Stimulating Effect of Pentoses on the Utilization of Galactose in Ophiostoma multiannulatum

The influence of some pentoses on the ability of the fungus Ophiostoma multiannulatum to grow on d-galactose was investigated. There is no measurable growth of the wild type Ophiostoma when galactose is the sole carhon source, d-xylose has a stimulating effect on the utilization of galactose in this fungus. Even when d-xylose is added in low concentrations as compared to the concentration of galactose in the mixtures the growth-promoting effect is high. The xylose can be added in amounts which are directly growth-limiting. The addition of l-arabinose also results in growth on gatactose if the concentration ratio arabinose: galactose is selected high enough. The results are discussed and compared to previously published data on stimulating effects from other hexoses on the utitization of galactose in this fungus.     

Scaleup in Suspension Crystallization of Two Multi Compound Fatty Acid Mixtures

Every vegetable oil needs specific process parameters for separation. These have to be determined in experiments for distinct scales and process parameters. Subsequently, fractionations of a mixture of 12 and a mixture of 8 fatty acids were carried out with the objective of producing a cloud point of 8 to 5 °C in the unsaturated product fraction. The data are used to present an improved version of a separation coefficient. The process is streamlined by reducing the crystallization steps to a minimum and decreasing the yield of the higher melting fractions. The filtration step was performed in different scales of the filter units to find the limits. To optimize the separation of fatty acid mixtures further an additional sweating procedure was applied. The following study highlights the scaleup in suspension crystallization of the examined materials and varied process parameters.     

Evidence for Two Distinct Forms of Fatty Acid Cyclooxygenase in Brain

Abstract: The enzymatic metabolism of [¹⁴C]arachidonic acid (AA) was studied with microsomes prepared from rabbit medulla. Prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) levels, measured either by radiochemistry or radioimmunoassay, rose rapidly and abruptly plateaued within 5 min, while prostaglandin F_2a (PGF_2a) levels continued to rise for 30 min. The rapid termination of PGE2 biosynthesis was not the result of limited cofactor, substrate, or product feedback inhibition, nor was it due to PGE₂-9-ketoreductase activity. Inhibition of the PGH₂→ PGE₂ isomerase by arachidonic acid or its metabolites could not explain the abrupt halt in PGE₂ biosynthesis. Proof for two separate cyclooxygenases comes from our observation that a preincubation of the brain microsomes with unlabeled AA eliminated PGE₂ biosynthesis while PGF2o production continued. Further evidence to suggest two cyclooxygenases in brain is derived from the observation that indomethacin inhibited PGE₂ production at concentrations that did not affect PGF_2a biosynthesis. These results suggest that one fatty acid cyclooxygenase is closely associated with PGH₂→ PGE₂ isomerase and readily undergoes autodestruction and the second cyclooxygenase is associated with a PGH₂→ PGF_2a reductase and is somewhat resistant to arachidonate-induced destruction and to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents.     

Isolation and Characterization of Two Fatty Acid Binding Proteins from Mouse Brain

Abstract: Two fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) were isolated from Swiss Webster mouse brains. Neither protein cross-reacted with antisera to recombinant liver L-FABP. One protein, designated brain H-FABP, migrated on tricine sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) as a single band at 14.5 kDa with pl 4.9. Brain H-FABP bound NBD-stearic acid and cis -parinaric acid with K _D values near 0.02 and 0.5 µ M , respectively. Brain H-FABP cross-reacted with affinity-purified antisera to recombinant heart H-FABP. The second protein, mouse brain B-FABP, migrated on tricine SDS-PAGE gels as a doublet at 16.0 and 15.5 kDa with pl values of 4.5 and 4.7, respectively. Brain B-FABP bound NBD-stearic acid and cis -parinaric acid with K _D values near 0.01 and 0.7 µ M , respectively. The brain B-FABP doublet was immunoreactive with affinity-purified antibodies against recombinant mouse brain B-FABP, but not with affinity-purified antibodies against heart H-FABP. [³H]Oleate competition binding indicated that the two brain FABPs had distinct ligand binding specificities. Both bound fatty acids, fatty acyl CoA, and lysophosphatidic acid. Although both preferentially bound unsaturated fatty acids, twofold differences in specific saturated fatty acid binding were observed. Brain B-FABP and brain H-FABP represented 0.1 and 0.01% of brain total cytosolic protein, respectively. In summary, mouse brain contains two native fatty acid binding proteins, brain H-FABP and brain B-FABP.     

Two Modes of Regulation of the Fatty Acid Elongase ELOVL6 by the 3-Ketoacyl-CoA Reductase KAR in the Fatty Acid Elongation Cycle

Fatty acids (FAs) are diverse molecules, and such diversity is important for lipids to exert their functions under several environmental conditions. FA elongation occurs at the endoplasmic reticulum and produces a variety of FA species; the FA elongation cycle consists of four distinct enzyme reactions. For this cycle to be driven efficiently, there must exist coordinated regulation of protein components of the FA elongation machinery. However, such regulation is poorly understood. In the present study, we performed biochemical analyses using the FA elongase ELOVL6 and the 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase KAR, which catalyze the first and second steps of the FA elongation cycle, respectively. In vitro FA elongation assays using membrane fractions demonstrated that ELOVL6 activity was enhanced ∼10-fold in the presence of NADPH, although ELOVL6 itself did not require NADPH for its catalysis. On the other hand, KAR does use NADPH as a reductant in its enzyme reaction. Activity of purified ELOVL6 was enhanced by ∼3-fold in the presence of KAR. This effect was KAR enzyme activity-independent, since it was observed in the absence of NADPH and in the KAR mutant. However, ELOVL6 enzyme activity was further enhanced in a KAR enzyme activity-dependent manner. Therefore, KAR regulates ELOVL6 via two modes. In the first mode, KAR may induce conformational changes in ELOVL6 to become structure that can undergo catalysis. In the second mode, conversion of 3-ketoacyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA by KAR may facilitate release of the product from the presumed ELOVL6–KAR complex.     

Fatty Acid Replacements in a Fatty Acid Auxotroph of Escherichia coli

Unsaturated fatty acids having structural features which are different from those of the monoenoic acids normally synthesized by Escherichia coli can serve as growth factors for an auxotroph requiring unsaturated fatty acids. These analogues were incorporated into the phospholipids, as shown by gas-liquid and thin-layer chromatographic analysis of the phospholipid fatty acid composition. Some of these fatty acids were cisDelta(5)- and cis-Delta(9)-tetradecenoic, cis-Delta(11)-eicosenoic, cis,cis-Delta(11,14)-eicosadienoic, cis,cis,cis-Delta(11,14,17)-eicosatrienoic, trans-Delta(9)- and trans-Delta(11)-octadecenoic acids. Although partial degradation of some of these analogues to shorter even-chain homologues occurred, chain elongation of the exogenous fatty acids was not detected. Trans-olefinic acids were utilized without stereochemical or positional isomerization. These studies provide a basis for exploring the properties of the fatty acids and phospholipids required for the formation, structure, and function of membranes.     

Disentangling Two QTL on Porcine Chromosome 12 for Backfat Fatty Acid Composition

A previous study allowed the identification of two QTL regions at positions 11–34 cM (QTL1) and 68–76 cM (QTL2) on porcine chromosome SSC12 affecting several backfat fatty acids in an Iberian x Landrace F2 intercross. In the current study, different approaches were performed in order to better delimit the quoted QTL regions and analyze candidate genes. A new chromosome scan, using 81 SNPs selected from the Porcine 60KBeadChip and six previously genotyped microsatellites have refined the QTL positions. Three new functional candidate genes (ACOX1, ACLY, and SREBF1) have been characterized. Moreover, two putative promoters of porcine ACACA gene have also been investigated. New isoforms and 24 SNPs were detected in the four candidate genes, 19 of which were genotyped in the population. ACOX1 and ACLY SNPs failed to explain the effects of QTL1 on palmitic and gadoleic fatty acids. QTL2, affecting palmitoleic, stearic, and vaccenic fatty acids, maps close to the ACACA gene location. The most significant associations have been detected between one intronic (g.53840T > C) and one synonymous (c.5634T > C) ACACA SNPs and these fatty acids. Complementary analyses including ACACA gene expression quantification and association studies in other porcine genetic types do not support the expected causal effect of ACACA SNPs.     

Two new Ophiostoma species with Sporothrix anamorphs from Austria and Azerbaijan

The genus Ophiostoma includes numerous species of primarily insect-vectored, wood-staining fungi. Several anamorph genera that differ in their micronematous or macronematous conidiogenous cells have been associated with Ophiostoma species. Among the former group, Sporothrix is associated with many species and is characterized by conidiogenous cells that arise laterally or terminally from any place on the hyphae and produce nonseptate conidia on sympodially developing denticles. The purpose of this study was to characterize ophiostomatoid isolates with Sporothrix anamorphs recently collected in Austria and Azerbaijan. The isolates were characterized based on comparisons of rDNA and β-tubulin sequence data. Morphology, growth in culture, and sexual reproductive mode were also considered. Phylogenetic analyses of the combined sequence data showed that the isolates formed two distinct groups, one including isolates from Austria and the other isolates from Austria and Azerbaijan. Growth at 25 C and morphology revealed some differences between the two groups, and supported the view that they represent two new species, which we describe here as Ophiostoma fusiforme sp. nov. and Ophiostoma lunatum sp. nov. Both these groups phylogenetically were related to, but distinct from, Ophiostoma stenoceras.     

Saturated Fatty Acid Mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with an Intact Fatty Acid Synthetase

To determine directly the effects of streptomycin on translational fidelity in intact cells, we studied the synthesis of beta-galactosidase and of the coat protein of bacteriophage R17 in an Escherichia coli mutant in which the bactericidal effects of streptomycin are delayed. After the addition of streptomycin to exponentially growing mutant cells, protein synthesis continues at an undiminished rate for approximately an hour; however, as measured by enzyme assays, little functional protein is produced. Serological assays designed to detect beta-galactosidase and bacteriophage R17 coat protein show that substantial amounts of the protein synthesized can react with antisera prepared against active beta-galactosidase and phage R17, indicating the aberrance of the protein produced in the presence of the antibiotic. The polypeptides synthesized in the presence of streptomycin are degraded in the cell to a much greater extent than protein synthesized in the absence of the antibiotic. The proteolytic attack on this protein is not affected by inhibitors of serine proteases, suggesting that enzymes other than those involved in "normal turnover" of cellular protein are responsible. In this strain, certain of the multiple effects of streptomycin are separated in time and the production of abnormal protein (enzymatically inactive and susceptible to proteolytic attack) could be studied in the absence of the lethal effect of the drug.