井下地电阻率观测的探测深度初步研究

对井下地电阻率观测的探测深度进行了研究,计算了均匀半空间和给定结构参数的水平层状介质模型在不同装置电极埋深下的探测深度,分析了探测深度与装置电极埋深和介质电阻率结构之间的关系,得到如下结果:①与地表观测相比,在供电极距为1 km左右时,探测深度随装置电极埋深的增大而增大,且增大的速度与装置电极埋深密切相关;当装置电极埋深h < 100 m时,探测深度的增大速度远小于装置电极埋深h≥100 m时. ②当装置电极埋深h < 50 m时,与地表观测相比探测深度增加很小,不超过10 m;当装置电极埋深相同时,供电极距越大,与地表观测相比探测深度增加得越小. ③对于水平层状电阻率均匀分层结构,在装置电极埋深相同的情况下,下伏低阻结构的探测深度显著大于下伏高阻结构.本文的研究结果表明,为了观测到深部电阻率的变化情况,首先需要查明测区电性结构,再进行综合分析,以确定井下地电阻率观测的装置电极埋深,其结果为深部电阻率变化研究提供了理论基础.      

Laboratory investigation of borehole breakouts and Multi-step failure model

Based on our experiment of borehole breakouts with a group of sandstone samples described in this paper, a multi-step failure model of borehole breakouts are proposed to quantitatively explain the relationship between the section shape of borehole breakouts and the state of crustal stress. In this model the borehole spalling is not only related to the state of stress at a single point but also the state of stress on its neighboring area. The comparison between the experimental results of borehole breakouts and the calculation results shows a good agreement. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,14, 493–499, 1992. This research is sponsored by the Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation under Contract No. 9000025.     

套管井井壁附近地层横波速度径向分布反演

套管外地层受异常地应力、油气开采的影响,在径向上表现出非均质性;采用声波测井可以对该非均质性进行探测,利用偶极子横波测井数据可以对横波速度的径向分布进行反演.本文建立了套管井外地层横波速度径向分层参考模型,采用修正的微扰法计算了该模型的偶极弯曲波频散曲线,建立了横波速度径向分布反演目标函数,采用高斯牛顿法和快速模拟退火法对目标函数进行了求解,得到了套管井外地层横波速度的径向分布.分析了偶极弯曲波频段、套管横波速度对反演结果的影响,对比了高斯牛顿法和快速模拟退火法对反演过程的影响.分析对比结果表明,采用偶极弯曲波激发强度较高的频段与采用全频段的反演结果相近;套管的横波速度准确度越高,反演结果越准确;高斯牛顿法和快速模拟退火法计算精度相同,都可以得到高精度的横波速度径向分布;快速模拟退火法的计算效率略低于高斯牛顿法,但其收敛性对初始值依赖更小,实际处理中应选择快速模拟退火法.     

深井地球物理观测的最新进展与中国大陆科学钻探长期观测

深井地震与地球物理观测(Borehole Seismology)是21世纪的一项崭新的高科技项目. 其目的是为了解决地球的表面效应和人类社会高度发展的城市化、工业化、现代化带来的噪音干扰,提高信噪比,推进现代地球物理观测与研究.随着地球系统科学的深入以及解决环境、资源、地震灾害预报等问题的需求, 近年来世界大陆科学钻探以及在钻孔深井内进行的地球物理长期观测得到了飞速发展,取得了高精度的观测研究成果. 中国大陆科学钻探长期观测在前期工作基础上,已经启动并正在构建我国第一个无地面干扰的深井地震、地球物理长期观测站,为实现我国的“入地”科学计划,开创我国21世纪地球科学观测研究的新局面作出贡献.     

Dispersion relation for ballooning modes and condition of their stability in the near-earth plasma

The ballooning disturbances in a finite-pressure plasma in a curvilinear magnetic field are described by a system of coupled equations for Alfvén and slow magnetosonic modes. The local dispersion relation obtained in a WKB approximation is the simplest and most evident method that can be used to characterize the properties of these disturbances. This dispersion relation is widely used to predict the possible instabilities and spectral properties of LF oscillations in the nightside magnetosphere. The formal derivation of the dispersion relation from the initial system of coupled MHD modes and the transition to different limiting cases have been traced. The behavior of dispersion curves in different oscillation branches and the possible development of instabilities and formation of regions where waves cannot propagate have been studied in detail. This made it possible to specify the results of previous works and even indicate the incorrectness in some works. In particular, it has been indicated that a fast Alfvén branch of oscillations is always stable and an aperiodic instability can originate on a slow magnetosonic oscillation branch.     

钻孔雷达与数字摄像在地质勘探中的综合应用

由于地质条件的特殊性和复杂性,利用传统的现场钻探手段来准确地评价岩体质量仍存在一系列的问题:钻探岩心提供的是一维信息,很难准确获知地质结构的空间特征以及周围岩体的地质信息;钻进过程中机械扰动导致岩芯破碎等因素也可能使得岩心不能正确反映岩体地质特征.本文将钻孔地质雷达和数字钻孔成像两种勘察方法结合起来,对钻孔孔壁以及周围...     

钻孔环境在钻孔地形变观测中的作用

正式提出了钻孔环境问题,它对于钻孔形变仪器的安装顺利与否,资料质量好坏,资料的使用价值等,有着重大的影响。对钻孔环境的内涵作了初步的讨论,如钻孔的倾斜,钻孔的畸变,钻孔穿过破碎带和裂隙及钻孔的历史背景等。     

Alternative theory for signal contribution sections and depth of investigation characteristics in electrical prospecting

We present an alternative to Roy's theorem for direct current regimes with the aim of validating the theoretical basis of signal contribution sections in electrical prospecting. Roy's theorem establishes that the electrical potential at a point can be expressed as an integral over all space of the electric field weighted by the gradient of inverse distance. The integrand is interpreted to represent elementary contributions to the potential that can be analyzed to compare different electrode arrays. Signal contribution sections and depth of investigation characteristics can be beautifully illustrated with important practical applications. However, the electric potential, being the solution of a boundary value problem, cannot be uniquely decomposed into elementary contributions. There is no guarantee for the integrand of a given integral to be meaningful in all situations. In the case of Roy's theorem, the concept has been severely criticized by respected scholars who challenged the scientific legitimacy of his approach. If we are going to keep the concept of elementary contributions alive, we need to go beyond Roy's theorem. In this paper, we develop an alternative theorem and show that it merges with the concept of sensitivity, which is unique and mathematically sound, and is also open to physical validation. This prevents any possible contradictions in the future and, equally important, eliminates the dichotomy between sensitivity and elementary contributions.     

Characterization of an unstable rock mass based on borehole logs and diverse borehole radar data

Unstable rocky slopes are major hazards to the growing number of people that live and travel though mountainous regions. To construct effective barriers to falling rock, it is necessary to know the positions, dimensions and shapes of structures along which failure may occur. To investigate an unstable mountain slope distinguished by numerous open fracture zones, we have taken advantage of three moderately deep (51.0–120.8 m) boreholes to acquire geophysical logs and record single-hole radar, vertical radar profiling (VRP) and crosshole radar data. We observed spallation zones, displacements and borehole radar velocity and amplitude anomalies at 16 of the 46 discontinuities identified in the borehole optical televiewer images. The results of the VRP and crosshole experiments were disappointing at our study site; the source of only one VRP reflection was determined and the crosshole velocity and amplitude tomograms were remarkably featureless. In contrast, much useful structural information was provided by the single-hole radar experiments. Radar reflections were recorded from many surface and borehole fracture zones, demonstrating that the strong electrical property contrasts of these features extended some distance into the adjacent rock mass. The single-hole radar data suggested possible connections between 6 surface and 4 borehole fractures and led to the discovery of 5 additional near-surface fracture zones. Of particular importance, they supplied key details on the subsurface geometries and minimum subsurface lengths of 8 of the 10 previously known surface fracture zones and all of the newly discovered ones. The vast majority of surface fracture zones extended at least 40–60 m into the subsurface, demonstrating that their depth and surface dimensions are comparable.     

Numerical investigation on special modes with narrow amplification diagram in harbor oscillations

Ocean Dynamics - In the studies of harbor oscillations, some modes with extremely narrow amplification diagram are significantly common. An extended mild-slope equation and a fully nonlinear...     

钻孔体应变与面应变观测井孔耦合系数的计算

钻孔应变观测系统（岩石、 膨胀水泥和应变仪钢筒）存在显著的井孔耦合效应,只有确定这一耦合系数,才能得到地壳岩石的真实应变值,从而实现不同测点数据的可比性．本文根据双衬套理论及弹性力学理论,建立了三维空间应力作用下体应变与面应变观测力学模型,并进一步推导各自井孔耦合系数计算式,发现两组系数与井孔的受力状况密切相关,分别与不同力源引起的应变信号相对应．亦即应力比（钻孔轴向应力与平面应力之比）不同,耦合系数也不一样,体应变随应力比的增大而下降,面应变则上升. 本文结果还表明平面应力作用下的耦合系数与外加应力无关,只与观测系统本身有关,故数值保持恒定. 此外,文中对其影响因素也进行了分析,结果表明,体应变和面应变的井孔耦合系数均随岩石弹性模量和泊松系数的增大而增大,且前者的幅度较大,井孔耦合材料水泥对二者影响均很小．     

井下磁力计的研制

如何提高观测的信噪比,克服在人类社会工业化、城市化、现代化发展中带来的交通、工业等人为高噪音的影响,分辨微小地震和来自地下微弱的地球物理信息,是当代地球物理面临的重要研究内容.开展深井观测是提高观测精度的有效途径.为此中国地震局研制了井下集成综合观测系统,地面主机用RS-422总线与井下各传感器进行实时数据通信.在井下...     

An experimental investigation of the effects of thawed soil depth on rill flow velocity

Water flow velocity is an important hydraulic variable in hydrological and soil erosion models, and is greatly affected by freezing and thawing of the surface soil layer in cold high-altitude regions. The accurate measurement of rill flow velocity when impacted by the thawing process is critical to simulate runoff and sediment transport processes. In this study, an electrolyte tracer modelling method was used to measure rill flow velocity along a meadow soil slope at different thaw depths under simulated rainfall. Rill flow velocity was measured using four thawed soil depths (0, 1, 2 and 10 cm), four slope gradients (5°, 10°, 15° and 20°) and four rainfall intensities (30, 60, 90 and 120 mm·h⁻¹). The results showed that the increase in thawed soil depth caused a decrease in rill flow velocity, whereby the rate of this decrease was also diminishing. Whilst the rill flow velocity was positively correlated with slope gradient and rainfall intensity, the response of rill flow velocity to these influencing factors varied with thawed soil depth. The mechanism by which thawed soil depth influenced rill flow velocity was attributed to the consumption of runoff energy, slope surface roughness, and the headcut effect. Rill flow velocity was modelled by thawed soil depth, slope gradient and rainfall intensity using an empirical function. This function predicted values that were in good agreement with the measured data. These results provide the foundation for a better understanding of the effect of thawed soil depth on slope hydrology, erosion and the parameterization scheme for hydrological and soil erosion models.     

Multifold borehole radar acquisition and processing

The multifold acquisition principle was applied to a borehole radar survey, performed in a granitic site (Grimsel Test Site, Switzerland). Two multifold coverage acquisitions (40-fold and 20-fold) were carried out in a subhorizontal borehole. Instrumental drifts (transmission time and sampling frequency fluctuations) were corrected in order to remove shifts observed on CMP gathers and to optimize velocity analysis and trace stacking. Computation of velocity spectra was adapted in order to take into account the features of the medium investigated (homogeneous velocity, various reflector orientations). The NMO velocities were then interpreted as angles between reflectors and the survey line. The processing, based on the computation of several constant velocity stacked sections performed with different NMO velocities, leads to better results than the standard DMO + NMO processing. The signal-to-noise ratio of the stacked profile is improved in comparison with the single-fold section, which results from a standard acquisition. From a practical point of view, the implementation of a multifold radar survey within a borehole is difficult but a greater investigation range is obtained, more reflectors are detected and the mapping of geological discontinuities is improved.     

汶川地震断裂带科学钻探WFSD-1孔成像测井岩心空间归位

2008年汶川大地震发生后,我国迅速实施了汶川地震断裂带科学钻探项目(WFSD).钻井取心是研究地下情况的直接资料,但取心时通常采用非定向取心技术,缺少准确的深度和方位信息,需要利用测井资料对其进行深度和方向的还原,即岩心空间归位.针对汶川地震断裂带科学钻探项目一号孔(WFSD-1孔),利用成像-岩心扫描图像综合处理软件(CCSDLogCore)精确和直观的完成了2055块岩心图像的空间归位.对归位成果进行了分析,发现随着钻孔深度的增加,岩心深度误差增大,说明了归位结果符合实际情况,为下一步地质构造分析奠定了基础,文章还总结了归位过程中遇到的问题并提出了建议.     

垂直井眼中三维阵列感应测井资料自适应井眼校正

三维感应测井受井眼环境影响很大,如何消除这些不利影响是有效获取各向异性地层电导率真值并提高资料处理和解释质量的一项重要工作.本文以一维柱状各向异性地层模型为基础,通过最小平方反演技术从实际测量资料中快速反演井径、偏心距、泥浆电导率、地层水平电导率和各向异性系数等模型参数,设法减小井眼环境对测量结果的影响.首先,利用仪器偏心情况下不同旋转角电导率张量的关系方程,建立旋转角提取与校正方法,获取无旋转角三维感应测井数据.在此基础上,根据事先计算好的井眼校正库并结合多维非线性有限元逼近技术,建立快速计算三维感应测井响应以及Jacobi导数矩阵的插值公式,并利用自适应正则化迭代反演技术不断修改模型参数,实现理论合成资料与输入资料的最佳拟合.最后,通过反演出的模型参数计算三维感应测井资料所有分量的校正量,实现三维感应资料的井眼校正.理论模型和实际资料的处理结果均证实,在低阻井眼泥浆情况下,一维柱状模型中的反演方法仍然可以提取出较可靠的地层水平和垂直电导率,且井眼环境校正对于受井眼环境影响相对较小的测井曲线具有非常好的校正效果.     

Comparison of surface and borehole locations of induced seismicity

Monitoring of induced microseismic events has become an important tool in hydraulic fracture diagnostics and understanding fractured reservoirs in general. We compare microseismic event and their uncertainties using data sets obtained with surface and downhole arrays of receivers. We first model the uncertainties to understand the effect of different acquisition geometries on location accuracy. For a vertical array of receivers in a single monitoring borehole, we find that the largest part of the final location uncertainty is related to estimation of the backazimuth. This is followed by uncertainty in the vertical position and radial distance from the receivers. For surface monitoring, the largest uncertainty lies in the vertical position due to the use of only a single phase (usually P‐wave) in the estimation of the event location. In surface monitoring results, lateral positions are estimated robustly and are not sensitive to the velocity model. In this case study, we compare event location solutions from two catalogues of microseismic events; one from a downhole array and the second from a surface array of 1C geophone. Our results show that origin time can be reliably used to find matching events between the downhole and surface catalogues. The locations of the corresponding events display a systematic shift consistent with a poorly calibrated velocity model for downhole dataset. For this case study, locations derived from surface monitoring have less scatter in both vertical and horizontal directions.     

Correction to: Numerical investigation on special modes with narrow amplification diagram in harbor oscillations

Ocean Dynamics - In the original article, the first-author name Xiouzhou Ma should be changed to Xiaozhou Ma.     

我国钻孔应变观测的回顾与展望

1977年召开的第一届“全国地应力观测工作会议”上，我们曾就发展方向的问题达成共识：钻孔应变与应力观测的关系紧密；研制新型应变仪；应变观测由实孔法取代空孔法；对井下仪器的力学原理开展调研。经过25年对地应力观测技术的研究和钻孔设备的研制实践，证明了这些共识的正确性。在我们步入新世纪的今天，有必要再对影响今后发展的基本问题做出思考，以利于制订出更加科学的战略决策。 1 钻孔应变前兆观测的任务 通过对地层内部应变状态的精细观测，掌握地震应变前兆的（长）中期—短期—临震以及震后调整的时空分布与发展变化的规律，…     

钻孔雷达技术的发展和现状

钻孔雷达作为一种井中探地雷达,它向地层发射高频电磁波,利用电磁波在地层中的传播特性来获取地层信息,从而解释地下构造,它具有较高的分辨率和较大的探测范围.本文结合钻孔雷达的历史及发展现状进行了简要阐述,并详细介绍了其测量原理及工程各领域中的应用.本文基本反映了当前国内外钻孔雷达的研究进展情况及其发展趋势,对进一步的研究有重要的指导意义.