新型Cr18Ni9NbTiN奥氏体不锈钢的高温蠕变行为

采用RDL100型电子高温蠕变试验机测试了新型Cr18Ni9NbTiN奥氏体不锈钢在650 ℃不同应力下的蠕变性能。利用SEM、TEM及EDS等观察分析了220 MPa下不同蠕变阶段的组织形貌。结果表明,蠕变初期,晶内位错密度急剧增加,位错发生缠结,晶内有细小的NbN相弥散析出;稳态蠕变阶段,位错形成网状结构,晶内有TiN颗粒析出,链状(Cr, Fe)23C6沿晶界析出,位错网和析出的第二相共同降低了位错可动性,改善了合金抗蠕变性能;加速蠕变阶段,大量扩展位错出现,延长了蠕变寿命。Cr18Ni9NbTiN钢蠕变断裂属于沿晶脆性断裂,晶界处发现部分(Cr, Fe)23C6剥落,三叉晶界处发现楔形裂纹。     

第二相对Ti-V-Cr系阻燃钛合金高温蠕变行为的影响

在相同的实验条件下,Ti-25V-15Cr-0.2Si合金的蠕变性能优于Ti-35V-15Cr合金.蠕变过程中,前者在晶界和晶内析出硅化物和少量α相;后者析出长条状α相连续分布于晶界.同种合金相比较时,Ti-35V-15Cr合金经870℃/0.5 h,WQ+600℃/5 h,AC处理的蠕变性能比锻态稍好,主要是因为锻态中除晶界分布有连续α相外,晶内还有一些不均匀的α相;而固溶时效处理的试样,其析出相大都连续分布于晶界.研究表明,硅化物可钉扎位错,阻碍位错运动;晶界处连续的α相起到晶界强化作用,提高了蠕变抗力;而弥散的α相降低蠕变抗力.     

新型Cr20Ni30NbAl铁镍基合金的高温蠕变行为

研究了铁镍基合金800H和Cr20Ni30NbAl的固溶组织以及600℃下不同应力的蠕变性能.利用OM、SEM和TEM对两种合金进行了对比研究,发现在相同的固溶处理条件下,两种合金晶界都析出(Cr,Fe) 23C6,800H合金晶内弥散TiN颗粒直径约为60 nm,而Cr20Ni30NbAl合金由于Nb的加入在晶内弥散析出更细小的NbC颗粒,直径约5 nm,细小的弥散颗粒有效地提高了Cr20Ni30NbAl合金的蠕变强度.应用蠕变本构方程求的应力指数800H合金n0=8.79789,Cr20Ni30NbAl合金n1=17.58397.蠕变过程中,两种合金位错切割第二相均为Orowan机制,在600℃下Cr20Ni30NbAl合金具有更高的蠕变强度.800H合金断口表面出现带有小韧窝的沿晶断裂,Cr20Ni30NbAl合金断裂没有出现颈缩现象,断口呈现岩石状的沿晶断裂.     

新型Cr18Ni31NbAl铁镍基合金的高温蠕变行为

研究了新型Cr18Ni31Nb Al铁镍基合金650℃时在不同应力条件下的蠕变性。结合OM、SEM及TEM等表征手段,对该合金在650℃、280 MPa下蠕变各个阶段进行分析。结果表明:在蠕变初始阶段,基材上出现少量析出物;稳态蠕变阶段析出物明显增多且位错增殖;破坏阶段,第二相粗化显著、位错减少。蠕变过程中晶界附近析出大量M_(23)C_6(Cr为主),晶内沉淀细小NbC颗粒,这种弥散析出物有效提高了合金的蠕变强度。断口微观形貌为颗粒状脆性断口,属于典型的沿晶断裂。     

热处理对热连轧GH4169合金蠕变性能的影响

通过对热连轧（HCR）GH4169合金进行不同工艺热处理、蠕变性能测试和组织形貌观察,研究了热处理工艺对HCR合金组织与蠕变性能的影响。结果表明：热连轧合金中晶粒细小,具有明显的孪晶特征;HCR合金经直接时效后,大量细小γ＂相在晶内弥散析出,可提高合金的蠕变抗力,在660℃、700 MPa条件下,使合金的蠕变寿命由60 h提高到126 h;经长期时效处理后,合金中的晶粒尺寸和γ＂相略有长大,同时有NbC、Cr7C3碳化物在晶内析出。在蠕变过程中,HCR合金的变形特征是孪晶变形及孪晶内发生位错的双取向滑移;DA合金与LTA合金具有相近的蠕变寿命,其变形特征仍然是孪晶变形和晶内的位错滑移。     

淬火工艺对FGH95合金组织结构与蠕变性能的影响

通过蠕变曲线测定及组织形貌观察,研究固溶及淬火工艺对FGH95镍基合金蠕变行为及变形特征的影响。结果表明:固溶后经油浴冷却的合金的组织结构由不均匀的颗粒及γ′相组成,粗大γ′相在边界区域呈不连续分布,边界区域为γ′相贫化区;经盐浴热处理后合金中无粗大γ′相,晶粒略微长大,晶内细小的γ′相弥散分布,粒状(Ni,Ti)C相沿晶界不连续析出;在650℃和1034MPa条件下,经盐浴热处理后合金的蠕变寿命较长,测定出该合金的蠕变激活能为542.07kJ/mol;固溶后经油浴冷却的合金在蠕变期间的变形机制是位错发生双取向滑移,而固溶后经盐浴冷却合金在蠕变期间可形成位错缠结和层错等位错组态,晶界及晶界处不连续析出的粒状碳化物可有效阻碍位错滑移,这是合金具有较高蠕变抗力和较长蠕变寿命的主要原因。     

曲轴箱用Mg-7Gd-2.5Nd-0.8Sb-0.5Zr合金的组织和高温蠕变行为研究

通过OM、XRD、TEM、SEM和蠕变试验,研究了时效态Mg-7Gd-2.5Nd-0.8Sb-0.5Zr(质量分数,%)合金的显微组织和高温蠕变行为。结果表明,时效态合金由α-Mg基体和方块相组成。方块相主要分布在晶界处,为富Gd化合物。在300℃、70 MPa条件下合金具有良好的蠕变性能,组织上没有网状析出相,滑移线较多,存在孪晶,有较高的位错密度,此时网状析出相已完全转变为颗粒相。     

回火温度对960MPa级工程机械用钢组织及析出相的影响

采用透射电子显微镜研究了960 MPa级工程机械用钢淬火及不同温度回火后显微组织及析出相的变化规律.结果表明:920℃淬火后,显微组织以板条马氏体为主,还有极少量孪晶马氏体,马氏体发生自回火现象.在400℃以下回火,(Ti,Nb)(C,N)尺寸和数量没有明显变化.500℃回火后,在晶界和亚晶界开始析出(Fe、Mn、Cr)3C合金渗碳体.600℃回火后,在晶内和晶界析出(Fe,Mn,Cr,Ni,Mo,V)3C合金渗碳体,Mo2C大量析出.650℃回火后,VC大量析出,发生再结晶,开始多边形化.     

FGH95镍基合金的蠕变行为及影响因素

通过蠕变曲线测定和组织形貌观察,研究FGH95合金的蠕变行为及影响因素。结果表明:经1150℃固溶和时效处理后,在晶界处有粗大γ′相不连续分布,其周围存在γ′相贫化区;经1165℃固溶和时效后,合金的晶粒尺寸明显长大,并在晶界形成连续的碳化物膜;经1160℃固溶后,合金中无粗大γ′相,在晶内弥散析出细小γ′相,其中,有粒状(Nb,Ti)C相在晶内及沿晶界不连续析出,可提高合金的晶界强度,抑制晶界滑移,是使合金具有较好蠕变抗力的主要原因。蠕变期间,合金的变形机制是位错剪切或绕过γ′相,蠕变后期,在晶内发生单取向和双取向滑移,并引起应力集中,致使裂纹在晶界处萌生及扩展是合金的蠕变断裂机制。     

Ti811合金在不同温度和时间下的蠕变性能

Ti811合金具有优异的室温、高温性能,可在425℃长期使用,蠕变行为的研究对其具有重要意义,试样经910℃／1hAc＋580℃／8hAc热处理后,分别于425℃,410MPa下持续25,50,100,150,200h,另外于325℃,425℃,525℃,410MPa下持续100h。结果表明,Ti811合金在425℃下具有较好的蠕变性能;在425℃,410MPa下蠕变200hTi811合金性能不变,温度对合金的蠕变有很大影响;随着蠕变时间的延长,Ti811合金开始为减速蠕变阶段,随后为稳态蠕变阶段。在稳态蠕变阶段,合金硬化与回复平衡,在425℃蠕变较长时间（＞100h）,合金中析出Ti3Al相,大量Ti3Al相的析出将增大合金蠕变抗力,但因时间短（＜200h）,Ti3Al相细小且量少,故对蠕变影响不大;525℃高温下,空穴在晶界析出长大,晶界位错聚集产生应力集中引起的微裂纹以及裂纹长大是蠕断的主要原因。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。