神经外科患者下呼吸道感染病原菌分布与耐药性分析

目的探讨神经外科患者下呼吸道感染的病原菌分布特点及对抗菌药物的耐药性,为神经外科预防医院感染及合理应用抗菌药物提供依据。方法收集医院2012年1月-2013年6月收治的972例神经外科下呼吸道感染患者的痰标本,对其进行病原菌检测及药敏试验,数据采用WHONET5.3软件进行统计分析。结果 972份痰培养标本检出病原菌286株,检出率为29.42%,其中革兰阴性菌173株占60.49%,革兰阳性菌82株占28.67%,真菌31株占10.84%,前4位病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌,分别占20.63%、14.33%、12.24%、9.79%;大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌对氨苄西林的耐药率为100.00%,肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为0,革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶耐药率较低,其中金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌对万古霉素的耐药率为0,金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素的耐药率为100.00%。结论神经外科住院患者下呼吸道感染病原菌主要为革兰阴性菌,主要病原菌的耐药形式较为严峻,应根据药敏试验结果严格使用抗菌药物,采取有效措施,控制医院感染的发生。     

下呼吸道感染常见病原菌分布及其耐药性分析

目的 探讨住院患者下呼吸道感染病原菌的临床分布特点及耐药状况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考.方法 对2005～2008年住院患者下呼吸道感染痰标本所分离的病原菌,进行菌种和耐药情况回顾性统计分析.结果 4年来医院下呼吸道感染的病例中共分离出4154株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌2650株,占63.8%;革兰阳性菌980株,占23.6%;真菌524株,占12.6%;下呼吸道感染病原菌前几位依次为铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和金黄色葡萄球菌等;铜绿假单胞菌和鲍氏不动杆菌呈多药耐药且对亚胺培南耐药率上升明显;除亚胺培南外,肠杆菌科细菌对其他抗菌药物的耐药率呈逐年上升趋势;产ESBLs菌株的耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs菌株;金黄色葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的分离率较高.结论 下呼吸道感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,主要的病原菌对临床常用抗菌药物耐药呈上升趋势,临床应加强病原菌耐药的监测,合理应用抗菌药物,以延缓病原菌耐药性的产生.     

呼吸科病房病原菌分布及耐药性研究

目的 分析医院2011年呼吸科病房下呼吸道感染患者病原菌分布特点及其耐药性,为临床科学用药提供依据.方法 对下呼吸道感染住院患者送检的痰标本中分离出病原菌,用全自动细菌鉴定及药敏测定仪进行耐药性监测.结果 2822例下呼吸道感染住院患者中,共分离出革兰阴性菌326株占74.8％;革兰阳性菌110株占25.2％;检出率排前5位的病原菌依次为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌;肺炎克雷伯菌及大肠埃希菌中产ESBLs株分别占38.6％和58.4％,产ESBLs株对多种抗菌药物的耐药率均显著高于非产酶株;铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星、妥布霉素、哌拉西林、环丙沙星及亚胺培南的敏感率＞70.0％,鲍氏不动杆菌对临床常用抗菌药物耐药率较高,未检出耐万古霉素、利奈唑胺金黄色葡萄球菌.结论 对该地区病原菌进行监测,掌握常见病原菌分布及耐药特点,对合理选择抗菌药物非常重要.     

心内科医院呼吸道病原菌感染分析

目的了解心内科患者医院呼吸道感染病原菌的分布特点及耐药性,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对2011年1月-2012年6心内科呼吸道感染患者痰液分离出的病原菌,采用法国生物梅里埃公司生产的VITEK-2全自动细菌鉴定及药敏分析仪对细菌进行鉴定及药敏分析。结果分离出168株病原菌,革兰阴性杆菌127株占75.6%,革兰阳性球菌26株占15.5%,真菌15株占8.9%。位居前三位的分别是肺炎克雷伯菌40株占23.8%、鲍曼不动杆菌29株占17.3%和铜绿假单胞菌28株占16.7%。革兰阳性球菌均为金黄色葡萄球菌26株占15.5%。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的肺炎克雷伯菌检出率为55.0%,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的检出率为46.2%。鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星及哌拉西林/他唑巴坦耐药率低。万古霉素敏感率为100.0%,仍是治疗金黄色葡萄球菌感染特别是MRSA的首选药物。结论心内科患者呼吸道感染病原菌以多重耐药的革兰阴性杆菌为主,临床应根据药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物,减少感染的发生。     

神经外科医院呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解神经外科患者医院呼吸道感染病原菌的分布特点及耐药性,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对2011年1月-2012年6月神经外科呼吸道感染患者痰液分离出的病原菌,采用法国生物梅里埃公司生产的VITEK-2全自动细菌鉴定及药敏分析仪对细菌进行鉴定及药敏分析。结果分离出168株病原菌,革兰阴性杆菌127株,占75.6%,革兰阳性球菌26株,占15.5%,真菌15株,占8.9%。位居前三位的分别是肺炎克雷伯菌40株,占23.8%、鲍曼不动杆菌29株,占17.3%、铜绿假单胞菌28株,占16.7%。革兰阳性球菌均为金黄色葡萄球菌26株,占15.5%。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的肺炎克雷伯菌检出率为55.0%,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的检出率46.2%。鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星及哌拉西林/他唑巴坦耐药率低。万古霉素敏感率为100.0%,仍是治疗金黄色葡萄球菌感染特别是MRSA的首选药物。结论神经外科患者呼吸道感染病原菌以多重耐药的革兰阴性杆菌为主,临床应根据药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物,减少感染的发生。     

呼吸病房下呼吸道医院感染病原菌监测及耐药性

目的探讨呼吸科病房下呼吸道医院感染病原菌的分布和耐药特征,指导临床合理用药。方法收集从呼吸科患者痰液标本中分离的159株病原菌,进行细菌鉴定和药敏实验,并对革兰阴性杆菌进行ESBLs的检测。结果呼吸道感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主(69.8%),列前5位的是铜绿假单胞菌(14.5%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(13.8%)、不动杆菌属(10.7%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(10.7%)和真菌(9.4%);产ESBLs革兰阴性杆菌的检出率为10.8%。结论革兰阴性杆菌为呼吸科病房医院感染的主要病原菌,对常用抗菌药物耐药率呈上升趋势,细菌培养和药物敏感性分析,对合理选用抗菌药物,治疗呼吸道感染具有重要意义。     

呼吸内科下呼吸道感染病原菌特点及耐药性分析

目的 分析呼吸内科下呼吸道感染病原菌特点及耐药性,为临床用药提供指导和依据.方法 回顾性分析82例下呼吸道感染患者的临床资料.结果 共分离出87株病原菌,革兰阴性菌61株占70.1％,革兰阳性菌21株占24.1％,真菌5株占5.7％;检出率最高的4种病原菌为铜绿假单胞菌占21.8％、肺炎克雷伯菌占16.1％、金黄色葡萄球菌占16.1％和大肠埃希菌占12.6％;革兰阴性菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南、美罗培南和头孢吡肟的耐药率较低,＜22.0％;金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁的耐药率为0,对其他抗菌药物均呈现出较高的耐药性.结论 呼吸内科下呼吸道感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,主要病原菌的耐药形式严峻,应加强耐药性监测.     

呼吸内科下呼吸道医院感染主要病原菌分布及耐药分析

目的 分析呼吸内科下呼吸道医院感染主要病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床治疗提供依据.方法 回顾性分析2008-2010年呼吸内科下呼吸道医院感染患者痰培养分离的病原菌鉴定和药敏结果.结果 共检出病原菌1024株,阳性率为36.9％,其中革兰阴性菌684株占66.8％,以铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌为主;革兰阳性菌46株占4.5％,以金黄色葡萄球菌为主;真菌294株占28.7％,以白色假丝酵母菌为主,鲍氏不动杆菌耐药十分严重.结论 革兰阴性菌为呼吸科下呼吸道医院感染的主要致病菌,对常用抗菌药物耐药率呈上升趋势,应加强临床细菌学的检测,根据药敏结果合理用药.     

引起医院下呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解住院患者下呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及耐药特点,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法对2003至2006年住院患者下呼吸道感染痰标本所分离的病原菌,进行菌种和耐药性回顾性统计分析。结果临床所分离的3113株病原菌中,前几位依次为铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌;铜绿假单胞菌和鲍氏不动杆菌常呈多药耐药且对亚胺培南耐药率上升明显;除亚胺培南外,肠杆菌科细菌对其他抗菌药物的耐药率总体上呈逐年上升趋势;产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）克雷伯菌属检出率为16.7%～32.5%,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌检出率〉64.4%,产ESBLs菌株的耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs菌株;金黄色葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的分离率较高。结论下呼吸道感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,主要的病原菌对临床常用抗菌药物耐药严重,临床应合理应用抗菌药物,以延缓细菌耐药性的产生。     

糖尿病患者医院感染的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析糖尿病患者发生医院感染部位、主要病原菌及抗菌药物的耐药性,为预防和治疗糖尿病发生医院感染提供临床依据。方法采用回顾性调查分析的方法,对医院内分泌科2011年1-12月糖尿病住院患者发生医院感染临床资料进行分析,采用SPSS13.0软件对数据进行统计分析。结果 1 309例糖尿病患者发生医院感染167例,感染率为12.8%;感染部位以肺部和尿路感染为主,分别占41.3%、34.1%;共分离病原菌181株,革兰阴性菌116株占64.1%,革兰阳性菌46株占25.4%,真菌19株占10.5%,排名前3位的病原菌依次为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌,分别占24.3%、17.7%、13.2%;肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南耐药率为0,对氨苄西林耐药率为100.0%,大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南耐药率为3.1%,对氨苄西林耐药率为96.9%,金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素耐药率为0,对环丙沙星耐药率为83.3%。结论糖尿病发生医院感染率高,病原菌对抗菌药物耐药性严重,应严格按照细菌培养结果合理使用抗菌药物。     

Respiratory Fit Testing for Farmworkers in the Black Dirt Region of Hudson Valley,New York

Respiratory protection in agriculture has lagged behind other industries. Migrant farmworkers often work in dusty environments yet do not receive appropriate, fitted respiratory protection. During May and June of 2013, researchers pilot-tested a respiratory protection program adapted to fit the unique needs of migrant and seasonal farmworkers. It was implemented in Spanish, with literacy support, at convenient times and locations. Additionally, staff was known to workers, and a farmworker medical center provided medical follow-up. Fifty-six farmworkers participated (68%; 82 invited). Of the participants, 88% were male; 20% reported using respiratory protection. One worker had been fit tested previously; 57% reported being exposed to pesticides. All but six farmworkers passed the medical clearance (91%). The mask most commonly fit to the American-born population was a good fit for only 41% of Latino farmworkers. The fact that two thirds of invited farmworkers participated in the clearance and over half completed mask fitting indicates that the modified protocol meets farmworker needs. A wide range of mask types should be made available for Latino farmworkers.     

Determinants of pattern of breathing during respirator use

The relationship between the pattern of breathing in response to respirator-type loads and an individual's psychophysiologic sensitivity to loads (load scaling sensitivity, LSS) was investigated in the study of 11 normal volunteers. LSS was measured by having the subjects numerically rate a series of resistors; Steven's Psychophysical Law was used to evaluate sensitivity as the slope relating log (sensation) to log (stimulus). Peak pressure and actual added resistance were the stimuli. Inspiratory time, peak pressure, duty cycle, and tidal volume were inversely related to independently measured LSS during exercise and with a respiratory-type dead space and inspiratory resistance load. Because the need for changes in respiratory timing is a major adaptation in respirator use, it suggests that workers who are very sensitive to loads may have limited ability to adapt to respirator use.     

肠内营养支持对老年呼吸衰竭患者呼吸功能的影响

近 2 0年来 ,西方主要工业化国家在心脑血管病病死率大幅度下降的同时 ,慢性呼吸系统疾病却在明显增多 ,在我国的病因统计中 (1 994年 ) [1 ] ,呼吸系病也是城乡居民病残和病死的重大疾病 ,且随着人口老龄化的出现 ,老年患者呼吸衰竭 (呼衰 )的发病率逐年增加 ,因此老年呼衰患者的有效治疗成为大家逐渐关注的问题。我科对 2 0例老年呼衰患者在临床治疗的同时给予肠内营养支持 ,取得一定疗效。1　对　象　与　方　法1 .1　对象　　患者为我院内科危重病房监护室病人 ,全部病例均符合呼衰诊断标准 [2 ] ,其中实验组 2 0例 (男1 3 ,女 7) ,年龄…     

Relative chronic effects of different occupational dusts on respiratory indices and health of workers in three Ethiopian factories

The respiratory effects of dusts in different sections of yarn, cement, and cigarette factories were studied in 211 nonsmoking male and female workers aged 21–57 years. The controls used were 211 healthy nonsmoking and nonexposed male and female subjects aged 20–57 years from the general population. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV₁), FEV₁/FVC ratio, forced expiratory flow (FEF_{200–1,200 ml}), forced mid-expiratory flow (FMF_25–75%) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were recorded in all subjects with and without respiratory symptoms. Taking exposures to all dusts of different concentrations together, it was found that the frequency of respiratory illness was greater among exposed workers (40.5% in males, 36% in females) than it was among controls (21.6% in males,18% in females). In exposed subjects, the symptom prevalence was only 4.5% higher in males than in females.The mean lung function indices, including FEV₁, FEV_1%, FEF_{200–1,200 ml}, FMF_25–75%, and PEFR, in subjects exposed to all dusts in general decreased markedly, with dust concentration being more important than duration of exposure, and FMF being affected slightly more consistently. About 38.4% of the dust-exposed subjects developed corresponding respiratory illnesses including chronic cough (24.7%), chronic bronchitis (21.8%) and bronchial asthma (24.2%). The respective control values were 9.0%, 9.5%, and 8.5%. Exposure to different occupational dusts resulted in the development of respiratory illness with different rates of prevalence. The effects of exposure to cotton and cement dusts on respiratory health of exposed subjects were relatively more significant (p < 0.001) than that of exposure to tobacco dust (p < 0.05). Am. J. Ind. Med. 34:373–380, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

婴幼儿呼吸道感染中病毒检测的临床意义

目的：了解婴幼儿急性呼吸道感染的病原学构成及临床特征,探究更快缓解临床症状的治疗方案。方法选取年龄为3个月至3岁之间因急性呼吸道感染住院治疗的婴幼儿179例,采集每例患儿鼻咽吸取物1份,运用直接免疫荧光法检测7项呼吸道病毒抗原,并分析其结果。结果在179例送检标本中,阳性检出率为35．2％,其中呼吸道合胞病毒感染占阳性标本的52．4％。病毒检测阳性患儿临床症状体征更明显（t＝5．016,P＜0．01）。结论病毒是婴幼儿呼吸道感染的主要病原,以呼吸道合胞病毒最常见。     

检测SARS患者血清中抗-SARS-CoV IgG的四种试剂盒比较

目的比较4种试剂盒检测SARS患者血清中抗-SARS-CoX IgG的灵敏度和特异度。方法用2种酶联免疫吸附试验(EIA)和2种间接免疫荧光法(IFA)试剂盒分别检测18例SARS患者的99份系列血清及123份阴性参比血清标本中抗-SARS-CoV IgG。结果在患者发病第1周，4种试剂盒均未检出抗-SARS-CoX IgG；自发病第2周，除EIA甲未能检出外，EIA乙和2种IFA均从血清中检出抗-SARS-CoV IgG，其阳性率分别为57．1％(4／7)、57．1％(4／7)和42．9％(3／7)。4种试剂盒最早检出时间分别为发病后第16、12、13和9天。于发病后第3周该4种试剂盒的检出率分别为52．6％(10／19)、94．7％(18／19)、78．9％(15／19)和84．2％(16／19)。但自发病第4周后，该4种试剂盒的检出率相同。检测123份阴性参比血清表明，除EIA乙的特异度为94．9％外，其余3种试剂盒的特异度均为100％。结论2种IFA的灵敏度和特异度均较2种EIA高；2种国产EIA试剂盒质量尚需进一步提高。     

Prevalence of Respiratory Disease and Associated Factors in an Urban Area of Delhi

Objectives:

To study the prevalence of respiratory morbidity and its associated factors in urban Delhi.

Study Design and Setting:

A cross-sectional, house-to-house survey was conducted in an urban upper middle class locality.

Materials and Methods:

All the residents aged 18 years or more were administered a questionnaire to identify the major symptoms of chronic respiratory tract disease — chronic cough, chronic phlegm, dyspnea and wheezing. The prevalence of all these symptoms in different groups was calculated. Chi square test and logistic regression were applied to determine the significant factors.

Results:

A total of 3465 individuals were interviewed of which 1756 (50.68%) were males and 1709 (49.3%) were females. Only 9.05% of the men smoked. The overall prevalence of chronic cough, chronic phlegm and dyspnea was 2.0%, 1.2% and 3.4%, respectively. The prevalence of wheezing was 3.2%. All the symptoms increased with age (P < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in these symptoms between males and females. Less educated and retired individuals were more likely to have respiratory symptoms. The prevalence of chronic cough, chronic phlegm, dyspnea and wheezing was 5.8%, 2.9%, 9.9% and 8.7%, respectively, among smokers, which was significantly higher than that observed in nonsmokers. Logistic regression analysis revealed that age and smoking remained significant factors for occurrence of all the respiratory symptoms.     

一种全能型同步呼吸机的研制

介绍一种全能型同步呼吸机的设计及实现方法。该呼吸机采用单片机控制，硬件设计合理，软件编制模块化，具有功能全，性能强，临床监护参数多，可靠性高等特点，具有很好的应用前景。     

棉田喷洒溴氰菊酯对喷药人员健康影响的研究

连续两年对44名棉田喷洒2.5％溴氰菊酯的农民进行了健康调查。结果表明,当呼吸带空气中溴氰菊酯的浓度为0.022～24.070μg/m~3,同时皮肤表面的污染量为0.013～0.347μg/cm~2时,多数人主诉面部皮肤有烧灼和刺痒感觉,个别人还伴有粟粒样红色丘疹,但是没有观察到任何急性中毒表现。血液中Na~+、K~+、尿素氮、Na~++K~+-ATP酶、5-羟色胺和尿中5-羟吲哚乙酸、3-甲氧基-4-羟基苦杏仁酸以及其它观察指标,在两组之间均无明显差异。喷药人员尿中溴氰菊酯的含量低于0.20μg/L。     

简易氧疗呼吸器的研制与应用

简易氧疗呼吸器主要用于开放式吸氧治疗呼吸衰竭无效的病人，因它能显著地提高吸入气氧浓度和改善通气，如应用得当，可使部分呼吸衰竭病人免于使用机械通气。针对不同呼吸衰竭类型按其功能可分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ3种呼吸模式。对缺血性脑血管病均能取得很好疗效。本呼吸器的构造原理符合人体生理要求，不干扰心肺功能，无应用反指征、无副作用。它具有简易、价廉、实用之特点，适合在各级医疗单位或战地医院使用，是一种很好的医疗卫生装备。