基于坐标变换与随机Hough变换的抛物线运动目标检测算法

该文提出了一种在雷达坐标平面中检测匀加速机动目标抛物线轨迹的新算法。该算法将抛物线方程的坐标变换与随机Hough变换三点检测法结合起来检测任意方向的抛物线轨迹,并利用所检测到的点迹的速度信息来消除虚假目标。Monte Carlo仿真表明,在密集杂波条件下,高检测概率会带来高的虚警概率;而在稀疏杂波条件下,检测效果比较好。     

海面杂波背景下红外图像中舰船目标的检测

复杂杂波背景下,海面红外图像中舰船目标检测的关键是如何降低虚警、检测出真正的目标.为了实现这个目标,首先利用Haar小波函数进行小波变换,对图像进行预处理;然后进行恒虚警检测(CFAR);第三步采用行程法对检测的目标进行标记;最后采用管道滤波法剔出虚假目标,检测出真正的目标.经仿真实验证明,此方法能有效地降低虚警,在复杂杂波背景中检测出目标.     

用于HRR雷达在非高斯杂波中进行起伏目标检测的基于Hough变换的两种算法之比较

在HRR雷达中,当目标尺寸大于雷达波长和雷达距离分辨单元时,在连续扫描过程中从目标不同散射中心返回的目标回波会产生不同的方向图,使传统杂波抑制方法无效。提出采用Hough变换来解决这个问题。Hough变换是一种在图像中识别曲线的著名变换。比较了两种基于Hough变换的雷达检测算法,一是将数据空间中的点映射到ρ-θ空间中的曲线的传统模式,另一种模式采用斜率-截距参数空间Hough变换。斜率-截距模式的效率通过仿真进行验证。与传统模式相比,Hough变换的斜率-截距模式的性能更好。针对非起伏目标及四种Swerling类目标,研究了在瑞利分布、Weibull分布、对数正态分布和K分布杂波下,Hough变换检测器的斜率-截距模式对HRR雷达信号的检测性能。还研究了目标速度和脉冲数的影响。通过Monte-Carlo仿真对Hough变换检测器的目标检测性能进行了分析。     

线性调频航管雷达风电场杂波背景下目标检测

传统动目标检测(Moving Target Detector, MTD)技术无法抑制具有频谱展宽特性的风电场杂波,可能导致目标检测概率下降和虚警率上升等问题。针对此问题,提出了一种线性调频航管雷达风电场杂波背景下的目标检测方法。该方法先进行风电场杂波抑制,再对杂波抑制后的数据基于MTD进行飞机目标检测。文中给出的风电场杂波抑制方法中,首先将传统谱中心补偿的风电场杂波抑制方法应用到线性调频体制雷达,针对此时存在的旁瓣抑制后的主瓣展宽问题,利用雷达参数信息优化恒虚警率(Constant False-Alarm Rate, CFAR)检测方法,再根据目标与杂波相对位置不同采用不同的方法抑制杂波。对于目标与杂波扩展主瓣在不同距离单元时,基于谱中心补偿及基于雷达参数的CFAR检测方法来检测并抑制风电场杂波;对于目标与杂波扩展主瓣在相同距离单元的情况,基于匹配追踪（Matching Pursuit,MP）算法抑制风电场杂波。仿真数据与实测数据实验结果表明该方法在保证有效检测目标的前提下能降低风电场杂波引起的虚警率。      

海上激光雷达强度-空间联合滤波方法

针对水面无人艇（USV）近距离海上实时目标检测时受海杂波影响严重的问题，结合海杂波空间分布特征和点云回波强度信息，提出了一种强度-空间联合过滤方法。该方法首先将点云按照距离做区域划分；接着对不同区域根据激光回波强度随距离的变化关系设置初始阈值，过滤原始点云低强度海杂波；然后对剩余的点云采取离群点滤波算法，过滤稀疏高强度海杂波，得到目标点云；最后提取离群点滤波中的空间离群点强度特征，对强度阈值滤波参数进行自适应修正。滤波方法在实船上进行了测试，实验结果表明相比于现有的全局激光回波强度阈值过滤方法，所提算法在性能上有明显提升，应用于聚类算法后其虚警率和漏警率分别平均降低了4.34%和10.47%，可以为无人艇航行避碰提供有力支撑。     

机载对海雷达杂波抑制性能分析

为确保能够在海杂波背景中检测小目标,必须采取有效的杂波抑制方法。文中首先通过理论分析和实测数据验证,分析海杂波对检测虚警率的影响,研究分析表明若采用特定门限系数,不同海况下的虚警分布有非常大的差别。在前述分析的基础上,本文对扫描间积累的效果进行了仿真和实测数据验证,比较了不同二进制积累逻辑下的杂波抑制效能。仿真和测试结果均表明扫描间积累可实现虚警率的有效控制,而且随着积累时间的增加,杂波抑制效果更为理想。     

混合背景下雷达导引头检测性能分析

以低空雷达导引头目标检测为背景,综合分析了杂波与热噪声对雷达导引头目标检测性能的影响效果.假定雷达导引头检测阶段依次采用匹配滤波、平方律检波、非相参积累、单元平均恒虚警率检测以及双门限检测,理论推导得到了K分布杂波与瑞利分布热噪声环境下雷达导引头虚警概率和检测概率数学表达式.在此基础上,仿真给出了多种场景下的雷达导引头检测性能,分析了杂波与热噪声对雷达检测性能的综合影响效果.分析结果表明:杂波形状参数越小、杂噪比越大,雷达导引头检测概率越低;雷达导引头检测概率下降速度随着杂波形状参数和杂噪比的减小逐渐加快;检测概率一定时,雷达导引头检测不同起伏类型目标所需的信杂噪比差异受混合背景起伏度的影响较小.     

基于多向背景预测的红外弱小目标检测

杂波背景中的弱小目标检测是红外图像处理中的一个重要问题。普通的二维滤波背景预测方法可以用来检测图像中的小目标,但是也存在对复杂场景的适应性差,杂波边缘虚警高的问题。通过分析二维最小均方滤波背景预测算法的方向特性,在对图像四邻域滤波残差进行像素级加权融合后,得到了一种基于多方向融合自适应滤波背景预测的弱小目标检测方法。对构造图像和实际红外云杂波场景中的小目标检测仿真表明,该方法对不同背景适应性较强,在保持目标检测概率的同时显著抑制了杂波边缘虚警,有效提高了杂波背景中小目标的检测性能。      

基于子孔径Hough变换的SAR转动目标检测

受杂波影响,转动目标SAR回波在距离压缩域呈现断续正弦曲线特征而不易检测。提出一种基于子孔径Hough变换的转动目标检测方法,对全孔径进行分段积累检测,在子孔径内通过FFT将同一距离单元上的信号相干积累以提高信噪比,在孔径间采用广义Hough变换进行非相干积累进一步抑制杂波。该方法适用于硬件开销更小的单通道系统,两级检测获得稳健的杂波抑制性能和更优越的转动目标检测和测量性能。实验仿真结果验证了方法的有效性。     

基于支撑向量机的地杂波虚警抑制技术

由于杂波的非均匀特性,传统杂波抑制技术的杂波滤除能力有限。在强杂波环境下,处理后回波仍残留大量虚警。文中提出了新的点迹滤波技术,用于抑制杂波虚警。针对地面动目标检测体制雷达,通过提取目标和杂波的五种分类特征和五种先验特征,使用主成分分析和支撑向量机方法过滤虚假点迹。试验结果表明:文中提取的特征和设计的分类器, 可在较少目标损失下,有效地抑制地杂波虚警。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.