东亚副热带夏季风环流指数及其与中国气候的关系

采用大气环流正、斜压分解方法,从东亚副热带夏季风为正、斜压混合型季风观点出发,定义并计算了1958-1997年东亚副热带夏季风环流指数。该环流指数与1961-1995年中国160站夏季降水、气温的相关分析表明,它与中国东部夏季降水和气温的关系密切：强季风年,以河套地区为中心的黄河流域及华北地区多雨,长江流域少雨,华南和东南沿海多雨,以长江流域为中心的全国绝大部分地区气温偏高。弱季风年情况相反。此外,还将该环流指数与目前常用的4种东亚夏季风指数进行了对比分析。     

东亚副热带夏季风指数及其与降水的关系

文中利用1961~1999年NCEP/NCAR的月平均再分析资料和中国160站月降水资料,考虑蒙古中纬度地区和西太平洋副热带地区的大气环流特征定义了一个简单的东亚副热带夏季风指数,研究了该指数与夏季大气环流和中国降水变率的关系,并与其他季风指数进行了比较。结果表明:文中所定义的季风指数表现出明显的长期气候变化趋势,20世纪60~70年代以高指数为主,而80~90年代以低指数为主。该指数不仅能够较好地反映以蒙古为中心的东亚大陆热低压和西太平洋副热带高压的变化特征,还能够指示东亚副热带夏季风的强弱以及中国长江流域降水的异常变化。与西太平洋副热带高压相比,蒙古低气压变化对长江流域的雨带变动有更大影响。当该季风指数较低时,蒙古低压和西太平洋副热带高压偏弱,中国大陆对流层低层盛行异常北风,高层主要盛行异常西南风。而低层的异常北风表示了东亚中纬度地区较强的冷空气活动,这可以使长江流域梅雨锋区的辐合和上升运动加强,造成长江流域降水增加。     

DETERMINATION OF SOUTH CHINA SEA MONSOON ONSET AND EAST ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON INDEX

Results of the definition of South China Sea summer monsoon onset date and East Asian summer monsoon index in recent years are summarized in this paper. And more questions to be resolved are introduced later.     

东亚副热带夏季风槽的气候特征及其与南海夏季风槽的比较

利用NCAR/NCEP再分析资料,从气候特征角度研究了东亚副热带夏季风槽的结构和演变特征及其与南海夏季风槽的区别.结果表明,无论是辐合还是对流,南海夏季风槽都强于副热带夏季风槽.南海夏季风槽伸展高度较低,位置少变;而副热带夏季风槽伸展高度较高,并且随高度向北倾斜.南海夏季风槽建立早且突然,表现为对流层低层正相对涡度突然出现,其撤退缓慢;副热带夏季风槽则是渐进式建立,表现为低层云贵高原、广西地区的正相对涡度逐步向东北方向扩展,其撤退较快.南海夏季风槽建立过程中东西风向逆转是一个很明显的指示因子,而副热带夏季风建立过程没有伴随明显的风向逆转,主要特征是西风增强.南海夏季风槽不具备锋面性质,副热带夏季风槽则具备明显的锋面性质.     

用湿位涡表征的东亚副热带夏季风指数

在综合考虑了东亚夏季风的热力和动力特征的基础上,利用湿位涡定义了一个新的东亚副热带夏季风指数,并利用1948—2007年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料分析了近60年来东亚副热带夏季风的变化特征。研究表明：该指数可以很好地反映东亚副热带夏季风的季节变动、年际变化、年代际变化等特征。另外,该指数与我国160个测站降水的相关分析表明：高指数年,夏季季风强,华北、西南内陆及华南沿海地区多雨,江淮地区少雨;反之,低指数年,夏季季风弱,华北、西南内陆及华南沿海地区偏旱,江淮流域偏涝。最后,通过与其它四种有代表性的指数的对比,发现本指数在指示江淮夏季降水方面具有明显的优势。     

东亚冬季风与中国夏季气候变化

选取NCEP再分析高度场和风场资料、地面长波辐射(OLR)资料以及中国160个测站的降水资料，利用相关分析和合成分析方法，从资料分析入手来研究东亚冬季风异常变化及其对中国夏季降水的影响。研究表明：东亚冬季风有明显的年际和年代际变化特征，1950年代～1980年代中期为强冬季风时段，1980年代中期以后，季风明显减弱，为弱冬季风期。冬季风异常对中国大部分地区，特别对中国长江中下游地区的降水影响较大。分析进一步揭示了强弱东亚冬季风年后期海温分布和夏季流场明显不同的变化特征，并结合以前的许多研究对长江中下游地区降水异常形成的可能原因作了解释，指出正是由于这种不同的海温分布以及夏季环流的异常变化使得中国长江中下游地区在强(弱)冬季风年的夏季降水偏少(偏多)。     

A STUDY ON RELATION BETWEEN EAST ASIAN WINTER MONSOON AND CLIMATE CHANGE DURING RAINING SEASON IN CHINA

1 INTRODUCTION The Asian monsoon and its anomalies play an important role in the global general circulation and climatic change. As an essential component of the monsoon system, the East Asian winter monsoon is not only the most vigorous across the globe …     

东亚夏季风雨带和西太平洋副高季节变化的耦合特征

利用NCEP／NCAR数据集中1950～1999年4～9月500hPa位势高度和逐日降水率(PRATE)资料，通过奇异值分解，主要探讨了东亚夏季风雨带与西太平洋副高季节移动的耦合关系。分析发现，模态方差的大小只反映模态对整个分析时段和整个分析区域贡献的大小，但对某些时段、某些区域来说，方差较小模态的贡献很大；因而仅以模态方差贡献的大小来判定模态的重要性是不完全的，只有多个模态的配合才能比较全面地揭示两个场的耦合特征。结果表明：东亚夏季风雨带在不同地区的跳跃对应着西太平洋副高的三次突变，不同模态对三次突变有不同的贡献。     

南海夏季风建立日期的确定和东亚夏季风强度指数的选取

对近几年来南海夏季风建立日期的确定和东亚夏季风强度指数的选取方面的研究成果进行比较全面的概述，并提出了有待进一步解决的问题。     

东亚夏季风南北进退的年代际变化对我国区域降水的影响

利用1958-2001年的中国740站逐日降水资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF) ERA40再分析资料,综合动力因子和热力因子定义了东亚夏季风指数,并利用该指数的变化定义了东亚夏季风前沿,客观、详尽地描述了季风的移动特征.结果表明,在1958-2001年期间,东亚夏季风活动在1965、1980和1994年出现3次明显转变.1958-1964年东亚夏季风前沿在华南和华北地区停留时间异常偏长,而在长江中下游地区停留时间异常偏短；1965-1979年季风前沿在华南和黄河下游地区停留时间稍长；1980-1993年季风前沿集中在长江中下游地区时间异常偏长,而在华北地区停留时间异常偏短；1994-2001年东亚夏季风在长江以南停留时间偏长,从而导致了我国东部区域降水的异常分布、旱涝灾害频繁发生.     

太平洋区域海温跃变及其与东亚夏季风的关系

本文利用英国气象局提供的全球SST月平均资料和NCAR／NCEP提供的500百帕高度场资料，分析了全球SSTA的年际和年代际变化，发现夏季全球SST在70年代发生了一次跃变，尤其北太平洋区域SST在1976年前后，由正距平变为负跨燕，并且跃变前后东亚夏季风也发了显著变化，我国汛期降水异常形势成相反分布，海温对东亚夏季风的影响途径和机制也发生了改变，1976年以前北太平洋区域海温起主要作用，跃变后，北太平洋区域海温异常与东亚夏季风关系变得不明显，而赤道中东太平洋海温的作用变得异常重要。     

夏季北大西洋涛动与我国天气气候的关系

利用1873-1995年北半球月平均海平面气压（SLP）资料，计算了夏季北大西洋涛动指数（NAOI）。通过NAOI与我国降水、气温和北半球球流5的相关计算以及强、弱小涛动年北半球环流异常的合成分析，发现，夏季强NAOI年，副高偏强，我国西南地区降水偏少，易出现一类和二类雨型；我国大部分地区气温明显偏高，此外，还研究了多时间尺度上，NAOI与东亚夏季风的关系，结果表明，夏季NAOI与东亚夏季风在年际、年代际、基本态尺度上都存在显著相关，强NAOI年，对应是强东亚夏季风特征，当NAOI处高（低）基本态时，夏季风处于高（低）基本态。     

INTERANNUAL VARIATION OF INDEX OF EAST ASIAN LAND-SEA THERMAL DIFFERENCE AND ITS RELATION TO MONSOON CIRCULATION AND RAINFALL OVER CHINA

This paper proposes an index of land-sea thermal difference(ILSTD)that describes its zonal andmeridional strength responsible for East Asian monsoon circulation to study its relation to the EastAsian monsoon circulation and the summer rainfall over China on an interannual basis.Results are asfollows:(1)ILSTD can be used to measure the strength of East Asian summer monsoon in such away that the strong(weak)ILSTD years are associated with strong(weak)summer monsooncirculation.(2)The index also reflects well summer rainfall anomaly over the eastern part of China.In the strong index years,rain belt is mainly located over the northern China,and serious droughtemerges in the Jianghuai valleys and mid-lower reaches of the Changjiang River,along with increaseof rainfall in North and South China,but in the weak years it is contrary.(3)Besides,the index hasobvious QBO and quasi 4-year oscillations,but the periods and amplitudes have significant changes onan interdecadal basis.     

东亚夏季风与中国夏季降水年际异常的分型研究

以海陆气压差定义的夏季风强度指数为依据,讨论了东亚夏季风年际异常与中国夏季降水的关系,发现东亚夏季风强时,中国夏季降水可能多也可能少,但以少雨为主,季风弱时,中国降水也是或多或少,但以多雨为主,依此可以将季风与降水的异常关系分成强季风强降水（Ａ）,强季风弱降水（Ｂ）,弱季风强降水（Ｃ）,弱季风弱降水（Ｄ）四种关系,其中（Ａ）型和（Ｄ）型,（Ｂ）型和（Ｃ）型的降水呈反相似性分布,主要特殊性反映在东北     

THE TIMING OF SOUTH-ASIAN HIGH ESTABLISHMENT AND ITS RELATION TO TROPICAL ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON AND PRECIPITATION OVER EAST-CENTRAL CHINA IN SUMMER

The timing of the South Asian High (SAH) establishment over the Indochina Peninsula (IP) from April to May and its relations to the setup of the subsequent tropical Asian summer monsoon and precipitation over eastern-central China in summer are investigated by using NCEP/NCAR daily reanalysis data, outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data and the daily precipitation data from 753 weather stations in China. It is found that the transitions of the zonal wind vertical shear and convection establishment over tropical Asia are earlier (later) in the years of early (late) establishment of SAH. In the lower troposphere, anti-cyclonic (cyclonic) anomaly circulation dominates the equatorial Indian Ocean. Correspondingly, the tropical Asian summer monsoon establishes earlier (later). Furthermore, the atmospheric circulation and the water vapor transport in the years of advanced SAH establishment are significantly different from the delayed years in Asia in summer. Out-of-phase distribution of precipitation in eastern-central China will appear with a weak (strong) SAH and western Pacific subtropical high, strong (weak) ascending motion in the area south of Yangtze River but weak (strong) ascending motion in the area north of it, and cyclonic (anti-cyclonic) water vapor flux anomaly circulation from the eastern-central China to western Pacific. Accordingly, the timing of the SAH establishment at the upper levels of IP is indicative of the subsequent onset of the tropical Asian summer monsoon and the flood-drought pattern over eastern-central China in summer.     

东亚冬季风强度异常与夏季500hPa环流及我国气候异常的关系

利用一个耦合海气模式，用数值试验方法分析了１９８２／１９８３ＥＮＳＯ期间的暖池和赤道事带的相互使用对大气表面流场和散度的影响。结果指出，ＥＮＳＯ高峰期和成熟期ＳＰＣＺ比ＩＴＣＺ更重要；ＥＮＳＯ的形成初期和衰减期ＳＰＣＺ和ＩＴＣＺ同样重要。     

东亚夏季风在中国东北区建立的标准、日期及其主要特征分析

文中利用中国东北区 80个测站 ,1980年以来近 2 0a逐日降水和同期NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料 ,提出了东亚夏季风在中国东北区建立和撤退的标准 ,即取 85 0hPa候平均资料 ,作沿 12 2 .5°E时间 纬度剖面图 ,将θse的336K和南风 4m/s等值线同时越过 4 0°N的候定义为东亚夏季风在中国东北区建立的日期 (候 ) ,持续及累积的总候数为影响时间 ;该年θse的 336K等值线永久撤离到 4 0°N以南的候为东亚夏季风从中国东北区撤退的日期 ;如果某年θse的 336K和南风 4m/s等值线没有同时北移越过 4 0°N的候出现 ,确定为东亚夏季风在中国东北区没有建立的年份。文中相应给出 1980～ 2 0 0 0年建立、持续及累积和撤退的时间年历表 ,经计算东亚夏季风在中国东北区建立的平均日期为第 4 1候 ( 7月第 5候 ) ,累积平均影响候数为 3.6候 ( 18d左右 ) ,开始撤退的平均日期为第 4 5候( 8月第 3候 ) ;东亚夏季风在中国东北区建立前后的候降雨量增加和撤退前后候降雨量递减十分显著 ,建立时水汽场由辐散转变为辐合。文中还定义了中国东北区强夏季风的年份 (建立的时间早 ,且累积候≥ 4候的年份 )为1981,1988,1990和 1994年 ,与国内学者定义的强夏季风年基本一致 ;在中国东北区没有建立东亚夏季风的年份为1980 ,1983,1987,1991,     

THE ANALYSIS OF MECHANISM OF IMPACT OF AEROSOLS ON EAST ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON INDEX AND ONSET

RegCM4.3, a high-resolution regional climate model, which includes five kinds of aerosols(dust, sea salt,sulfate, black carbon and organic carbon), is employed to simulate the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) from 1995 to 2010 and the simulation data are used to study the possible impact of natural and anthropogenic aerosols on EASM.The results show that the regional climate model can well simulate the EASM and the spatial and temporal distribution of aerosols. The EASM index is reduced by about 5% by the natural and anthropogenic aerosols and the monsoon onset time is also delayed by about a pentad except for Southeast China. The aerosols heat the middle atmosphere through absorbing solar radiation and the air column expands in Southeast China and its offshore areas. As a result, the geopotential height decreases and a cyclonic circulation anomaly is generated in the lower atmosphere. Northerly wind located in the west of cyclonic circulation weakens the low-level southerly wind in the EASM region. Negative surface radiative forcing due to aerosols causes downward motion and an indirect meridional circulation is formed with the low-level northerly wind and high-level southerly wind anomaly in the north of 25° N in the monsoon area, which weakens the vertical circulation of EASM. The summer precipitation of the monsoon region is significantly reduced,especially in North and Southwest China where the value of moisture flux divergence increases.     

ENSO对东亚夏季风强度的影响

夏季风的形成和强弱变化是季风问题中的一个重要方面。本文使用１９５１￣１９９２年的海平面气压（ＳＬＰ）和太平洋海表温度（ＳＳＴ）资料,地东亚夏季负强度指数进行研究,试探讨其与ＥＮＳＯ间的联系。结果表明,厄尔尼诺当年,东亚季风偏弱,次年夏季风偏强;反厄尔尼诺年反之。     

INTERDECADAL CHANGE OF DIABATIC FORCING OVER KEY REGION OF THE MARITIME CONTINENT AND ITS POSSIBLE RELATIONS WITH THE EAST ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON ANOMALIES

The Maritime Continent(MC) is an important region where the Tropical Pacific and the Indian Ocean interact with each other via "the atmospheric bridge" and a key region for the interaction between the Asian and Australian monsoons. Using the NCEP/NCAR and CMAP monthly mean reanalysis over the period of 1979-2012, the interdecadal variations of diabatic forcing over the key region of the Maritime Continent and its possible relations with the East Asian summer monsoon have been investigated in the present paper. Our results show that climate variations in the Maritime Continent is particularly significant in the area of 95-145°E, 10°S-10°N, which is thus defined as the key area of the MC(i.e., KMC area). Without the input of latent heat release in the atmosphere, distinct interdecadal change of diabatic heating is found to exist from 1979 to 2012; it intensified before 1980 s and peaked in the late 1980 s and weakened after this period. By analyzing each individual component that contributes to the diabatic heating in the KMC area, surface latent heat flux and net long-wave radiation in the atmosphere are found to be the two dominant components. With negative diabatic heating anomalies over KMC, there will be more precipitation on islands and less precipitation over sea, and more rainfall around the equator, which is in correspondence with the convergence center around the equator in the KMC area. Along the meridional-vertical section averaged between 115-120 ° E, the well-defined vertical circulation anomalies are observed with the ascending branches over KMC and the area around 30°N respectively, and the descending branch over the South China Sea. Water vapor transports from the Bay of Bengal and South China Sea to eastern China to benefit the positive precipitation anomalies. The meridional-vertical circulation in East Asia plays a critical role in linking the interdecadal variability of diabatic heating over the KMC and East Asian summer monsoon anomalies.