肝硬化食管静脉曲张出血的急诊内镜下套扎治疗

目的 探讨急诊内镜下紧急套扎治疗肝硬化食管静脉曲张(EV)破裂出血的安全性及止血效果。方法 对89例肝硬化EV出血患者在急诊状态下紧急内镜套扎,监测套扎术前、术中及结束时血压、心率、呼吸变化,观察套扎过程对生命体征的影响。结果 急诊止血成功率达98.9％,套扎过程对生命体征无明显影响(P均>0.05),术中无并发症发生。近期再出血2例。肝硬化患者76例随访3-30个月,死亡11例,病死率14.5％。结论 紧急EVL治疗肝硬化EV破裂出血是一种安全、有效、快捷的止血方法。     

经皮脾门静脉核素显像预测肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的临床研究

为探讨经皮脾门静脉核素显像预测肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的价值,对40例肝炎后肝硬化和12例非肝病患者（对照组）进行经皮脾门静脉核素显像和胃镜检查。结果显示,根据心-肝曲线特点将肝硬化分为门静脉高压无分流型（Ⅰ型）、有分流型（Ⅱ型）、有侧支循环型（Ⅲ型）及完全肝外分流型（四型）。肝硬化组门体分流指数（PSSI）为0.541±0.128,显著高于对照组0.192±0.086（P＜0.01）;Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型的PSSI显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ型（P＜0.01）;F2、3组与F0、1组、红色征（＋）组与红色征（－）组,以及出血组与非出血组之间PSSI均有显著性差异（P＜0.01）,PSSI＞0.62时,食管静脉曲张破裂出血发生率显著增高。提示经皮脾门静脉核素显像可作为预测肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的重要手段。     

Nonselective beta-blockers in cirrhotic patients with no or small varices:A meta-analysis

AIM:To explore effects of nonselective beta-blockers(NSBBs) in cirrhotic patients with no or small varices.METHODS:The Pub Med,EMBASE,Science Direct,and Cochrane library databases were searched for relevant papers.A meta-analysis was performed using ORs with 95%CI as the effect sizes.Subgroup analysis was conducted according to the studies including patients without varices and those with small varices.RESULTS:Overall,784 papers were initially retrieved from the database searches,of which six randomized controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis.The incidences of large varices development(OR = 1.05,95%CI:0.25-4.36;P = 0.95),first upper gastrointestinal bleeding(OR = 0.59,95%CI:0.24-1.47;P = 0.26),and death(OR = 0.70,95%CI:0.45-1.10;P = 0.12) were similar between NSBB and placebo groups.However,the incidence of adverse events was significantly higher in the NSBB group compared with the placebo group(OR = 3.47,95%CI:1.45-8.33;P = 0.005).The results of subgroup analyses were similar to those of overall analyses.CONCLUSION:The results of this meta-analysis indicate that NSBBs should not be recommended for cirrhotic patients with no or small varices.     

多层螺旋CT门静脉造影与B超检查预测肝硬化食管静脉曲张出血的对比研究

目的比较多层螺旋CT门静脉造影(MSCTP)三维重建技术和B超门静脉血流动力学检查对食管静脉曲张出血(EVB)预测的准确性。方法收集60例同时行MSCTP和B超检查的肝硬化患者的临床资料,记录其实际出血的患者例数。根据胃左静脉(LGV)0.61 cm和门静脉血流量(PBF)1098.36 ml/min为预测出血的标准,记录两种方法预测出血的实际发生例数。根据预测出血例数/实际出血例数,分别计算两种方法对出血的检出率,并比较MSCTP和B超检查与胃镜检查结果的一致性。结果在60例患者中实际出血28例;LGV0.61cm对出血的检出率为89.29%,PBF1098.36 ml/min的检出率为60.71%,说明分别以MSCTP和B超检查对出血的检出率差异有统计学意义(x2=6.095,P=0.029);在28例实际出血的患者中,通过胃镜检查发现有静脉曲张出血26例,未发现出血2例;采用Mc Nemar检验发现,MSCTP与胃镜检查对EVB预测结果的差异无统计学意义(P=1.000);采用Kappa系数法分析,显示这两种方法的吻合度差异具有显著性(吻合系数K=0.781,P=0.000);B超与胃镜检查对EVB预测结果的差异具有统计学意义(P=0.012),采用Kappa系数法分析,显示这两种方法的吻合度差异无显著性(吻合系数K=0.038,P=0.747)。结论 MSCTP对预测EVB有更好的检出率,并且MSCTP与胃镜检查结果具有较高的一致性,因而对EVB具有重要的预测价值。     

内镜套扎术急症止血治疗肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效观察

目的探讨食管静脉曲张破裂出血的内镜套扎术急诊止血的疗效及安全性。方法对52例乙型肝炎肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者实施内镜下急诊套扎止血术,观察术中、术后并发症,并于术后1月复查胃镜观察食管曲张静脉消失情况。结果51例（98％）患者急诊止血成功,1例（2％）止血失败,表现为术后6天内反复便血,转外科手术治疗;术后1月复查胃镜见21例（41．2％）静脉曲张消失或基本消失,28例（54．9％）中上段食管静脉曲张基本消失,2例（3．9％）存在显著的静脉曲张。术后常见并发症有咽下不适、胸骨后隐痛、低至中度发热,发生率为15．9％,未发生严重的并发症。结论急诊套扎术治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血疗效可靠、安全性高。     

乙肝代偿期肝硬化患者高风险食管胃底静脉曲张预测模型的构建:一项病例对照研究

背景上消化道内镜检查是判断肝硬化患者食管胃底静脉曲张的金标准.对于高风险食管胃底静脉曲张尚缺乏有效无创预测模型.目的构建并验证乙肝代偿期肝硬化患者发生高风险食管胃底静脉曲张的模型.方法回顾性分析2018-01/2020-12于天津市北辰医院和武警特色医学中心收治的276例乙肝代偿期肝硬化患者常规实验室检查和超声检查临床资料.其中81例高风险静脉曲张患者,195例非高风险静脉曲张.采用Logistic回归分析影响乙肝代偿期肝硬化患者发生高风险食管胃底静脉曲张的独立危险因素,并使用这些因素构建预测模型.使用受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)验证所构建模型的预测效能.结果Logistic回归显示白蛋白(albumin,ALB)水平(OR=0.825,95%CI:0.779-0.873,P=0.000)、血小板(platelet,PLT)水平(OR=0.934,95%CI:0.895-0.975,P=0.001)、门静脉宽度(OR=1.481,95%CI:1.141-1.922,P=0.002)是乙肝代偿期肝硬化患者高风险静脉曲张发生的危险因素.预测模型:Y=-0.192×ALB(g/L)-0.068×PLT计数(10⁹/L)+0.39×门静脉宽度(mm)+6.87.该模型预测高风险食管胃底静脉曲张的ROC曲线下面积为0.976,最佳诊断切点为0.767,此时的敏感度为0.968,特异度为0.882.结论基于PLT、ALB和门静脉宽度的高风险食管胃底静脉曲张预测模型具有较高诊断效能,值得今后进一步研究和推广.     

Splenic artery ligature associated with endoscopic banding for schistosomal portal hypertension

AIM:To propose a less invasive surgical treatment for schistosomal portal hypertension.METHODS:Ten consecutive patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and portal hypertension with a history of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage from esophageal varices rupture were evaluated in this study.Patients were subjected to a small supraumbilical laparotomy with the ligature of the splenic artery and left gastric vein.During the procedure,direct portal vein pressure before and after the ligatures was measured.Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed at the 30th postoperative day,when esophageal varices diameter were measured and band ligature performed.During follow-up,other endoscopic procedures were performed according to endoscopy findings.RESULTS:There was no intra-operative mortality and all patients had confirmed histologic diagnoses ofschistosomal portal hypertension.During the immediate postoperative period,two of the ten patients had complications,one characterized by a splenic infarction,and the other by an incision hematoma.Mean hospitalization time was 4.1 d(range:2-7 d).Pre-and post-operative liver function tests did not show any significant changes.During endoscopy thirty days after surgery,a decrease in variceal diameters was observed in seven patients.During the follow-up period(57-72mo),endoscopic therapy was performed and seven patients had their varices eradicated.Considering the late postoperative evaluation,nine patients had a decrease in variceal diameters.A mean of 3.9 endoscopic banding sessions were performed per patient.Two patients presented bleeding recurrence at the late postoperative period,which was controlled with endoscopic banding in one patient due to variceal rupture and presented as secondary to congestive gastropathy in the other patient.Both bleeding episodes were of minor degree with no hemodynamic consequences or need for blood transfusion.CONCLUSION:Ligature of the splenic artery and left gastric vein with supraumbilical laparotomy is a promising and less invasive method for treating presinusoidal schistosomiasis portal hypertension.     

肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血伴缺血性肝炎的危险因素分析

目的探讨肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血(esophageal and gastric varices bleeding,EGVB)继发缺血性肝炎的相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析2020年1月至8月沈阳市第六人民医院102例EGVB患者的临床资料,根据是否出现缺血性肝炎分为观察组和对照组。对一般资料、实验室指标、辅助检查结果、临床情况进行单因素分析,二元Logistic多因素分析EGVB后继发缺血性肝炎的相关危险因素。结果102例EGVB患者中,14例伴有缺血性肝炎(转氨酶升高>10倍正常值上限)纳入观察组,余88例纳入对照组。观察组死亡5例,是对照组的4.46倍。观察组ALT、AST峰值多出现在入院第2日,依次为791.00(555.25,1657.5)U/L、2541.50(1480.50,4594.00)U/L。单因素分析结果显示,观察组和对照组ALT、AST、γ-GGT、LDH、TBil、白细胞、血小板计数、脾长、脾门静脉、门脉主干内径、门静脉血栓、死亡、合并肝性脑病、合并脓毒症、Child-Pugh评分、腹腔积液等指标,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);二元logistic多因素分析显示,伴有肝癌(P<0.01)、白细胞计数(P=0.014)、γ-GGT(P=0.025)、Child-Pugh分级(P=0.050)与EGVB后出现缺血性肝损伤具有显著相关性。结论伴有肝癌、白细胞计数、肝硬化Child-Pugh分级是EGVB合并缺血性肝炎的危险因素。     

Portal-hypertensive gastropathy develops less in patients with cirrhosis and fundal varices

Background/Aims: The aim of this prospective study was to examine the association of portal-hypertensive gastropathy and fundal varices in patients with cirrhosis.Methods: We carried out an endoscopic observation in 476 patients with cirrhosis (study 1), including 62 patients undergoing endoscopic obliteration of esophageal varices (study 2). In study 1, patients were classified into five subgroups: no esophagofundal varices (n=119), small esophagofundal varices (n=127), dominant esophageal varices (n=177), dominant fundal varices (n=27), and large esophagofundal varices (n=26). The severity of liver dysfunction was assessed by Pugh-Child classification: class A (n=222), class B (n=200), and class C (n=54). In study 2, two groups, poorly developed fundal varices (n=50) and well developed fundal (n=12), were distinguished and the follow-up endoscopic examinations were performed on the basis of 3-month intervals for 2 years. In each study, the severity of portal-hypertensive gastropathy was scored: 0 (absent), 1 (mild), 2 (severe), and 3 (bleeding).Results: Study 1: One-way ANOVA showed that both variceal pattern and Pugh-Child class significantly influenced portal-hypertensive gastropathy score. However, two-way ANOVA indicated that variceal pattern was the only significant variable. Portal-hypertensive gastropathy score was significantly higher in patients with dominant esophageal varices than in either patients with no esophagofundal varices or patients with small esophagofundal varices. In contrast, portal-hypertensive gastropathy score in patients with dominant fundal varices was similar to that in patients with no esophagofundal varices and was significantly lower compared with that in patients with dominant esophageal varices. Furthermore, portal-hypertensive gastropathy score was significantly lower in patients with large esophagofundal varices than in patients with dominant esophageal varices. Study 2: After the obliteration of esophageal varices, portal-hypertensive gastropathy score in patients with poorly developed fundal varices became significantly higher at 3-, 6-, 9-months while it was not modified in patients with well developed fundal varices during the follow-up period. Furthermore, the integrated incremental change in portal-hypertensive gastropathy score during the first 1-year follow-up period was significantly lower in patients with well developed fundal varices than in patients with poorly developed fundal varices.Conclusions: These results indicate that both spontaneous and obliteration-induced portal-hypertensive gastropathy lesions develop less in patients with cirrhosis and fundal varices.     

Hemodynamic analysis of esophageal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis using color Doppler ultrasound

AIM: To study the portal hemodynamics and their relationship with the size of esophageal varices seen at endoscopy and to evaluate whether these Doppler ultrasound parameters might predict variceal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. METHODS: One hundred and twenty cirrhotic patients with esophageal varices but without any previous bleeding were enrolled in the prospective study. During a 2-year observation period, 52 patients who had at least one episode of acute esophageal variceal hemorrhage constituted the bleeding group, and the remaining 68 patients without any previous hemorrhage constituted the non-bleeding group. All patients underwent endoscopy before or after color Doppler-ultrasonic examination, and images were interpreted independently by two endoscopists. The control group consisted of 30 healthy subjects, matched to the patient group in age and gender. Measurements of diameter, flow direction and flow velocity in the left gastric vein (LGV) and the portal vein (PV) were done in all patients and controls using color Doppler unit. After baseline measurements, 30 min after oral administration of 75 g glucose in 225 mL, changes of the diameter, flow velocity and direction in the PV and LGV were examined in 60 patients with esophageal varices and 15 healthy controls. RESULTS: The PV and LGV were detected successfully in 115 (96%) and 105 (88%) of 120 cirrhotic patients, respectively, and in 27 (90%) and 21 (70%) of 30 healthy controls, respectively. Among the 120 cirrhotic patients, 37 had F1, 59 had F2, and 24 had F3 grade varices. Compared with the healthy controls, cirrhotic group had a significantly lower velocity in the PV, a significantly greater diameter of the PV and LGV, and a higher velocity in the LGV. In the cirrhotic group, no difference in portal flow velocity and diameter were observed between patients with or without esophageal variceal bleeding (EVB). However, the diameter and blood flow velocity of the LGV were significantly higher for EVB (+) group compared with EVB (-) group (P < 0.01). Diameter of the LGV increased with enlarged size of varices. There were differences between F1 and F2, F1 and F3 varices, but no differences between F2 and F3 varices (P = 0.125). However, variceal bleeding was more frequent in patients with a diameter of LGV >6 mm. The flow velocity in the LGV of healthy controls was 8.70+/-1.91 cm/s (n = 21). In patients with liver cirrhosis, it was 10.3+/-2.1 cm/s (n = 12) when the flow was hepatopetal and 13.5+/-2.3 cm/s (n = 87) when it was hepatofugal. As the size of varices enlarged, hepatofugal flow velocity increased (P < 0.01) and was significantly different between patients with F1 and F2 varices and between patients with F2 and F3 varices. Variceal bleeding was more frequent in patients with a hepatofugal flow velocity >15 cm/s (32 of 52 patients, 61.5%). Within the bleeding group, the mean LGV blood flow velocity was 16.6+/-2.62 cm/s. No correlation was observed between the portal blood flow velocity and EVB. In all healthy controls, the flow direction in the LGV was hepatopetal, toward the PV. In patients with F1 varices, flow direction was hepatopetal in 10 patients, to-and-fro state in 3 patients, and hepatofugal in the remaining 18. The flow was hepatofugal in 91% patients with F2 and all F3 varices. Changes in diameter of the PV and LGV were not significant before and after ingestion of glucose (PV: 1.41+/-1.5 cm before and 1.46+/-1.6 cm after; LGV: 0.57+/-1.7 cm before and 0.60+/-1.5 cm after). Flow direction in the LGV was hepatopetal and to-and-fro in 16 patients and hepatofugal in 44 patients before ingestion of glucose. Flow direction changed to hepatofugal in 9 of 16 patients with hepatopetal and to-and-fro blood flow after ingestion of glucose. In 44 patients with hepatofugal blood flow in the LGV, a significant increase in hepatofugal flow velocity was observed in 38 of 44 patients (86%) with esophageal varices. There was a relationship between the percentage changes in flow velocity and the size of varices. Patients who responded excessively to food ingestion might have a high risk for bleeding. The changes of blood flow velocity in the LGV were greater than those in the PV (LGV: 28.3+/-26.1%, PV: 7.2+/-13.2%, P < 0.01), whereas no significant changes in the LGV occurred before and after ingestion of glucose in the control subjects. CONCLUSION: Hemodynamics of the PV is unrelated to the degree of endoscopic abnormalities in patients with liver cirrhosis. The most important combinations are endoscopic findings followed by the LGV hemodynamics. Duplex-Doppler ultrasonography has no value in the identification of patients with cirrhosis at risk of variceal bleeding. Hemodynamics of the LGV appears to be superior to those of the PV in predicting bleeding.     

Multidetector CT oesophagography: An alternative screening method for endoscopic diagnosis of oesophageal varices and bleeding risk

Background and study aimsVariceal bleeding is a frequent and life-threatening complication of portal hypertension. The aim of this study was to evaluate multidetector computed tomographic (MDCT) oesophagography as an alternative to endoscopy for screening oesophageal varices (EVs) and predicting bleeding risk.Patients and methodsA total of 137 cirrhotic patients underwent MDCT followed by endoscopy and EVs were graded independently. The screening ability of CT for EV was evaluated by comparing the grades of EV at CT and at endoscopy. Prediction of bleeding risk by CT was determined by correlating the CT variceal grades, diameters and palisade vein dilatation with the endoscopic red colour (RC) sign. Extra-oesophageal findings were assessed by CT. Patients’ acceptance for both examinations were compared.ResultsAt endoscopy, 47 (34%) patients had grade 0 EV, 52 (38%) patients had grade 1 EV, 29 (21%) patients had grade 2 EV and nine (7%) patients had grade 3 EV. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and accuracy of CT oesophagography for defining EV in all grades were 99%, 98%, 99%, 98% and 99%, respectively. The MDCT variceal grades, diameters and palisade vein dilatation were correlated with the severity of the RC sign. Important extra-oesophageal findings were determined by CT only. The acceptance of patients for CT oesophagography was significantly more than that for endoscopy (p < 0.001).ConclusionMDCT is a reliable, preliminary or adjunctive method that can be used for routine screening for EVs and the prediction of variceal bleeding.     

Long-term follow up of a randomized, controlled trial on prophylactic sclerotherapy of small oesophageal varices in liver cirrhosis

BACKGROUND: In order to evaluate the prophylactic impact of sclerotherapy of small varices in patients with cirrhosis and no endoscopic signs suggesting risk of haemorrhage, a randomized clinical trial was performed. METHODS: Seventy-one hospitalized patients met the inclusion criteria of diagnosis of cirrhosis with no previous bleeding and small varices. Due to exclusion criteria of: gastroduodenal ulcers (n = 5), diverticulosis (n = 1), hepatic insufficiency (n = 10), hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 4), death before randomization (n = 6), age over 70 (n = 1) and denial of consent to participate in the study (n = 1), 43 patients could be randomized, 21 for sclerotherapy and 22 for the control group. Two patients (one in each group) were lost to follow up, and another patient, although not lost, refused sclerotherapy after randomization. Ethanolamine oleate was used as the sclerosing agent. All patients were followed up for a mean time of 60 months, initially every 2 months for the first 2 years and clinical and endoscopic controls were performed each 6-12 months thereafter. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: During the first 2 years clinical assessment showed that there were five bleedings in the sclerotherapy group and none in the control group, but mortality was similar in both groups. Long-term follow up continued to show a higher prevalence of bleeding in the sclerotherapy group but that mortality was not different from the control group.     

内镜下无水酒精硬化治疗肝硬化并发食管静脉曲张45例

目的探讨内镜下硬化治疗食管静脉曲张的疗效。方法对我院45例肝硬化并发食管静脉曲张的患者，在内镜下用无水酒精行96次静脉内注射。结果30例大出血时紧急硬化治疗，注射后出血立即停止者28例（93．3％），无效者2例（6．7％）。15例预防注射。全部患者总有效者41例（91．1％），无效者4例（8．9％）。结论无水酒精硬化治疗食管静脉曲张具有价廉，局部视野清晰，值得推广应用。     

肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的相关因素分析

目的 探讨肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的相关因素.方法 选取2003年2月-2012年3月在哈尔滨市第一医院消化科住院的肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血患者113例为出血组;选取同期住院的肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张未破裂出血患者102例为对照组;分别统计22个指标,得出肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张破裂出血的主要危险因素.结果 肝硬化出血组与对照组单因素分析发现：PLT、PT、PTA、门静脉内径、脾静脉内径、食管静脉曲张程度及红色征等7个指标比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.非条件Logistic回归分析提示,红色征、门静脉内径、食管静脉曲张程度与肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血成正相关,血小板计数与食管静脉曲张破裂出血成负相关.结论 红色征、门静脉内径增加、重度食管静脉曲张、血小板计数降低是肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张破裂出血的独立危险因素,其中红色征是最主要危险因素.     

肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张的无创性预测因素分析

目的探讨肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张无创性预测因素的临床价值及其意义.方法分析117例肝硬化失代偿期临床资料,包括胃镜检查所见食管静脉曲张程度,腹部B超测量所得脾静脉内径(SV)、门静脉内径(PV)、腹水、脾脏长度和厚度,计算脾脏指数(SI),以及血小板计数(PLT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)和肝功能等.结果91例肝硬化有食管静脉曲张,其中39例为重度静脉曲张.食管静脉曲张各组SI和PLT两指标与无静脉曲张组比较有显著性差异,Logistic回归分析显示SI和PLT是食管静脉曲张的预测因素,当SI≥67.9cm2,PLT≤91.0×109/L,其阳性预测值分别为98.4%和96.0%,阴性预测值为45.5%和52.0%.而SI是重度静脉曲张的预测因素,SI≥81.8 cm2,其阳性预测值为92.9%,阴性预测值为85.4%.结论SI和PLT可以较好地预测食管静脉曲张,SI是预测重度静脉曲张的临床指标,两者具有无创、简便等特点,可用于肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张及其程度的预测.     

无创伤诊断指标对乙型肝炎肝硬化患者伴食管胃底静脉曲张风险的评估

食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血是失代偿期肝硬化患者死亡的主要原因之一,病死率高达15％ ～ 35％[1].目前临床主要通过胃镜检查判断肝硬化患者有无食管胃底静脉曲张(esophageal-gastric varices,EGV)及其程度.寻找无创指标预测EGV及其出血风险,以降低肝硬化患者上消化道出血的发生率及病死率,成为临床关注的焦点和研究的热点.     

肝硬化病人返流性食管炎与食管静脉曲张套扎术的关系

目的探讨肝硬化病人返流性食管炎（Reflux Emphagitis，RE）与食管静脉曲张套扎术（Esophageal variceal ligation，EVL）之间的关系。方法选择我院行EVL的肝硬化食管静脉曲张病人192例，观察术前肝功能、胃镜下RE和食管静脉曲张程度、术中和术后出血情况。结果肝硬化病人RE的阳性率89．1％，其中轻、中、重度食管静脉曲张者RE的阳性率分别为66．7％、86．0％、96．2％，两者有相关性（Cp=0．9044，P〈0．01）；与单纯EVL病人比较，伴RE的EVL病人在术中／术后的消化道出血率增加（29．8％。s4．8％，P〈0．05）。结论RE可增加肝硬化病人EVL的出血并发症，增加EVL的手术风险，因此，积极治疗RE可以降低围手术期消化道的出血率，降低手术风险。