高血压脑出血术后并发院内感染

目的 研究重症高血压脑出血病人术后院内感染的临床特征及处理对策。方法 回顾性研究我院1998年1月至2001年6月收治外科手术治疗的高血压脑出血88例病人的资料,分析术后并发院内感染时间、类型、部位以及治疗方法。结果88例外科手术治疗的高血压脑出血病人中并发院内感染15例(17％)。两组在年龄、平均住院天数、血肿大小与部位等无明显差异。15例院内感染中,肺部感染10例,泌尿系感染3例,颅内感染2例。经治疗,感染控制14例,死亡1例。结论 重症高血压脑出血手术治疗后存在高的感染率,感染与年龄及住院时间无关,及时积极治疗可使感染得到良好控制。     

高血压脑出血卒中后抑郁风险因素相关性研究

目的 探讨高血压脑出血患者卒中后抑郁相关影响因素。方法 前瞻性录入65例急性高血压脑出血患者临床和计算机断层扫描（computer tomography,CT）影像资料,评估患者发病14d和3个月卒中后抑郁发生情况及生存质量状况,对临床资料和CT影像特征与卒中后抑郁的关系进行单因素和多因素分析。结果 65例患者中有57例完成14d随访,53例完成3个月随访。脑出血发病14d和3个月卒中后抑郁的发生率分别为35.1%和38.9％。单因素分析显示入院后首次美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表评分（thenational institutes of health stroke scale, NIHSS）与高血压脑出血发病后14d卒中后抑郁相关（P =0.027）。性别、出血部位和出血量与脑出血发病后3个月卒中后抑郁相关：与非抑郁组比较,抑郁组患者男性比例较低（P =0.038）,基底节出血比例较高（P =0.031）,平均出血量大（P =0.046）。多因素分析显示出血量是高血压脑出血患者发病3个月卒中后抑郁的风险预测因素（P =0.049）。结论 NIHSS评分和CT影像特征可作为高血压脑出血卒中后抑郁的评价指标,将CT影像与神经功能缺损程度评分有机结合可为脑出血综合性治疗策略的建立提供客观依据。     

脑内镜治疗30例高血压性脑出血

目的探讨脑内镜直视下清除高血压性脑出血的手术技巧及治疗效果.方法回顾性分析脑内镜直视下清除30例高血压脑出血病人的临床资料.结果血肿完全清除17例,大部清除(清除量＞80%)13例.存活26例,死亡4例.随访26例,随访时间6～60月,按GOS计分对预后进行评估优20例,良3例,中2例,差1例.结论脑内镜直视下清除治疗高血压脑出血具有操作简便,手术创伤小,血肿清除彻底,止血可靠,手术时间短等优点,是高血压脑出血微侵袭外科治疗的一种新方法.     

高血压性脑出血CT影像学与预后相关性研究

目的 研究高血压性脑出血CT表现与预后的关系.方法 304例高血压性脑出血患者于入院当天行颅脑CT检查,并随访至发病后6个月,观察其预后与CT表现的关联.结果 出血量、出血部位及血肿是否破入脑室是估测脑出血患者预后的有效参数.将以上3个参数综合起来组建方程1与方程2来估测预后.另收集122例高血压性脑出血患者对方程进行复核.结论 通过方程1与方程2可以将出血量、出血部位及血肿是否破人脑室3个参数综合起来更确切地估测脑出血患者的预后.     

尼莫地平对高血压性脑出血破入脑室患者脑循环动力学参数的影响

目的 探讨尼莫地平治疗高血压性脑出血破入脑室的疗效和作用机制.方法 用尼莫地平治疗高血压性脑出血破入脑室患者,比较治疗组与对照组的脑循环动力学参数、治疗有效率、头颅CT片上的血肿量和水肿面积大小.结果 治疗组用药后脑循环动力学参数中的平均血流速度(Vmean)、平均血流量(Qmean)值较对照组用药后有明显的增高(P＜0.05),外周血管阻力(R)、临界压力(CP)较对照组明显下降(P＜0.01),其中Vmean、Qmean、R与CP值在治疗组治疗后双侧无明显差异;治疗组的治疗好转例数明显较对照组高;治疗组治疗前后的水肿面积积分差、血肿量积分差与对照组没有明显差异.结论 尼莫地平治疗高血压性脑出血破入脑室者具有增加脑血流量、降低脑血管阻力、调节脑血管功能、减少可能的广泛脑血管痉挛、提高近期治疗效果作用,但对血肿量和水肿面积无作用.     

Asymptomatic Brain Abscess with Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Neurocritical Care -     

Impact of Early Enteral Nutrition on In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with Hypertensive Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Objective

We conducted this study to evaluate the clinical impact of early enteral nutrition (EN) on in-hospital mortality and outcome in patients with critical hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 123 ICH patients with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 3-12. We divided the subjects into two groups : early EN group (< 48 hours, n = 89) and delayed EN group (≥ 48 hours, n = 34). Body weight, total intake and output, serum albumin, C-reactive protein, infectious complications, morbidity at discharge and in-hospital mortality were compared with statistical analysis.

Results

The incidence of nosocomial pneumonia and length of intensive care unit stay were significantly lower in the early EN group than in the delayed EN group (p < 0.05). In-hospital mortality was less in the early EN group than in the delayed EN group (10.1% vs. 35.3%, respectively; p = 0.001). By multivariate analysis, early EN [odds ratio (OR) 0.229, 95% CI : 0.066-0.793], nosocomial pneumonia (OR = 5.381, 95% CI : 1.621-17.865) and initial GCS score (OR = 1.482 95% CI : 1.160-1.893) were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients with critical hypertensive ICH.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that early EN is an important predictor of outcome in patients with critical hypertensive ICH.     

高血压性脑出血患者早期手术与预后的相关性评价

目的颅内血肿体积在临床上可作为高血压性脑出血(ICH)急性期治疗方法选择和预后评价的重要参考指标,探讨非手术治疗和手术治疗对ICH早期预后的影响。方法回顾性分析291例幕上和幕下小脑出血患者的病史、临床指标和CT影像学资料。根据公式1/2ABC测量血肿的出血量,收集患者的美国国立卫生研究院卒中评分(NIHSS)、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)和国际颅内出血外科治疗试验应用的预后评估(STICH预后评估)评分结果,评价患者术后的早期预后。2P1例ICH患者中220例未行手术治疗(非手术治疗组),71例行手术治疗(手术治疗组)。应用STICH预后评估评分将所有病例分为预后良好(评分≥27.672分)和预后不良(评分27.672分)。结果预后良好的ICH患者行早期手术治疗后的效果并不明显,与非手术治疗组相似(P=0.726);但预后不良中,早期进行手术治疗比非手术治疗患者或有一定的获益(P=0.004)。结论 STICH预后评估评分是一种简单有效的评估工具,根据评分有可能提示对预后不良的ICH患者采用手术治疗方案可更好地挽救患者生命,有利于早期神经功能的恢复。     

Lactate-to-Pyruvate Ratio as a Marker of Propofol Infusion Syndrome After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background  

Propofol infusion syndrome (PRIS) is a rare but frequently fatal condition. It is characterized by cardiovascular collapse and metabolic derangement due to propofol exposure. The pathophysiology of PRIS is poorly understood, and its study has previously been limited to animal models and clinical observations. We present the first in vivo brain biochemical data in a patient with PRIS.     

改善血肿周围缺血对高血压性脑出血预后的初步报告

目的：观察改善血肿周围缺血对脑出血血肿和水肿及神经功能的影响。方法：２１例脑出血患者随机分组,观察血肿、水肿体积和神经功能缺失评分。结果：（１）低右、血栓通组第１０天血肿体积明显缩小;（２）低右组第４、１０、２１天水肿体积缩小;（３）ＥＳＳ／ＣＳＳ评分与血肿体积显著相关,与水肿体积中度相关;（４）低右组改善治疗后第４、１０、２１天的ＥＳＳ／ＣＳＳ;血栓通组的第２１天ＥＳＳ／ＣＳＳ改善。结论：低右和血栓通能改善血肿周围缺血、促进血肿吸收、促进水肿的消退,改善临床神经功能。     

White Matter Lesion Severity is Associated with Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background: Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and white matter lesion (WML) severity are associated with higher rates of death and disability in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). A prior report identified an increased risk of IVH with greater WML burden but did not control for location of ICH. We sought to determine whether a higher degree of WML is associated with a higher risk of IVH after controlling for ICH location. Methods: Utilizing the patient population from 2 large ICH studies; the Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors for Hemorrhagic Stroke (GERFHS III) Study and the Ethnic/Racial Variations of Intracerebral Hemorrhage study, we graded WML using the Van Swieten Scale (0-1 for mild, 2 for moderate, and 3-4 for severe WML) and presence or absence of IVH in baseline CT scans. We used multivariable regression models to adjust for relevant covariates. Results: Among 3023 ICH patients, 1260 (41.7%) had presence of IVH. In patients with IVH, the proportion of severe WML (28.6%) was higher compared with patients without IVH (21.8%) (P < .0001). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that moderate-severe WML, deep ICH, and increasing ICH volume were independently associated with presence of IVH. We found an increased risk of IVH with moderate-severe WML (OR = 1.38; 95%Cl 1.03-1.86, P = .0328) in the subset of lobar hemorrhages. Conclusions: Moderate to severe WML is a risk for IVH. Even in lobar ICH hemorrhages, severe WML leads to an independent increased risk for ventricular rupture.     

Initial Troponin Level as a Predictor of Prognosis in Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Objective

It has been suggested that elevated cardiac troponin T (cTnT) level is a marker of increased risk of mortality in acute ischemic stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). However, the association of serum cTnT level and prognosis of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has been sparsely investigated. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between cTnT level and the outcome in patients with spontaneous ICH.

Methods

We retrospectively investigated 253 patients identified by a database search from records of patients admitted in our department for ICH between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2007. The patients were divided into 2 groups; the patients in group 1 (n=225) with serum cTnT values of 0.01 ng/mL or less, and those in group 2 (n=28) with serum cTnT values greater than 0.01 ng/mL.

Results

The serum cTnT level was elevated in 28 patients. There were significant differences in sex, hypertension, creatine kinase-myocardial band, midline shift, side of hematoma, and presence of intraventricular hemorrhage between the 2 groups. Logistic regression analysis identified the level of consciousness on admission, cTnT and midline shift as independent predictors of hospital mortality.

Conclusion

Theses results suggest that increased serum cTnT level at admission is associated with in-hospital mortality and the addition of a serum cTnT assay to routine admission testing should be considered in patients with ICH.     

Management of Acute Hypertensive Response in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Patients After ATACH-2 Trial

Acute hypertensive response is elevation of systolic blood pressure (SBP) in the first 24 h after symptom onset which is highly prevalent in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Observational studies suggested association between acute hypertensive response and hematoma expansion, peri-hematoma edema and death and disability, and possible reduction in these adverse outcomes with treatment of acute hypertensive response. Recent clinical trials have focused on determining the clinical efficacy of early intensive SBP reduction in ICH patients. The Antihypertensive Treatment of Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage (ATACH-2) trial was the latest phase 3 randomized controlled multicenter clinical trial aimed to study the efficacy of early intensive reduction of SBP in ICH patients. In this review article, we summarize the results of recent clinical trials, treatment principles based on the latest guidelines, and the anticipated interpretation and incorporation of ATACH-2 trial results in clinical practice.     

Progressive Cerebral Ischemia and Intracerebral Hemorrhage after Indirect Revascularization for a Patient with Cerebral Proliferative Angiopathy

We previously reported a patient with cerebral proliferative angiopathy (CPA) who showed cerebral ischemia in resting and acetazolamide-stressed N-isopropyl-p-[¹²³I] iodoamphetamine single-photon emission computed tomography (¹²³I-IMP-SPECT). At onset, the patient was treated conservatively. However, during the 2 years following initial onset, his hemiparesis and aphasia had gradually aggravated and his IQ scores were markedly decreased. MRI revealed progressive vascular proliferation and brain atrophy. ¹²³I-IMP-SPECT showed more severely impaired cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrovascular reactivity over the affected hemisphere. We performed an indirect revascularization to augment CBF; however, his neurological deficits were not improved and new arteriovenous shunts via extracranial-intracranial bypass were developed, followed by an asymptomatic small intracerebral hemorrhage.There are no reports on CPA patients who have shown cerebral hemorrhage after indirect revascularization. Treatments for CPA are still challenging and controversial. Cases with severe stenosis of the proximal arteries may benefit from indirect revascularization. But indirect bypass should not be indicated for such patients without main arterial stenosis, even if they have persistent ischemia.     

高血压性脑出血患者钻孔引流手术后继发性脑梗死的危险因素分析

目的 探索高血压性脑出血（hypertensivecerebralhemorrhage,HICH）患者钻孔引流手术后继发性脑梗死的危险因素。方法 连续纳入2017年1月—2020年1月在南京同仁医院神经外科行钻孔引流术治疗的HICH患者的临床资料,进行回顾性分析。根据术后1～7 d头颅CT检查是否存在继发性脑梗死,分为继发性脑梗死组和无继发性脑梗死组。通过单因素分析和多因素logistic回归分析筛选出HICH患者继发性脑梗死的独立危险因素,并构建继发性脑梗死的风险预测模型。采用ROC曲线、校准曲线、临床决策曲线评价模型的区分度、准确度和有效性。结果 本研究共纳入210例HICH患者,其中24例术后继发性脑梗死,发生率为11.43%。单因素分析显示,继发性脑梗死组高血压病史时间（年）、收缩压、舒张压、糖尿病比例、血肿量、脑水肿分布范围、脑组织移位距离、hs-CRP和尿酸（uricacid,UA）水平均高于无继发性脑梗死组,服用扩血管药物比例患者低于无继发性脑梗死组,上述差异均有统计学意义。多因素分析显示,高血压病史时间长（OR 1.642,95%CI 1.175～1.892,P<...     

Asymptomatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage May Worsen Clinical Outcomes in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Undergoing Thrombectomy

Background: Asymptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (AICH) is a common phenomenon in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) who were treated with endovascular thrombectomy (ET). This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effects of AICH and its risk factors in this patient population. Methods: This observational study was based on a prospective registry study. AIS patients with large-vessel occlusion in the anterior circulation and treated with ET were recruited. During thrombectomy procedures, intra-arterial infusion of thrombolytics or antiplatelet and permanent stenting were used as remedial therapies. The primary outcome was the overall distribution of modified Rankin scale (mRS) 90 days after ET. Results: This study included 102 patients (61.1 ± 12.7 years old), in whom 39 patients (38.2%) experienced AICH. At 90-day follow-up, the median mRS was 2 (interquartile range [IQR] 0-3) for patients without AICH and 4 (IQR 2-6) for those with AICH (adjusted P = .005). Fourteen patients with AICH and 7 patients without AICH died, which was significantly different (35.9% versus 11.1%, adjusted P = .015). Thirty-nine patients (61.9%) without AICH and 14 patients (35.9%) with AICH achieved functional independence at 3-month follow-up (adjusted P = .117). The length of intensive care unit staying was 5 days (IQR 2-10) in patients without AICH and 8 days (IQR 3-19) in those with AICH (adjusted P = .840). In multivariate analysis, lower Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) (adjusted P = .003) and adjunctively intra-arterial thrombolysis (adjusted P = .016) were independently associated with AICH. Conclusions: In AIS patients treated with ET AICH appears to be associated with worse functional outcomes and high mortality. Lower ASPECTS and adjectively intra-arterial thrombolysis were independent risk factors of AICH.     

Inferior Vena Cava Distensibility as a Predictor of Fluid Responsiveness in Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background  

The objective of our study is to assess the reliability of the distensibility of the inferior vena cava (dIVC), as measured by ultrasound, as an indicator of fluid responsiveness in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.     

高血压性脑出血血肿周围脑组织细胞间粘附分子-1的表达

目的探讨急性高血压性脑出血患者细胞间粘附分子-1(ICAM-1)在血肿周围脑组织和正常脑组织中的表达及其意义。方法选择30例行开颅手术治疗的急性高血压性脑出血患者,采用免疫组化技术检测ICAM-1在血肿周围脑组织及正常脑组织中的表达。结果实验组血肿周围脑组织可见ICAM-1的表达水平上调,其表达水平明显高于正常脑组织的表达水平(P<0.01)。神经元和血管内皮细胞共同表达ICAM-1,且神经元表达较明显。结论ICAM-1在人类高血压性脑出血血肿周围脑组织的表达水平上调,其表达上调可能参与了血肿周围脑组织的白细胞浸润,最终引发炎性反应和继发性脑损伤。     

Plasma Endothelin-1 as Screening Marker for Cerebral Vasospasm After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background

Cerebral vasospasm complicating subarachnoid hemorrhage causes ischemic stroke and worsens the neurological outcome. The potential role of endothelin-1 in vasospasm pathogenesis may provide therapeutic opportunities. A recent meta-analysis however, did not support the use of endothelin antagonists. Apart from clinical assessment, transcranial Doppler and interval angiography, there are no sensitive screening markers for evolving vasospasm. We investigate the ability of serial measurement of endothelin-1 to predict the development of vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Methods

Endothelin-1 levels in cerebrospinal fluid and blood were measured daily in 20 patients admitted to the ICU with subarachnoid hemorrhage from days 1 to 10 following the inception bleed. In addition to clinical assessment, patients had daily transcranial Doppler. Digital subtraction angiography was performed on the suspicion of vasospasm based upon clinical or transcranial Doppler assessment. Neuron-specific enolase and SB100 were measured in blood as comparative biomarkers of neurological injury.

Results

Mean plasma endothelin-1 on day 5, was 4.2 mcg/L (CI 3.1–5.8) in patients with vasospasm compared to 2.5 mcg/L (CI 1.5–4.0) in those without vasospasm (P = 0.047). There were no time-related differences in cerebrospinal fluid endothelin-1, plasma NSE, or SB100 for patients with and without vasospasm.

Conclusions

In patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and vasospasm, endothelin-1 is significantly higher in plasma than in CSF on day 5. Neither NSE nor SB100 is associated with the development of vasospasm. Measurement of serial plasma endothelin-1 concentration is a potential screening marker of vasospasm.