血浆内皮素—1和肿瘤坏死因子与急性心肌梗塞的关系

本文对２０例急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）患者检测了血浆内皮素－１（ＥＴ－１）和肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）的水平，结果表明，ＡＭＩ组的ＥＴ－１、ＴＮＦ均较正常对照明显升高（Ｐ〈０．００１），且二者与肌酸磷酸激酶的ＭＢ同功酶（ＰＣＫ－ＭＢ）均呈正相关（ｒ＝０．０６９８４，Ｐ〈０．００１；ｒ＝０．６０５３，Ｐ〈０．０１）。研究结果说明ＥＴ－１和ＴＮＦ参与了ＡＭＩ的病理损伤过程。     

乳腺癌中凋亡与细胞增殖及Rb、bcl-2、c-myc蛋白表达的关系

目的：了解人乳腺癌中凋亡与细胞增殖的关系,以及与相关基因蛋白表达的关系及其预后意义。方法：用免疫组化ＬＳＡＢ法检测了９０例乳腺标本（包括１３例良性乳腺病变和７７例乳腺癌）中Ｒｂ、ｂｃｌ２和ｃｍｙｃ的蛋白表达;并计数了癌组织中的凋亡指数（ＡＩ,ＴＵＮＥＬ法）和有丝分裂指数（ＭＩ）。结果：ＡＩ与ＭＩ呈显著的正相关（ｒ＝０８１,Ｐ＜００１）;ＡＩ、ＭＩ和Ｒｂ蛋白表达与肿瘤大小和组织学分级有关,ＡＩ、ＭＩ低和ｂｃｌ２的高表达与５年生存率有关,ｃｍｙｃ的表达仅与组织学等级有关（Ｐ＜００５）;Ｒｂ表达与ＡＩ、ＭＩ均有关（Ｐ＜００１）,而ｂｃｌ２的表达仅与ＡＩ有关（Ｐ＜００５）。结论：乳腺癌中凋亡与细胞增殖和ｂｃｌ２表达有关,提示凋亡在具有不同生长潜能的亚群的克隆性选择中发挥重要作用。Ｒｂ与凋亡的关系提示细胞凋亡与细胞周期有关。     

4种癌基因mRNA在胃癌组织中的表达及意义

应用原位分子杂交（ＩＳＨ）技术，检测８８例胃癌组织中Ｋ－ｒａｓ、Ｈ－ｒａｓ、Ｃ－ｍｙｃ和肿瘤转移抑制基因ｎｍ２３（Ｈ１）ｍＲＮＡ．其阳性结果分别为７８．４％、７０％、５８％和３８．６％，胃癌癌旁移行区正常粘膜和正常胃粘膜上皮的阳性率分别为１８．２％、１７％、１９．３％、２１．６％和０、０、０、３／５，与肿瘤区相比较，除ｎｍ２３外差异均非常显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。Ｋ－ｒａｓ、Ｈ－ｒａｓｍＲＮＡ表达在在细胞膜内侧，Ｃ－ｍｙｃｍＲＮＡ主要表达在细胞核内，ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１ｍＲＮＡ表达在胞浆内。４种癌基因表达与组织学类型无关，ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１的表达与胃癌病人有无淋巴结转移有关（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

载脂蛋白(a)多态表型与低密度脂蛋白受体基因表达水平的相关性研究

选择载脂蛋白（ａ）的高和低分子量表型各１０例（均为男性，年龄２４～２５岁），应用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ技术，检测外周血单个核细胞低密度脂蛋白受体基因表达水平，发现低分子量表型者的脂蛋白（ａ）水平与低密度脂蛋白受体ｍＲＮＡ水平呈明显负相关（ｒ＝－０．７８，Ｐ＜０．０１）；高分子量表型者则无此相关性。而高和低分子量表型的低密度脂蛋白受体ｍＲＮＡ与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平均呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．８１和－０．７２，Ｐ均＜０．０１），提示低密度脂蛋白受体可能是低分子量表型脂蛋白（ａ）的一个重要代谢途径。     

钙调素基因在低氧大鼠脑皮质神经细胞中表达的变化

用原位杂交技术检测了钙调素基因（ＣａＭ－ｃＤＮＡ）在急性低氧、低氧适应和常氧对照大鼠脑皮质神经细胞内表达的变化，以图像分析所得胞体金颗粒面积（ａｒｅａ）和积分光密度（Ｉ·ＯＤ）表示基因表达水平。与常氧对照组比，急性低氧组的ａｒｅａ和Ｉ·ＯＤ分别升高５０．１％（Ｐ＜０．０１）和４５．９％（Ｐ＜０．０１），低氧适应组的ａｒｅａ和Ｉ·ＯＤ分别升高６８．６％（Ｐ＜０．０１）和６０．０％（ｐ＜０．０１）；与急性低氧组比，低氧适应组的ａｒｅａ和Ｉ·ＯＤ分别升高５．６％（ｐ＜０．０５）和９．７％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果提示，低氧可引起ＣａＭ基因表达增强，提高ｍＲＮＡ转录水平，而低氧适应的作用更明显。     

缺氧内皮细胞介导肺动脉平滑肌细胞血小板源性生长因子mRNA表达

目的探讨缺氧时肺动脉内皮细胞对肺动脉平滑肌细胞ＰＤＧＦ自分泌的影响。方法实验分３组：无血清培养组、常氧性内皮细胞条件培养液组及缺氧性内皮细胞条件培养液组。应用原位杂交和图像分析技术检测猪肺动脉平滑肌细胞ＰＤＧＦＡ和ＰＤＧＦＢ链ｍＲＮＡ表达。结果无血清培养的肺动脉平滑肌细胞有ＰＤＧＦＡ和ＰＤＧＦＢ链ｍＲＮＡ弱表达;内皮细胞条件培养液明显增加肺动脉平滑肌细胞ＰＤＧＦＡ和ＰＤＧＦＢ链ｍＲＮＡ表达,两者分别为无血清培养组的１．８倍和１．７倍（Ｐ＜０．０１）,为常氧内皮细胞条件培养液培养组的１．４倍和１．５倍（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论缺氧时肺动脉内皮细胞可以介导肺动脉平滑肌细胞ＰＤＧＦ的自分泌,可能在缺氧性肺动脉高压血管构形改建中具有重要作用     

精神分裂症患者的脑功能显像与神经心理测验的相关研究

本研究应用单光子发射断层摄影术（ＳＰＥＣＴ）、ＨＲ成套神经心理测验（成人）修订本［ＨＲＢ（Ａ）－ＲＣ］和修订韦氏记忆测验（ＷＭＳ－ＲＣ）对３２例住院精神分裂症患者的脑功能改变及脑功能显像与神经心理测验之关系进行探讨。结果显示，精神分裂症患者存在额叶、颞叶和基底节的脑血灌流量降低，同时表现程度不同的神经心理功能损害，此改变在阴性症状和阳性症状的病人间无差异。脑血灌流量降低与损伤指数（ＤＱ）和记忆商数（ＭＱ）未见明显关系。相关分析表明，ＤＱ与ＴＥＳＳ评分呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０．３６，Ｐ＜０．０５）；ＭＱ与住院次数（ｒ＝－０．４２，Ｐ＜０．０５）、ＢＰＲＳ评分（ｒ＝－０．５６，Ｐ＜０．０１）、ＳＡＰＳ评分（ｒ＝－０．３９，Ｐ＜０．０５）和ＳＡＮ评分（ｒ＝－０．３７，Ｐ＜０．０５）呈显著负相关，与ＧＡＳ评分（ｒ＝０．５３，Ｐ＜０．０１）呈显著正相关     

冠心病患者SOD活性和血小板聚集性及心功能的相关性

为了解自由基在冠心病中的作用，观察了５０例冠心病患者血清ＳＯＤ活性的变化。结果显示心绞痛组患者ＳＯＤ活性显著下降，而ＭＤＡ含量明显升高，二者呈显著负相关，伴血小板聚集性增强和血小板聚集性各项指标呈显著负相关（分别为ｒ＝－０．５２，Ｐ＜０７．０１；ｒ＝－０／４１，Ｐ＜０．０５；ｒ＝－０．４０，Ｐ＜０．０５）．该组患者每搏输出量（ＳＶ）负相相关（分别ｒ＝－０．５２，Ｐ＜０．０１；ｒ＝－０４１，Ｐ＜０．     

乳腺叶状囊肉瘤的增殖细胞核抗原的表达及其意义

目的研究乳腺叶状囊肉瘤增殖细胞核抗原（ＰＣＮＡ）的表达及其临床病理意义。方法采用免疫组化ＳＰ法对１００例乳腺叶状囊肉瘤及３９例乳腺腺纤维瘤进行检测。结果叶状囊肉瘤中间质性瘤细胞呈ＰＣＮＡ阳性着色者８６例（８６％），不同组织学级别者ＰＣＮＡ指数之间有显著差异（Ｆ＝８５．３３，Ｐ＜０．０１），分化越差，ＰＣＮＡ平均指数越高，ＰＣＮＡ指数与组织学分级密切相关（ｒ′ｓ＝０．７７）。Ⅰ级叶状囊肉瘤与乳腺腺纤维瘤间质性瘤细胞丰富组的ＰＣＮＡ指数也有显著差异（ｔ＝３．４２，Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＰＣＮＡ指数与核分裂相计数间相关关系并不密切（ｒ＝０．３９）。结论用ＰＣＮＡ来反映乳腺叶状囊肉瘤增殖活性，辅助进行组织学分级，鉴别良恶交界性病变及估测预后，都具有一定的实用价值。     

载脂蛋白（a）多态表型与低密度脂蛋白受体基因表达水平的？…

选择载脂蛋白（ａ）的高和低分子量表型各１０例（均为男性，年龄２４～２５岁）应用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ技术，检测外周血单个核细胞低密度脂蛋白受体基因表达水平，发现低分子量表型者的脂蛋白（ａ）水平与低密度脂蛋白受体ｍＲＮＡ水平呈明显负相关（ｒ＝－０．７８，Ｐ〈０．０１）；高分子是表型者则无此相关性，而高和低分子量表型的低密度脂蛋白受体ｍＲＮＡ与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平均呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．８１和－０．７２，Ｐ〈０     

Promoter hypermethylation-mediated down-regulation of LATS1 and LATS2 in human astrocytoma

LATS1 and LATS2 are tumor suppressor genes implicated in the regulation of cell cycle, but their methylation statuses are still unknown in human astrocytoma. Here, we found that the promoter hypermethylation frequencies of LATS1 and LATS1 were 63.66% (56/88) and 71.5% (63/88) in 88 astrocytomas by methylation-specific PCR. But no methylation of LATS1 and LATS2 promoter was detected in the 10 normal brain tissues. There was an increased methylation frequency of LATS1 and LATS2 with the malignant development of astrcytoma. By real-time PCR, the mRNA expression of LATS1 or LATS2 was detected significantly decreased in different pathological grade astrocytomas (P<0.05). And the mRNA levels of LATS1 and LATS2 in astrocytomas with hypermethylation were both significantly (P<0.01) lower than those without methylation. The methylation of LATS1 and LATS2 was detected in U251 and SHG-44 cell lines, and 5-aza-deoxycytidine could restore their expression to induce cell apoptosis. Our results suggested that LATS1 and LATS2 mRNA was down-regulated in astrocytoma by hypermethylation of the promoter. The methylation and mRNA expression of LATS1 and LATS2 may provide useful clues to the development of the diagnostic assays for astrocytoma. Our results also suggested that LATS1 and LATS2 may be a useful target for astrocytoma therapy.     

钠氢交换体1在星形细胞瘤中的表达及其与恶性程度的关系*

目的：检测人星形细胞瘤和正常脑组织中钠氢交换体1（ NHE1）的表达差异及其与恶性程度的关系,探 讨星形细胞瘤增殖、生长的分子机制。方法：收集人星形细胞瘤标本51 例,低、高级别星形细胞瘤组织分别为 22 例、29 例,以肿瘤周围相对正常脑组织作为对照。用H-E 染色进行诊断和分级,免疫组织化学和免疫印迹检 测肿瘤组织与正常脑组织中NHE1表达变化。结果：NHE1主要分布在对照组神经元和少量星形胶质细胞胞膜上; 在肿瘤组织中,NHE1分布在低级别星形细胞瘤细胞膜上,并强烈表达于高级别星形细胞瘤的胞质和胞膜上。与 对照组相比较,在低级别和高级别星形细胞瘤组织中NHE1表达上调,其中,恶性程度较高的高级别肿瘤相对于 恶性程度低的低级别肿瘤,NHE1的表达更为强烈。结论：NHE1在人星形细胞瘤组织中表达增强,其强度变化 与肿瘤的恶性程度有关。     

Notch1和Notch2在星形细胞瘤及髓母细胞瘤中的表达及其意义

目的 探讨Notch1和Notch2在人脑星形细胞瘤及髓母细胞瘤中的表达及其在肿瘤形成和发展中的作用.方法 应用组织芯片和免疫组织化学SP法染色以及Western blot技术检测正常脑组织、不同级别大脑星形细胞瘤、小脑髓母细胞瘤中Notch1和Notch2蛋白的表达情况.结果 正常脑组织中Notch1和Notch2蛋白呈阴性表达;Notch1在Ⅳ级星形细胞瘤中阳性比为15/15,Ⅲ级中阳性比为14/15,Ⅱ级中阳性比为10/15,Ⅰ级中阳性比为9/15,总阳性率为80.0%(48/60),阳性部位均为胞质.Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级星形细胞瘤中表达阳性比及表达强度随肿瘤级别增高而增高.在髓母细胞瘤中阳性比为2/10,且表达水平较低.Notch2在Ⅳ级星形细胞瘤中无表达(0/15),Ⅲ级表达阳性比为1/15,Ⅱ级中阳性比为2/15,Ⅰ级中阳性比为3/15,总阳性率为10%(6/60),表达率及表达强度都很低.在髓母细胞瘤中阳性比为9/10.Notch1在各级别胶质瘤中表达强度的差异均有统计学意义(x2=18.495,P<0.05).Spearman等级相关检验证实肿瘤病理分级与Notch1表达强度之间呈正相关(r=0.859,P<0.05).在星形细胞瘤中,Notch1和Notch2表达的总阳性率差异有统计学意义(x2=56.807,P<0.05),在髓母细胞瘤中,Notch1和Notch2的表达差别有统计学意义(x2=13.778,P<0.05).结论 Notch1和Notch2在星形细胞瘤及髓母细胞瘤中表达不同,并呈现相反的趋势,可能与两者在脑发育过程中的作用不同有关.     

Promoter hypermethylation-mediated down-regulation of LATS1 and LATS2 in human astrocytoma

LATS1 and LATS2 are tumor suppressor genes implicated in the regulation of cell cycle, but their methylation statuses are still unknown in human astrocytoma. Here, we found that the promoter hypermethylation frequencies of LATS1 and LATS1 were 63.66% (56/88) and 71.5% (63/88) in 88 astrocytomas by methylation-specific PCR. But no methylation of LATS1 and LATS2 promoter was detected in the 10 normal brain tissues. There was an increased methylation frequency of LATS1 and LATS2 with the malignant development of astrcytoma. By real-time PCR, the mRNA expression of LATS1 or LATS2 was detected significantly decreased in different pathological grade astrocytomas (P < 0.05). And the mRNA levels of LATS1 and LATS2 in astrocytomas with hypermethylation were both significantly (P < 0.01) lower than those without methylation. The methylation of LATS1 and LATS2 was detected in U251 and SHG-44 cell lines, and 5-aza-deoxycytidine could restore their expression to induce cell apoptosis. Our results suggested that LATS1 and LATS2 mRNA was down-regulated in astrocytoma by hypermethylation of the promoter. The methylation and mRNA expression of LATS1 and LATS2 may provide useful clues to the development of the diagnostic assays for astrocytoma. Our results also suggested that LATS1 and LATS2 may be a useful target for astrocytoma therapy.     

EGR-1 is regulated by N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor stimulation and associated with patient survival in human high grade astrocytomas

Early growth response-1 (EGR-1) is considered a central regulator in tumor cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis and a promising candidate for gene therapy in human astrocytomas. However, conflicting data have been reported suggesting that both tumor promoting and anti-tumor activity of EGR-1 and its regulation, expression and prognostic significance still remain enigmatic. Our study explored EGR-1 expression and regulation in astrocytomas and its association with patient survival. As we detected two EGR-1 mRNA variants, one containing a N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor (NMDA-R) responsive cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE), further experiments were performed to determine the functional role of this pathway. After NMDA stimulation of SV-FHAS and neoplastic astrocytes, real-time polymerase chain reaction showed an increase of the CPE, containing EGR-1 splice variant only in astrocytoma cells. The surface expression and functionality of NMDA-R were demonstrated by flow cytometric analysis and measurement of increased intracellular Ca²⁺. EGR-1 was mainly restricted to tumor cells expressing NMDA-R and significantly up-regulated in astrocytic tumors compared with normal brain. Further, EGR-1 expression was significantly ( P  < 0.007) associated with enhanced patient survival and was an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis in high grade astrocytomas. The NMDA-R-mediated EGR-1 expression, therefore, seems to be a promising target for novel clinical approaches to astrocytoma treatment.     

Up-regulation of urokinase and urokinase receptor genes in malignant astrocytoma.

To understand the role of urokinase (u-PA) and the urokinase receptor (u-PAR) in malignant astrocytoma cell invasion of normal brain, astrocytic expression of u-PAR and u-PA mRNAs were analyzed by riboprobe in situ hybridization in astrocytoma and non-neoplastic brain biopsies. In eight of eight malignant astrocytomas (glioblastomas), u-PAR and u-PA mRNA expression was demonstrated, whereas in seven non-neoplastic brain biopsies, u-PAR and u-PA mRNAs were not expressed. In one of four low grade and all anaplastic astrocytomas u-PAR mRNA was expressed, although u-PA mRNA was undetectable. Consistent with the mRNA detection, u-PAR and u-PA proteins were expressed by malignant astrocytes in five of five glioblastoma biopsies. To study the tumor margin, U-251MG glioblastoma cells were propagated intracerebrally in a severe combined immunodeficient mouse xenograft (28 days), and u-PA mRNA was found to localize predominantly to the leading tumor edge, whereas u-PAR mRNA was expressed throughout the tumor. Furthermore, adherent human U-251MG glioblastoma cells in vitro expressed u-PAR and u-PA proteins, which localized to sites of integrin alpha nu beta 3 cell-matrix contacts. These data indicate that co-expression of u-PAR and u-PA mRNAs and proteins marks the malignant astrocyte phenotype and that u-PA bound to u-PAR may play a role in glioblastoma cell invasion of normal brain by virtue of its expression at the leading tumor edge.     

Increased expression of telomerase RNA component is associated with increased cell proliferation in human astrocytomas.

Deregulation of telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein polymerase that compensates progressive loss of telomeric (TTAGGG)n repeats during DNA replication, has been suggested to facilitate tumorigenesis and cellular immortality by providing unlimited proliferation capacity for cancer cells. We investigated the relationship between tumor proliferation activity and in situ expression of the telomerase RNA component in 46 human grade I to IV astrocytomas. Heterogeneously distributed telomerase RNA expression was detected from all of the tumor samples as well as from normal human brain tissue. However, expression of telomerase RNA was significantly increased in highly malignant tumors (P = 0.024) and in tumors that showed increased proliferation activity determined by MIB-1 immunohistochemistry (P = 0.014). Interestingly, increased telomerase RNA levels were observed in a subgroup of grade II astrocytomas that showed significant increase in proliferation activity (P = 0.047), indicating that the telomerase RNA component is up-regulated already in early states of astrocytoma malignancy. Telomeric repeats amplification assays revealed telomerase activity in 4 of 6 glioblastomas and in 1 rapidly proliferating grade II astrocytoma. These results suggest that increased tumor proliferation activity triggers telomerase activation via mechanisms that involve increased production of the telomerase RNA component.     

CD44 in human glioma correlates with histopathological grade and cell migration

Glioblastomas are associated with high mortality due to their aggressive growth and invasiveness. Interactions and functional cross-talk between tumor cells and their microenvironments are mediated by cell surface receptors that are responsible for cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion. Central nervous tissues contain plenty of the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan, and glioma cells express the major cell surface hyaluronan receptor, CD44. In this study, we analyzed the expression and roles of CD44 in human brain tissues. Normal brain tissues showed no or weak CD44 expression, while reactive astrocytes and astrocytoma cells expressed CD44 at variable levels. Immunohistochemically, a higher percentage and intensity of CD44-positive tumor cells were detected in high-grade astrocytomas compared with low-grade astrocytomas. Glioblastoma cells that express CD44 were localized in perivascular and perinecrotic lesions. The human glioma cell lines A172 and KG-1-C expressed CD44 mRNA and protein. Administration of monoclonal anti-human-CD44 antibody inhibited the migration of A172 cells, which are glioblastoma-derived, but did not affect cell growth. In conclusion, CD44 expression levels correlated with the histopathological grade of gliomas, and monoclonal anti-CD44 antibody inhibited the migration of glioblastoma cells. These findings suggest that CD44 is a potential therapeutic target of glioblastomas.