移、闸墩裂缝范围、闸墩应力以及型钢应力的计算结果,得出型钢布设根数为3根时各方面工作性能均较优.在此基础上继续研究型钢布设角度和长度对闸墩工作性能的影响,最终得...     

ANALYTICAL STUDY OF WAVE MAKING IN A FLUME WITH A PARTIALLY REFLECTING END-WALL

Based on the eigenfunction expansion technique, the wave generation by a piston wave maker in a wave flume with a partially reflecting end-wall is studied. The corresponding velocity potential and wave elevation in the flume are obtained. The present analytical solution is verified by the numerical results obtained from a time-domain higher-order boundary element method in a closed flume. Numerical experiments are further carried out to study the difference between the partial/full reflection boundary and the transmission boundary and the effects of the reflection coefficient and the motion period of the wave maker on the wave height. Meanwhile, the natural frequency of the wave flume can be obtained from the analytical expression. The resonance occurs when the motion frequency is equal to the natural frequency. Even the partial reflection of the end-wall in the wave flume experiments has a great influence on the wave height, therefore, inaccurate measurements would be resulted in long-time simulations, especially when the wave frequency approaches the wave flume natural frequency. The present study can serve as a guidance for the physical experiment in wave flumes.     

中心直裂纹圆盘无量纲应力强度因子获取精度研究

岩石断裂韧性是岩石抵抗裂纹扩展能力的表征,而无量纲应力强度因子是计算断裂韧性的关键参数,目前众多国内外学者采用Atkinson给出的中心裂纹圆盘试件的近似公式获取中心直裂纹圆盘的无量纲应力强度因子。对Atkinson给出的无量纲应力强度因子近似公式及中心裂纹圆盘试件的级数解精度进行了研究,并给出了较广范围的产生纯Ⅱ型裂纹加载条件,还采用有限元方法标定了不同预制裂纹宽度时中心直裂纹圆盘Ⅰ型裂纹的无量纲应力强度因子。分析结果表明:YⅠ随着相对裂纹宽度增大逐渐减小,且当相对裂纹宽度大于0.01后,YⅠ变化幅度逐渐减小;不同裂纹宽度条件下,YⅠ随加载角变化的规律相同。当裂纹宽度仅为0.1 mm时,其无量纲应力强度因子解析解与数值解会产生很大偏差,因此在断裂韧性测试中应根据实测的裂纹宽度对无量纲应力强度因子进行标定。     

基于均匀正交设计的消力池内双层悬栅布置优化试验

由于在消力池内布置双层悬栅对消能效果影响少有研究,考虑到单宽流量、悬栅栅条数、栅距和层距等影响因素,采用均匀正交设计,考察4因素3水平,选择UL9(34)优化方案进行模型试验,对比了不同流量和悬栅布置型式组合下消力池内下降水深及消能率。试验结果表明:不考虑单宽流量时,消力池内布置双层悬栅,下降水深受层距、栅条数以及栅距影响较大,其中层距改变影响最大,消能率受这些影响因素影响较小;单宽流量较小时,层距和栅距均与下降水深成正比关系,单宽流量较大时,层距与下降水深成正比关系。     

Wave characteristics of Bragg reflections from a train of submerged bottom breakwaters

The wave characteristics of Bragg reflections for a train of surface water waves from a series of submerged bottom breakwaters were investigated numerically. A numerical model based on boundary discretization technique was developed to calculate the wave field. The computational results were validated by comparing with analytical solutions in the literature. The wave fields induced by two types of bottom breakwaters in the shapes of rectangular and trapezoidal with various formations of the breakwater trains were simulated to study the wave characteristics. Variables investigated included the number of the breakwaters in the train, the height and width of the breakwaters, and the side slope of the trapezoidal breakwaters. Certain notions with regard to the application of shoreline protections were addressed based on the results.     

Analytical solution based on stream-aquifer interactions in partially penetrating streams

An analytical solution of drawdown caused by pumping was developed for an aquifer partially penetrated by two streams.The proposed analytical solution modifies Hunt's analytical solution and considers the effects of stream width and the interaction of two streams on drawdown.Advantages of the solution include its simple structure,consisting of the Theis well function and parameters of aquifer and streambed semipervious material.The calculated results show that the proposed analytical solution agrees with a previously developed acceptable solution and the errors between the two solutions are equal to zero without consideration of the effect of stream width.Also,deviations between the two analytical solutions incrcase with stream width.Four cases were studied to examine the effect of two streams on drawdown,assuming that some parameters were changeable,and other parameters were constant,such as the stream width,the distance between the stream and the pumping well,the stream recharge rate,and the leakage coefficient of streambed semipervious material.     

污染混合区的二维解析计算及移流扩散方程的分类简化条件

在恒定时间连续点源条件下,从移流扩散（离散）方程的完全二维解析解出发,给出了污染混合区的二维解析计算方法和等浓度曲线方程,分析了污染混合区的形状变化规律;以简化二维移流扩散条件下的污染混合区长度L为特征长度,定义了佩克莱特数Pe ,给出了污染混合区无量纲上、下游长度、最大宽度及相应纵坐标和面积的试算公式及诺莫图。表明污染混合区的无量纲尺度主要取决于佩克莱特数,其次无量纲最大宽度和面积还与 有关。给出了非保守物质污染混合区的修正计算方法以及保守与非保守物质的计算分区图;完整系统地提出了二维移流扩散方程定量化的分类简化条件,具有很好的可操作性和实用性。     

Use of an artificial stream to monitor avoidance behavior of larval sea lamprey in response to TFM and niclosamide

The lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) has been used in liquid form to control larval sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in Great Lakes tributaries since the late 1950s. In the 1980s a dissolvable TFM bar was developed as a supplemental tool for application to small tributaries as a deterrent to larvae seeking water not activated with TFM. The size, mass, and number of bars needed in some streams, as well as the location of the streams, limit the utility of a TFM bar. The development and use of an alternative niclosamide bar has the potential to use fewer bars to achieve similar results. However, the use of a niclosamide bar is dependent upon its larval deterrent capability compared to the TFM bar. In this study, we developed a laboratory-scale, simulated stream fluvarium with several avoidance areas including two side channels and a seep. The objective was to evaluate the deterrent capabilities of TFM and niclosamide. We found similar behavioral responses, with TFM and niclosamide having similar capabilities to prevent sea lamprey from seeking refuge in side channels and seep avoidance areas. TFM-treated side channels and seep increased sea lamprey occupancy in the main channel 2.56 times more than the untreated-controls (95% CI 1.63–4.14) whereas niclosamide-treated side channels and seep increased sea lamprey occupancy of the main channel 2.68 times more than the untreated-controls (95% CI 1.72–4.32). These responses indicate a niclosamide bar would effectively prevent sea lamprey escapement into freshwater during a lampricide treatment at concentrations unlikely to harm aquatic organisms.     

代数应力模式的分析解及其在充分发展旋转管流中的应用

本文通过求解雷诺应力在代数应力模式中与平均速度梯度之间的分析关系，研究了代数应力模式在涡旋流动特别是在充分发展旋转管流中存在的内在缺陷，这些缺陷的主要表现为：（１）在不考虑固壁对湍流影响的代数应力模式中，分析解给出Ｗ∝ｒ和ｖｗ＝０的错误结论；（２）若在代数应力模式中考虑固壁对湍流影响，在对称轴上会有ｖ＾２不等于ｗ＾２的非物理解。与诺应力输运模式相比，代数应力模式的缺陷归限结底在于该模式的基本假设不     

水上滑坡冲击涌浪的远场传播特征数值模拟分析

为分析三维滑坡冲击涌浪的远场传播特征,采用FLOW-3D软件建立三维模型,选取不同的滑坡体厚度、宽度与入水速度,模拟滑坡体入水、水体飞溅以及涌浪产生和传播过程。结果表明：滑坡涌浪在传播7倍水深距离后趋于稳定,其相对波高与周期由滑坡体弗劳德数、相对下滑时间以及滑坡体相对体积决定,滑坡体对远场涌浪能量的传递率在8.0%～19.7%之间。     

锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁截面协同工作系数研究

本文将锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁视为由锈蚀钢筋和混凝土组成的组合梁,以锈蚀钢筋与混凝土之间的变形协调条件为依据,引入反映锈蚀钢筋混凝土力学性能的本构关系和锈蚀钢筋和混凝土之间的黏结-滑移本构关系,推导出以纵向受拉钢筋拉力表达的锈蚀梁非线性微分方程。通过求解该微分方程,给出了考虑黏结滑移的锈蚀梁非线性解析解和截面协同工作系数理论表达式,使锈蚀钢筋黏结强度降低系数与截面协同工作系数之间得到了统一。文中还对影响截面协同工作系数的因素,即锈蚀量特征值、荷载作用形式及截面位置进行了讨论,并与试验归纳总结的截面协同工作系数进行了比较分析,说明了该理论表达式的合理性。     

River restoration works design based on the study of early-stage vegetation development and alternate bar dynamics

Active geomorphological interventions, such as reprofiling of river bars, are often used to increase bar dynamics and prevent vegetation encroachment. River restoration management should be planned based on the knowledge of what processes will follow the intervention and on the anticipation of the consequences. However, in many cases, the associated physical processes are not clearly identified whereas their consequences on bar morphodynamics are still not fully understood. This study aims to bring new insights into the biomorphodynamics evolution of the riverbed after restoration works by using a 2D biomorphodynamic model developed in the TELEMAC-MASCARET system. It seeks to compare and evaluate the performance of five bar reprofiling scenarios in which the bar elevation is lowered to just below the water level at specified design discharges. The study area is located in the channelized and regulated alpine gravel-bed Isère River (France). Bar dynamics and early stages of vegetation establishment are analyzed for the first 2 years after each restoration scenario. The results indicate that plant colonization would occur in all cases. Overall, maximizing the reduction of bar height is the most effective way to improve the bar dynamics and limit future vegetation encroachment.     

高拱坝抗震钢筋配置方案研究

采用显式有限元结合人工透射边界的地震波动模拟方法和动接触力模型，进行了一高拱坝多种布设抗震钢筋方案的分析比较，基本方案为在坝体上部106m高的范围内布设6层拱向钢筋，每层上下游面各放置96根φ32的含钒抗震钢筋HRB400，对坝体上下游均布设钢筋、仅坝体上游布置钢筋、坝体上游距坝面4m位置布筋，以及坝体上游距坝面4m位置配置数量减半的抗震钢筋的4种方案均与不配筋计算方案的结果进行了比较，以抗震钢筋的主要功能即限制坝体横缝在地震中的张开度为主要考察依据，在满足张开度限制条件下，又考虑施工方便和经济性要求，推荐了在坝体上游距坝面4m位置配置数量减半的抗震钢筋是较为经济、合理的高拱坝抗震钢筋配置方案。     

Application of analytical solutions in trapezoidal compound channel flow

The accuracy of predictions using an analytical model for a lateral depth varying open channel flow can be affected by the friction factor and the dimensionless eddy viscosity. In this paper, different approaches to determine these two parameters are discussed by comparing analytical results with experimental data obtained from a symmetrical trapezoidal compound open channel. To reflect different hydraulic characteristics along the wetted perimeter, the trapezoidal cross‐section was divided into several sub‐sections, and the friction factor in each sub‐section was calculated with Manning's formula by adopting local hydraulic parameters. The wetted perimeters of main channel and side slope included the interface between panels to reflect the effects of the lateral momentum exchange. This approach is shown to be effective once the roughness coefficients and hydraulic radius in different sub‐regions have been determined. The results show that the friction factor is the major parameter affecting the accuracy of the analytical solution. The effect of dimensionless eddy viscosity on the precision of predictions is much smaller, which means that for practical applications, the dimensionless eddy viscosity can be determined empirically. Inclusion of a term for secondary flows in the model can improve the prediction, especially in the transition from main channel to the floodplain. A reasonable prediction of the lateral distribution of depth mean Reynolds' stress in this region is obtained. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

湖北郧县汉江二桥柔性系杆设计

结合郧县汉江二桥工程实际,对钢管混凝土系杆拱桥的柔性系杆结构设计、防腐设计、施工要点、材料选择等进行了研究.为减小系杆与其支承构件之间的摩擦,设计了系杆导轮架.主要对比了低松弛预应力钢铰线系杆和高强钢丝系杆在施工便易性和可更换性方面的差异.认为前者在上述几方面具有优势,推荐作为系杆使用.同时,讨论了系杆张拉力控制和合理...