壶腹周围癌的CT诊断

目的：探讨壶腹周围癌的CT表现及其诊断价值。材料和方法：分别选取经手术和／或病理证实的壶腹周围癌23例，其中胆总管远端癌6例．胰头钩突癌(直径≤3cm)7例，壶腹癌8例．十二指肠乳头部癌12例．着重分析该部位肿瘤所共有CT直接与间接征象以及各种不同肿瘤的特征性CT表现．并与US，ERCP、PTC等影像技术进行比较．结果：壶腹周围癌的直接CT征象为胰头钩突区，胆总管远端或十二指肠乳头部的较组轵块影．显示率达91.3％．胰头钩突癌的特征性CT表现为扩张的胆总管与主胰管(双管征)间距增宽．胆总管远端癌则表现为扩张的胆总管内结节及肿块与胆总管间无界面。十二指肠乳头部癌与壶腹癌二者不易区别，十二指肠腔内缺损及合一的双管征则是典型表现．本组术前CT定性诊断符合率达86．9%．结论：运用CT检查诊断壶腹周围癌是有效而准确的方法。     

B超与CT检查在壶腹癌诊断中的临床价值

目的 :探讨B超与CT检查在壶腹癌诊断中的应用价值。方法 :对 5 9例经手术病理证实的壶腹癌进行回顾性分析 ,其中 4 1例行Whipple手术 ,18例行姑息术作内或外引流。结果 :B超与CT扫描均示壶腹部软组织肿块为壶腹癌的直接征象 ,部分壶腹癌不能明确显示肿块 ,但胆总管远端与胰管近端间距缩小 ;十二指肠腔内充盈缺损及局部肠粘膜破坏 ,壶腹段胆总管壁不规则增厚和肝内、外胆管中高度扩张、胆囊增大、双管征是壶腹癌的间接征象 ,本组CT诊断正确率为 84 .7% ,而B超为 81.3%。结论 :B超检查仍是目前诊断壶腹癌初步筛选和行之有效的首选方法 ,CT检查对壶腹癌的定位、定性和胰管的显示有其优势 ,B超和CT检查相结合可提高诊断的准确性     

恶性梗阻性黄疸的ERCP与CT对照分析

本文对比分析了８２例恶性梗阻性黄疸（包括胆管癌４５例，转移性癌２６例，胰头癌６例及壶腹周围癌５例）的ＥＲＣＰ与ＣＴ表现，主要发现：恶性胆管梗阻部位多位于肝外胆管近侧段；肝外胆管近侧段梗阻所致的肝内胆管重度扩张的发生率，远多于远侧段阻塞，在反映肝内胆管扩张程度、扩张范围方面ＣＴ优于ＥＲＣＰ，而显示病灶肿块直接征象方面ＥＲＣＰ优于ＣＴ。     

恶性梗阻性黄疸的ERC写CT对照分析

本文对比分析了８２例恶性梗阻性黄疸（包括胆管癌４５例，转移性癌２６例，胰头癌６例及壶腹周围癌５例）的ＥＲＣＰ与ＣＴ表现，主要发现：恶怀胆管梗阻部位多位于肝外胆管近侧段；肝外胆管近侧段梗阻所致的肝内胆管重度扩张的发生率，远多于远侧段阻塞，在反映肝内胆管扩张程度、扩张范围方面ＣＴ优于ＥＲＣＰ，而显示病灶肿块直接征象方面ＥＲＣＰ优于ＣＴ。     

多层螺旋CT增强扫描对壶腹周围癌诊断价值探讨

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）增强扫描在壶腹周围癌诊断和鉴别诊断中价值。方法：回顾性分析33例有完整CT检查资料,经手术病理证实的壶腹周围癌CT表现。结果：胰头癌16例,胆总管下端癌6例,壶腹癌11例,22例壶腹周围癌侵犯周围组织,全部病例表现低位胆道梗阻。CT双期动态增强较平扫进一步显示病变部位、大小、与周围组织关系、侵犯范围、血供情况、周围淋巴结及肝脏转移等表现。25例采用了后处理技术。结论：多排螺旋CT增强扫描,结合后处理技术的使用,更加直观显示壶腹周围癌直接征象、间接征象,使鉴别诊断成为可能,为临床手术治疗提供重要帮助。     

磁共振胰胆管成像的临床应用价值

目的：研究磁共振胰胆管成像（ＭＲＣＰ）的临床应用价值。材料与方法：前瞻与回顾性分析了８例正常志愿者、６例慢性胰腺炎和３３例梗阻性黄疸的ＭＲＣＰ检查。结果：ＭＲＣＰ清楚显示１４例正常左、右肝管，肝总管，胆总管和胆囊；冠状位、横轴位分别清楚显示５３９％和８６７％的正常胰管；ＭＲＣＰ结合ＭＲＩ常规平扫前瞻性诊断梗阻性黄疸的准确率为９３３％。结论：ＭＲＣＰ具有重要的临床应用价值     

壶腹周围癌的MR平扫、3D-LAVA技术及MRCP的综合征象评价

目的分析壶腹周围癌在磁共振平扫、三维多期动态增强扫描(3D-LAVA)及胰胆管水成像(MRCP)中的表现,利用3种磁共振检查方法,提高对不同类型壶腹周围癌的诊断及鉴别诊断水平。方法回顾性分析7例经手术病理证实的壶腹周围癌患者的磁共振检查表现,包括在MR平扫、3D-LAVA、3D-MRCP中病变的直接、间接征象及手术可切除性预测。结果不同组织类型病变均见不同程度上肝内外胆系扩张,胆总管末端突然"截断"呈长T1长T2信号,DWI(b=600)呈高信号,胰头癌病变较大,胆管下段癌及壶腹癌较小。3D-LAVA用以分析病变血供情况及与周围组织关系,胆总管下端癌、壶腹癌呈延迟强化,胰头癌呈强化不明显或弱的延迟强化,胰头癌均见肠系膜上静脉受侵。MRCP更好的观察胆胰管扩张情况,胆总管下端癌均见胆管扩张,胰管无扩张;胰头癌均呈"四管征"表现;壶腹癌呈长段伴行并呈聚拢的"双管征"。结论不同组织类型的壶腹周围癌在MR平扫、3D-LAVA及MRCP的征象有一定差异,综合分析3种检查征象有利于壶腹周围癌的诊断及鉴别诊断。     

磁共振胆胰管成像(附45例报告)

目的：评价磁共振胆胰管成像（ＭＲＣＰ）技术的临床价值。方法：对２０名志愿者和２５例胆胰病变的患者采用快速自旋回波和重Ｔ２－加权技术进行ＭＲＣＰ检查。结果：正常志愿者ＭＲＣＰ能显示胆囊和胆总管以及多数左右肝管和胆囊管，胰管多数能在原始冠状位像上显示，扩张的胆胰管显示满意，各种胆胰病变的诊断符合率高，梗阻性黄疸的定位和定性准确率较高。结论：ＭＲＣＰ能作为非创伤性胆胰病变的检查方法，尤其适用于梗阻性黄疸。     

低张力MRI与内窥镜对照评价十二指肠乳头区的研究

目的 探讨ＭＲＩ评价十二指肠乳头区的价值。方法 ４２例患者做了低张力ＭＲＩ、磁共振胰胆管成像（ＭＲＣＰ）及十二拽肠内窥镜对照检查。结果 ４２例患者中，ＭＲＩ清楚显示３５例十二指肠乳头，占全部病例的８３％，ＭＲＩ显示十二指肠头正常者１６例，炎性水肿１２例，早期壶腹癌７例，ＭＲＩ显示十二指肠乳头与内窥镜近似，显示壶腹癌优于内窥镜。结论 低张力ＭＲＩ结合ＭＲＣＰ可作为十二指肠乳头区全面，精细的无创检查法     

胰头周围肿块病变与胰头-壶腹癌累及周围结构的CT鉴别诊断

目的：探讨CT检查在胰头-壶腹癌累及周围结构与胰头周围肿块病变坚别诊断中的价值。方法：回顾性分析21例经临床病理证实的胰头周围肿块病变的CT表现,与同期17例病理证实的胰头-壶腹癌累及周围结构的CT表现对比。结果：胰头-壶腹癌累及周围结构与胰头周围肿块病变的病例．在胰头的形态、胰管及胆管扩张、胰腺体尾部萎缩等方面有较大差异。结论：CT检查有助于鉴别胰头周围肿块病变与胰头-壶腹癌累及周围结构。     

Differential diagnosis of periampullary carcinomas at MR imaging.

Periampullary carcinomas arise within 2 cm of the major duodenal papilla and comprise carcinomas of the ampulla, distal common bile duct, pancreas, and duodenum. Their clinical features and anatomic locations are similar, as are the therapeutic approaches; however, their long-term outcomes vary. Magnetic resonance (MR) images of 89 pathologically proved periampullary carcinomas (29 ampullary carcinomas, 27 distal common bile duct carcinomas, 21 pancreatic carcinomas, six duodenal carcinomas, and six unclassified carcinomas) were reviewed. Ampullary carcinoma manifests as a small mass, periductal thickening, or bulging of the duodenal papilla. Pancreatic carcinoma is characterized by a discrete parenchymal mass, which enhances poorly on dynamic gadolinium-enhanced images. Sometimes, two proximal and two distal pancreatic and biliary ducts appear as four separate ducts (the four-segment sign). Dilatation of side branches of the pancreatic ducts is frequently seen in pancreatic carcinoma but not in other periampullary carcinomas. Distal bile duct carcinoma manifests as luminal obliteration and wall thickening or as an intraductal polypoid mass. A dilated proximal bile duct, a nondilated distal bile duct, and a dilated or nondilated pancreatic duct may form the three-segment sign. MR cholangiopancreatography and sectional MR imaging are useful in determining the origins of periampullary carcinomas.     

肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓的影像表现

目的 探讨胆管癌栓的影像表现,以提高影像诊断水平.方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的肝细胞癌(HCC)胆管癌栓13例患者资料,其中3例进行了CT和MR检查,2例仅行CT检查,8例仅行MR检查,7例进行了MR胰胆管成像检查,13例均进行了超声检查.采用四格表Fisher 确切概率检验方法比较超声与CT、MR诊断HCC胆管癌栓的准确性.结果 13例HCC肿瘤及胆管癌栓均在CT或MRI上显示.4例胆管癌栓在CT上表现为胆管内软组织块影,动脉期可见癌栓轻度增强,癌栓远端胆管扩张.11例胆管癌栓在T1 WI上均呈稍低信号,T2 WI为稍高信号,增强后可见轻、中度强化.MR胰胆管成像上胆管癌栓表现为:胆管阻塞中断、狭窄或不规则充盈缺损伴有梗阻上方胆管扩张,胆管突然截断或呈"鼠尾"状(5例);肝内胆管扩张,癌栓充满整个胆总管.胆总管不显示(2例).超声检查准确诊断胆管癌栓7例,误、漏诊6例.CT、MRI准确诊断12例,误诊4例,超声与CT、MRI诊断胆管癌栓差异无统计学意义(P=0.270).结论 CT或MRI对诊断HCC合并胆管癌栓及明确癌栓范围有价值.     

十二指肠乳头旁憩室伴胆胰疾病CT及MRI诊断

目的:探讨十二指肠乳头旁憩室伴胆胰疾病的CT和MRI诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析25例经临床随访证实的十二指肠乳头旁憩室伴胆胰疾病的CT和MRI表现,其中21例行CT平扫及增强,9例行MRI平扫、增强以及MRCP。结果:十二指肠乳头旁憩室CT及MRI表现壶腹周围含液气囊性病灶。MRCP表现为十二指肠内侧间壶腹部突出高信号囊性病灶。25例患者中合并胆胰病变CT和/或MRI表现为胆总管及肝内胆管结石13例,胆管扩张及壁增厚强化8例,胰腺肿胀3例,胰周脂肪层模糊4例及渗出2例,肾前筋膜增厚5例,胰管串珠样扩张2例。结论:CT及MR能显示十二指肠乳头旁憩室同时显示胆胰疾病引起胆管及胰腺形态学改变,有助于十二指肠乳头旁憩室伴胆胰疾病诊断。     

胰头癌的MRI诊断及鉴别诊断

目的：探讨磁共振成像对胰头癌的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析28例经手术病理及其它方法证实的胰头痛变的MRI表现。扫描序列包括SE序列T1WI、FSE序列T2WI、T1WI FS、T2WI FS、25例行MRCP,12例行增强扫描。结果：26例MRI诊断为胰头癌,23例诊断正确。2例为胰头炎性病变误诊为胰头癌。23例胰头癌T1WI、T2WI肿瘤信号呈多样性,T1WI FS肿瘤组织低于正常胰腺组织,MRCP呈“双管征”,胆总管下端呈截断征象。结论：应用MRI多序列成像结合MRCP、能够对胰头癌进行准确定位,并有较高的定性价值。     

Pancreaticobiliary duct changes of periampullary carcinomas: quantitative analysis at MR imaging

Purpose

To quantitatively analyse the pancreaticobiliary duct changes of periampullary carcinomas with volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE) and true fast imaging with steady-state precession (true FISP) sequence, and investigate the value of these findings in differentiation and preoperative evaluation.

Materials and methods

Magnetic resonance (MR) images of 71 cases of periampullary carcinomas (34 cases of pancreatic head carcinoma, 16 cases of intrapancreatic bile duct carcinoma and 21 cases of ampullary carcinoma) confirmed histopathologically were analysed. The maximum diameter of the common bile duct (CBD) and main pancreatic duct (MPD), dilated pancreaticobiliary duct angle and the distance from the end of the proximal dilated pancreaticobiliary duct to the major papilla were measured. Analysis of variance and the Chi-squared test were performed.

Results

These findings showed significant differences among the three subtypes: the distance from the end of proximal dilated pancreaticobiliary duct to the major papilla and pancreaticobiliary duct angle. The distance and the pancreaticobiliary duct angle were least for ampullary carcinoma among the three subtypes. The percentage of dilated CBD was 94.1%, 93.8%, and 100% for pancreatic head carcinoma, intrapancreatic bile duct carcinoma and ampullary carcinoma, respectively. And that for the dilated MPD was 58.8%, 43.8%, and 42.9%, respectively.

Conclusion

Quantitative analysis of the pancreaticobiliary ductal system can provide accurate and objective assessment of the pancreaticobiliary duct changes. Although benefit in differential diagnosis is limited, these findings are valuable in preoperative evaluation for both radical resection and palliative surgery.     

胆胰管十二指肠连接区小肿瘤CT诊断及鉴别

目的 探讨胆胰管十二指肠连接区小肿瘤的ＣＴ诊断及其鉴别点,提高ＣＴ诊断的敏感性和准确性。材料与方法 连接区小癌２２例,包括胰头癌１２例（其中６例位于胰钩突）,Ｖａｔｅｒ’ｓ壶腹癌５例,胆总管下端癌５例;另胰头区炎症５例,以作对照分析,全部病例均经手术病理证实。结果 （１）连接区小癌ＣＴ表现为胰头或钩突增大变形、密度改变及十二指肠内侧壁结节,胆总管壁增厚或下端结节;胰头癌突出表现为低密度区;Ｖａｔｅ     

MRI联合序列检查在壶腹周围癌鉴别诊断中的价值

目的 探讨MRI联合序列检查在壶腹周围癌(VPC)鉴别诊断中的价值.方法 回顾性分析53例经手术病理证实的VPC患者的MRI资料(壶腹癌17例、胰头癌15例、十二指肠乳头癌10例、胆总管下段癌11例),所有患者均行常规上腹部MRI平扫、磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)及多期动态增强扫描,重点观察分析肿瘤的形态学特征、动态强化特点、胰胆管形态学改变并测量相关数据.结果 4组VPC在大小、中心位置及信号均匀性方面总体存在差异性(P＜0.05),其动态强化特点也存在差别;VPC最常出现“双管征”(26/53),胰头癌易出现“四管征”(8/15),胆总管下段癌易出现“三管征”(8/11);“鸟嘴征”多见于壶腹癌(10/17),“鼠尾征”多见于胰头癌(7/15),“截断征”多见于胆总管下段癌(10/11);胰头癌组主胰管直径最大、胆总管下段癌组最小且其差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);胰头癌组和胆总管下段癌组的胆总管梗阻末端及主胰管梗阻末端到十二指肠主乳头的距离、胰胆管汇合角度均大于壶腹癌组及十二指肠乳头癌组.结论 MRI联合序列检查能较好显示不同组织学来源VPC的影像学特征,综合分析这些特征有助于胰头壶腹区肿瘤组织学类型的鉴别.     

MRCP对诊断良恶性胆道梗阻的临床应用

目的 评价磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)对良恶性胆管梗阻的诊断价值。方法25例经病理证实的良恶性胆道梗阻包括胆囊及胆道结石10例,单纯胆囊结石3例,胆总管囊肿合并结石1例,壶腹及胰头癌6例,肝门癌3例,以及胆囊癌2例的MRCP表现进行了回顾性分析。MRCP检查是以PHILIPS GYROSCAN NT 1．0磁共振成像仪并用3D-FSE序列和常规SE序列进行的。结果在所有病人中成功地进行了MRCP检查。其表现随病变性质与部位不同而异,如肝内胆管明显扩张且呈软藤状见于肝门癌。胆总管横行截断,断端形态规则见于胆管上段腺癌。胆总管明显增宽呈壶腹状,胆囊明显增大见于胆总管囊肿。结论MRCP应成为诊断良恶性胆道梗阻的推荐方法。     

Differentiation of benign and malignant ampullary obstruction by multi-row detector CT

Purpose

To determine useful CT parameters to differentiate ampullary carcinomas from benign ampullary obstruction.

Materials and methods

This study included 93 patients who underwent abdominal CT, 31 patients with ampullary carcinomas, and 62 patients with benign ampullary obstruction. Two radiologists independently evaluated CT parameters then reached consensus decisions. Statistically significant CT parameters were identified through univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

In univariate analysis, the presence of ampullary mass, asymmetric, abrupt narrowing of distal common bile duct (CBD), dilated intrahepatic bile duct (IHD), dilated pancreatic duct (PD), peripancreatic lymphadenopathy, duodenal wall thickening, and delayed enhancement were more frequently in ampullary carcinomas observed (P?<?0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis using significant CT parameters and clinical data from univariate analysis, and clinical symptom with jaundice (P?=?0.005) was an independent predictor of ampullary carcinomas. For multivariate analysis using only significant CT parameters, abrupt narrowing of distal CBD was an independent predictor of ampullary carcinomas (P?=?0.019). Among various CT criteria, abrupt narrowing of distal CBD and dilated IHD had highest sensitivity (77.4%) and highest accuracy (90.3%).

Conclusion

The abrupt narrowing of distal CBD and dilated IHD is useful for differentiation of ampullary carcinomas from benign entity in patients without the presence of mass.

     

The role of 99mTc mebrofenin hepatobiliary scanning in predicting common bile duct stones in patients with gallstone disease

BACKGROUND: A dilated common bile duct and/or elevated serum alkaline phosphatase, raises a suspicion of bile duct stone(s) in patients with gallstones. Cholangiography, either endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), is the best method for diagnosing bile duct stones. ERCP has the disadvantage of being invasive, and there is a risk of complications; while MRCP is costly and is not widely available. AIM: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the role of hepatobiliary nuclear scanning in diagnosing bile duct stones. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with suspected common bile duct (CBD) stones underwent hepatobiliary scintigraphy. The results of scintigraphy were compared with cholangiograms obtained by ERCP in 11 patients and MRCP in 14 patients, considering MRCP/ERCP as the 'gold standard'. RESULTS: Scintigraphy showed features suggestive of CBD stones in 11 of the 25 patients. The results of ERCP/MRCP confirmed that eight of them had stones. Scintigraphy showed no features of CBD stones in the remaining 14 patients. ERCP/MRCP showed CBD stones in two of these 14 patients. Thus, scintigraphy had a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 80%. CONCLUSION: We conclude that scintigraphy has good sensitivity and specificity in predicting CBD stones in patients with gallstone disease and a dilated CBD.