基于图像符号的岭南传统私家园林表意研究

园林的表意与符号有着紧密的联系。文章借助符号学相关理论对岭南传统私家园林装饰图案及其文化意义进行了系统分类研究,并总结与江南私家园林的差异及形成机制。对岭南传统私家园林表意手法的解读,一方面是为了加强人们对岭南私家园林的认识;另一方面则是希望能为当代园林设计的传统文化传承上提供依据。     

中西对比视角下的广西近代乡村庄园研究

城市之外的乡村山水园与郊野园林同样是中国历史园林体系中与当代中国风景园林设计一脉相承的重要组成部分。其中以民国军阀为造园主体的广西近代乡村庄园是岭南传统私家园林重要类型之一,通过将广西近代乡村庄园与文艺复兴时期的意大利庄园对比分析,总结出两者在时代背景、庄园主身份、相地择址、空间格局、功能性及防御性上的共性与差异,一方面是为了加强对广西近代乡村庄园的全面认识;另一方面则以期能补充及完善岭南传统私家园林体系。     

明清时期山东境内私家园林地域特征探析

中国古典园林文化博大精深,不同时期和不同地域的私家园林都有其独特性。山东作为早期中国古典园林的发源地之一,不论造园水平、文化内涵还是地域风貌都有其鲜明特色,是中国古典园林文化的重要组成部分。明清时期是私家园林建造的兴盛时期,留下大量的可供考证史迹文献,然而大量传统的山东园林现今都已经荒废,少数幸存的私家园林被北方皇家园林和江南私家园林的声誉所掩,山东地区私家园林渐渐销声在历史的长河,研究工作刻不容缓。本文通过研究明清时期的古籍文献和实地调研,对明清时期山东私家园林进行分析,总结其造园要素、选址布局等特点,挖掘造园艺术上的文化特色、建筑特色、石水特色和植物特色,为保护山东私家园林的地域性特征提供理论依据,对山东园林文化的传承与发展具有重要意义。     

岭南园林与岭南新园林——新时期岭南地区园林建设的精品意识和文化品位

本文以两广为研究对象,对岭南地区(重点是广西)三十年来公园绿地建设态势与走向作了分析,认为岭南新园林的建设与发展须借鉴传统"岭南园林"的人文风格和艺术特点,使之适应新时期大众化的需求,又不失文化艺术品位,要质量并重,走精品园林的道路.     

广州花地醉观园构景意蕴探究

明清时期,经济水平的逐步上升和海外文化的频繁交流,使岭南园林在技艺、审美等方面兼收并蓄,开放灵活,于中国古典园林独树一帜。乾隆年间,广州一口通商,贸易与时代的需求使行商庭园大势崛起,成为岭南园林近代转型的重要例证。与此同时,广州花地亦涌现出大量兼具观赏和售卖花木之用的私家园林。以醉观园为例,其颇具规模的水池、建筑半围绕布局并有亭、桥、廊联通的线性游径是对行商庭园构景手法的承袭;而园中水形盘曲、花木丰盈、叠石奇巧又呈现出岭南传统水石景的精粹。作为城市历史景观,醉观园于空间营造与意蕴表达之间触发地域文化感知,随之而来的山水审美体验也极富粤中特色。     

岭南园林在现代居住地产园林中的继承和发展——以佛山中海万锦公馆项目为例

以佛山中海万锦公馆项目为例,说明岭南园林在现代居住地产园林项目中的继承和发展现状.佛山中海万锦公馆项目采用"一轴、三园、六院、三进、九井"的空间院落形制,还原传统造园模式"一池三山",以现代手段和方法营造岭南建筑风格、营造岭南园林植物景观、提炼岭南传统符号、应用传统岭南色彩等岭南元素,并用现代的技术和材料进行了园林铺装...     

中国传统园林的现代意义

中国传统园林是指以江南私家园林和北方皇家园林为代表的中国山水园林形式,在世界园林发展史上独树一帜,是全人类宝贵的历史文化遗产。然而,目前风景园林界对待中国传统园林有两种截然不同的态度：其一是传统园林休矣论;其二是传统园林复兴论。前者将传统园林看作是无法融人现实社会的死物,否认发扬传统的积极意义;后者从弘扬民族文化的高度出发,     

浅析岭南古典园林造园艺术——以江南园林为比较

江南园林和岭南园林在中国历史长河中,发展成为两大不同地域风格的园林。概括性地回顾岭南发展历程,比较江南园林与岭南园林,从自然条件、社会经济、文化思想、造园师及园主人四个方面分析岭南园林风格形成的原因,并总结了岭南园林的造园艺术特征。     

岭南园林植物的特点

岭南地区具丰富的园林观赏植物资源,岭南园林中对植物的选择运用与地理位置、自然环境、历史文化、风俗习惯、社会经济及宗教信仰等方面分不开的,形成了独特的本土风格。本文通过对岭南园林中运用的植物进行调查和分析,总结出岭南园林植物应用具热带性、乡土性、实用性、观赏性、兼容性、开放性及宗教性等特点。并对今后岭南园林建设中植物选择的原则和方法提出了建议。     

韩国京畿道中国传统庭园--粤华苑

通过建设和分析粤华苑,使岭南园林文化传播世界,使世界人民更了解中园,更了解岭南园林的传统庭园文化。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.