Study of corrosion protection of the composite films on A356 aluminum alloy

Composite films were fabricated on A356 aluminum alloy by combined anodizing and rare earth deposition.The corrosion protection effect and corrosion behavior of the composite films in 3.5% NaCl solution were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS).SEM observation indicated that the rare earth Ce film completely sealed the porous structure of the anodic film,and the compositefilms composed of anodic film and Ce film were compact and integrated.According to the characteristics of EIS,the EIS plots of the composite films at different immersion times were simulated using the equivalent circuits of Rsol(QceRce)(QaRa),Rsol(QceRce)(QpRp)(QbRb) andRsol(QpRp)(QbRb) models,respectively.The test results showed that the Ce film at the outer layer of the composite films had good protectioneffect at the initial stage of the immersion corrosion.It effectively helped the anodic film at the inner layer to prevent chloride irons frompenetrating the aluminum alloy matrix.After 18 days,the Ce film lost its anticorrosive property,and the anodic film took the leading role ofthe corrosion protection.When the corrosion time was up to 42 days,the aluminum matrix was not corroded yet.Thus,the higher protectiondegree of the composite films for A356 aluminum alloy was attributed to the synergism effects of anodic film and rare earth Ce film.     

Physico-Chemical Behaviour of Rare Earth Elements and Ability for Corrosion Resistant

The physico-chemical behavior of rare earth elements in low sulphur 16Mn steel and their ability to enhance the corrosion resistance of the steel in sea water studied in this paper. The results indicate that Ce and La in 16Mn steel all have the abilities such as deoxidation, desulphidation, refining grains and cleaning grain boundaries and matrix etc. The anodic and cathodic polarization curves show that the rare earth elements added in 16Mn steel enhance the corrosion resistance of the steel in sea water.     

Composition and corrosion resistance of cerium conversion films on 2195Al-Li alloy

The Ce conversion films on 2195Al-Li alloy without and with post-treatment were studied and the corrosion resistance was evalu-ated as well. The surface morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the chemical composition was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The corrosion behaviors of 2195Al-Li alloy and conversion coating were assessed by means of potentiodynamic polarization curves. The experimental results indicated that after post-treatment the surface quality was improved signifi-cantly. According to XPS, the conversion coating after post-treatment was mainly composed of CeO2, Ce2O3, Ce-OH and a little MoO3 and MoO2. The results of potentiodynamic polarization curves revealed that the conversion coating with post-treatment possessed better corrosion resistance than bare alloy and Ce conversion coating without post-treatment.     

Improvement of coercivity and corrosion resistance of Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets by doping aluminium nano-particles

Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets with a small amount of Al nano-particles doping were prepared by conventional sintered method. Effect of Al content on magnetic property, corrosion resistance and oxidation properties of the magnets were studied. Investigation showed that the coercivity rose gradually, while the remanence decreased simultaneously with increase of Al doping amount. Further investigation revealed that most Al element diffused into the main phase and some Al element diffused into the Nd-rich phase. The autoclave test results showed that the corrosion rate of the magnets decreased with Al content increasing. After oxidation, the maximum energy product losses of the magnets with 0.0 wt.% and 0.2 wt.% Al nano-particles doping were 6.13% and 3.99%, respectively. Therefore, Al nano-particles doping was a promising way to enhance the coercivity and corrosion resistance of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet.     

Corrosion behavior of rare earth cerium based conversion coating on aluminum alloy

The present paper focused on the use of the salt of rare earth cerium as corrosion inhibitor of aluminum by using cathodic electrolytic passivation method.The corrosion resistance and the microphology of the cerium passivation film were studied by the methods of electrochemical method,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis.From the results,it was shown that good corrosion resistance of cerium-based passive coating was obtained when the compositions were as follows:CeCl3·7H2O,0.05 mol/L;H2O2,30 ml/L;current density,1.1 mA/cm2;temperature,40 oC;time,9 min.SEM and EDS revealed that the cerium conversion coatings formed on the surface of aluminum alloy were related to cerium hydroxide/hydrated oxide depositions.     

Investigation of rare earth sealing of porous micro-arc oxidation coating formed on AZ91D magnesium alloy

Magnesium and its alloys have been used in many industries, but they are reactive and require protection against aggressive envi-ronments. In this study, oxide coatings were applied on AZ91D magnesium alloy using micro-arc oxidation (MAO) process. Then, in order to seal the pores of the MAO coatings, the samples were immersed in cerium bath for different times. The surface morphologies and composi-tions of the coatings were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. The corrosion behavior of the coatings was investigated with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polariza-tion tests in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The amount of the porosity of the coating was measured by electrochemical method. It was found that the sealing treatments by immersion in cerium bath successfully sealed the pores of the MAO coatings. The results of the corrosion tests showed that the MAO coating which was sealed in Ce bath for 10 min enhanced the corrosion resistance of the substrate significantly. Fur-thermore, this coating had the lowest amount of the porosity among the coatings.)     

Effects of cerium on microstructure and bonding strength of Cu-14Al-4.5Fe bronze plasma sprayed coating

Cu-14Al-4.5Fe bronze powders with and without 0.6% Ce were prepared and their coatings were fabricated on 45# carbon steel substrate by atmospheric plasma spraying. The effects of rare earth Ce on the coating interface bonding strength, coatings and bonding interface vertical sections microstructure were investigated by tensile machine, X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electronic probe microanalysis (EPMA). The results showed that the shape of powders was more spherical like, and the coating’s hardness and interface bonging tensile strength would be improved to 8.9% and 17.4%, respectively, higher than that of the Cu-14Al-4.5Fe coating without 0.6% Ce added. The refined of κ phases, well distributed matrix phases in coatings and the promotion of Fe, Al elements diffusion led to the improvement in interface bonding strength and hardness of the Cu-14Al-4.5Fe coating with addition of 0.6% Ce, which hardened and strengthened the coating.     

Effect of copper ion implantation on corrosion morphology and corrosion behavior of LaFe_（11.6）Si_（1.4） alloy

The morphology analysis and electrochemical method were used to study the corrosion behavior of LaFe11.6Si1.4 alloy of copper ion implantation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) research results showed that a 15 nm-thick oxide film was formed on the surface of sample, and the copper content reached the highest value at 60 nm with a normal distribution. Immersion experiments indicated that the corrosion happened in the copper-poor zone firstly and a galvanic connection was formed among different zones on the surface due to the inhomogeneous distribution of copper. Electrochemical experiment results showed that the corrosion was serious when the ion acceleration voltage increased, and the high acceleration could reduce the thermodynamic performance of corrosion of LaFe11.6Si1.4 alloy.     

Solidification behavior, microstructure and tensile properties of ZK60-Er magnesium alloys

ZK60-Er (erbium) alloys were made by melting ZK60 and Mg-Er magnesium alloys (20 wt.% Er) in an electric resistance furnace. The contents of Er were 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 wt.%, respectively. The influence of Er on solidification behavior, microstructure, corrosion resistant and mechanical properties of ZK60 magnesium alloy was studied. The results showed that long rod-like γ phase (ErZn5) formed during solidification increased with increasing Er content in the range investigated, which resulted in the decrease of the amount of galvanic couplings between phase particles and alloy matrix and the marked improvement of corrosion resistant. It was also found that elongation of the alloys decreased with increasing Er content, but tensile strength of the alloys were improved by the addition of Er due to the strengthening effect of γ phases distributing along grain boundaries.     

Dry sliding wear behavior of extruded Mg-Sn-Yb alloy

The dry sliding wear behavior of extruded Mg-9Sn and Mg-9Sn-3Yb alloys through pin-on-disc configuration was investigated at room temperature. Coefficient of friction, wear rate and wear resistance of extruded Mg-9Sn and Mg-9Sn-3Yb alloys were measured within a load range of 20–240 N and 20–380 N at a sliding velocity of 0.785 m/s, respectively. The wear tracks, worn surface and wear edge were observed using a scanning electron microscope and an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. The results indicated that wear rate, coefficient of friction and wear resistance changed with increasing applied load due to different wear mechanisms. Six wear mechanisms, namely adhesion, abrasion, oxidation, delamination, thermal softening and melting, were observed for both extruded alloys. The extruded Mg-9Sn-3Yb alloy exhibited good wear resistance compared with extruded Mg-9Sn alloy, which was mainly attributed to a large number of volume fraction of Mg2 Sn particles, the formation of thermal stable Mg2(Sn,Yb) particles and good elevated temperature mechanical properties.     

Syntactic Intergrowth Structure in the Calcium-Rare Earth Fluorocarbonate Minerals

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Effect of solid-solution treatment on corrosion and electrochemical behaviors of Mg-15Y alloy in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution

The effect of solid-solution treatment on corrosion and electrochemical mechanisms of Mg-15Y alloy in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution was investigated by electrochemical testing,immersion testing and SEM observation.The results indicated that the corrosion resistance of Mg-15Y sample gradually deteriorated with immersion time increasing,which was consistent with the observation of corrosion morphologies.The solid-solution treatment decreased the amounts of second phase Mg24Y5.The Ecorr and corrosion rate of as-cast samples were both lower than those of solid solution-treated samples,and both increased with increment of solid solution-treated time.The corrosion mechanism was proposed for the galvanic,pitting and filiform corrosion which varied with the immersion time and solid-solution treatment.     

Effect of AB2-based alloy addition on structure and electrochemical properties of La0.5Pr0.2Zr0.1Mg0.2Ni2.75Co0.45Fe0.1Al0.2 hydrogen storage alloy

The La 0.5Pr0.2Zr0.1Mg0.2Ni2.75Co0.45Fe0.1Al0.2(M1) and Zr0.65Ti0.35(Mn0.2V0.2Cr0.15Ni0.45) 1.76(M2) hydrogen storage alloys were prepared by inductive melting.In addition,the M1+30 wt.%M2 composites were successively prepared by using high-energy ball milling technology.From the X-ray diffraction(XRD) analysis,it was found that M1 and M2 alloys still retained their respective main phases in the M1+30 wt.%M2 composites.The scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS) indicated that the decrease in discharge capacity of M1 and M2 alloy electrodes was ascribed to the oxidation-dissolution of La,Pr,Mg and Ti,Mn,V,Cr active elements,respectively.The electrochemical studies showed that the M1+30 wt.%M 2 composite electrode ball milling for 5 min exhibited excellence cyclic stability(92.3%) after 80 charge/discharge cycles,which was higher than 77.7 % and 85.6% of M1 and M2 alloy electrodes,respectively.Moreover,at the discharge current density of 1200 mA/g,the high rate discharge ability(HRD) of the M1+30 wt.%M2 composite electrode increased from 61.5%(5 min) to 70.3%(10 min).According to the linear polarization,Tafel polarization and cyclic voltammograms(CV),the electrochemical kinetics of hydrogen reaction on the surface of the electrode and hydrogen diffusion rate in the bulk of alloy were also improved in the M1+30 wt.%M2 composite with increasing ball milling time.     

An investigation of hydrogen storage kinetics of melt-spun nanocrystalline and amorphous MgeNi-type alloys

The nanocrystalline and amorphous Mg2Ni-type Mg2–xLaxNi (x=0,0.2) hydrogen storage alloys were synthesized by melt-spinning technique.The as-spun alloy ribbons were obtained.The microstructures of the as-spun ribbons were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD),high resolution transmission electronic microscopy (HRTEM) and electron diffraction (ED).The hydrogen absorption and desorption kinetics of the alloys were measured using an automatically controlled Sieverts apparatus,and their electrochemical kinetics were tested by an automatic galvanostatic system.The electrochemical impedance spectrums (EIS) were plotted by an electrochemical workstation (PARSTAT 2273).The hydrogen diffusion coefficients in the alloys were calculated by virtue of potential-step method.The obtained results showed that no amorphous phase was detected in the as-spun La-free alloy,but the as-spun alloys substituted by La held a major amorphous phase,con-firming that the substitution of La for Mg markedly intensified the glass forming ability of the Mg2Ni-type alloy.The substitution of La for Mg notably improved the electrochemical hydrogen storage kinetics of the Mg2Ni-type alloy.Furthermore,the hydrogen storage kinetics of the experimental alloys was evidently ameliorated with the spinning rate growing.     

Isothermal section of Nd-Zr-Si ternary system at 773 K

Phase diagram is an important basis for materials research and materials application.The phase relations of the Nd-Zr-Si ternary system at 773 K were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction analysis,metallographic analysis and scanning electron microscopy with en-ergy dispersive analysis.The isothermal section of the phase diagram of the Nd-Zr-Si ternary system at 773 K was determined.The isother-mal section of the system consisted of 13 single-phase regions,23 two-phase regions and 11 three-phase regions.The homogeneity range of α-NdSix was from 63 at.% to 66 at.% Si(with x=1.70-1.94).The maximum solid solubilities of Nd in Zr-Si binary compounds and Zr in the Nd-Si binary compounds were observed less than 1 at.% at 773 K.     

Cerium addition on pitting corrosion of (Cu50Zr50)100-2xCe2x (x=0, 1, 2 and 3) metallic glasses in seawater

The industrial application of metallic glass is a longstanding challenge for researchers in the field. Toward this objective, the electrochemical performance in sea water of Cu-Zr-(Ce) metallic glass with various Ce content was investigated. Cu-Zr-(Ce) metallic glass was fabricated by melt-spinning technique and characterized by X-ray diffraction. The corrosion resistance in seawater was then investigated by potentiodynamic polarization, immersion test, scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, and energy dispersive spectrometer analysis. The results showed that Ce addition lowered the corrosion current density of Ce-containing Cu-Zr alloy system. The attack type changed from uniform corrosion of Cu50Zr50 metallic glasses to local one of the Ce-containing alloys. Appropriate content of Ce inhibited the selective dissolution of Cu in the pits and thus improved the corrosion resistance of the alloys.     

Effect of rare earth alloying on creep rupture of economical 21Cr-11Ni-N heat-resistant austenitic steel at 650 ℃

The effect of rare earth(RE) on creep rupture of economical 21Cr-11Ni-N heat-resistant austenitic steel was investigated at 650 °C under different stress levels. It was found that RE could increase the time to creep rupture, especially at long-term creep duration. The logarithm of the time to creep rupture(lgtr) was a linear function of the applied stress(σ). RE addition was favorable to generating a high fraction of low-coincidence site lattice(CSL) boundaries which was a possible cause for improving the creep rupture resistance. The fracture surface of RE-added steel exhibited less intergranular cracks suggesting the alteration on the nature of grain boundaries due to the presence of RE. RE addition changed the morphology of the intergranular chromium carbides from continuous network shape to fragmentary distribution which was another cause for longer creep duration. These results strongly suggested that the effect of RE alloying played a crucial role in improving the creep rupture resistance.     

Effect of cerium/lanthanum addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al7075 alloy via mechanical alloying and sintering

The effect of the Al-6Ce-3La(ACL) on the microstructural behavior of the Al7075 was investigated. Materials were synthesized by mechanical alloying with variation in the ACL content and milling time. Products were characterized and studied in the as-milled condition and mechanically evaluated after sintering. The synergetic effect of milling time and ACL content in the modified materials led to a reduction in the particle size. Results from electron microscopy showed a homogeneous dispersion of Ce/La phases up to 20 wt.% of ACL content after 10 h of milling. Mechanical evaluation under compressive test showed an improved performance for those alloys reinforced with 0.2 wt.% and 0.5 wt.% of ACL.     

Study of yttrium and cerium on the oxidation resistance of silicide coatings prepared on Ti-6Al-4V alloy by pack-cementation process

Pure silicide coating and Y-Ce modified silicide coating were prepared on Ti-6Al-4V alloy by pack-cementation process. The structures as well as the isothermal oxidation behaviors of the coatings were comparatively studied. The results showed that both pure silicide coating and Y-Ce modified silicide coating prepared at 1080 oC for 4 h were composed of a TiSi2 outer layer, a TiSi middle layer and a Ti5Si4 inner layer. The oxidation tests showed that the Y-Ce modified silicide coating possessed much better oxidation resistance than the pure silicide coating at 1000 oC, implying the beneficial effects of Y and Ce on the oxidation resistance of the coating.     

Laser Surface Alloying of Low Carbon Steel Using High-entropy Alloy Precursors

The Al_(0.5)CoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloy powders with simple face-centered-cubic(FCC)solid solution structure were introduced into the surface layer of a low carbon steel during laser surface alloying.A high performance surface layer with extremely fine martensite as the dominant phase was obtained,resulting in a great improvement in microhardness,wear resistance,and corrosion resistance.The great enhancement of microhardness and wear resistance of the laser alloyed layer is mainly due to the formation of extremely fine martensite hard phase,the solid solution strengthening of the alloying elements in supersaturatedα-Fe solid solution,and the existence of size effect and strain effect under rapid solidification.The enhancement of corrosion resistance is due to the alloying of Al,Co,Ni,Cr and Cu in the laser alloyed layer.