对加密的XML数据查询算法的研究与实现

对于XML加密数据的查询,文献[1]提出了一种"有查询意识的解密"方法,它只解密与查询结果有关联的部分。改进了关于XML加密数据的查询处理方法,利用哈希表、链接表来构建用户密钥索引。在XML文档加密过程中,将XML加密数据与加密的XML索引存储在一起,以便解密后的索引能提供查询结果在XML加密数据中的位置。并提出新的方案,其主要内容包括XML索引设计、用户密钥索引设计、算法设计。实验结果表明,本文方法提高了查询的效率,无需解密无关的加密数据,有效地解决了用户密钥交换次数多和安全的问题。     

Secure XML querying based on authorization graphs

XML is rapidly emerging as a standard for data representation and exchange over the World Wide Web and an increasing amount of sensitive business data is processed in XML format. Therefore, it is critical to have control mechanisms to restrict a user to access only the parts of XML documents that she is authorized to access. In this paper, we propose the first DTD-based access control model that employs graph matching to analyze if an input query is fully acceptable, fully rejectable, or partially acceptable. In this way, there will be no further security overhead for the processing of fully acceptable and rejectable queries. For partially acceptable queries, we propose a graph-matching based authorization model for an optimized rewriting procedure in which a recursive query (query with descendant axis ‘//’) will be rewritten into an equivalent recursive one if possible and into a non-recursive one only if necessary, resulting queries that can fully take advantage of structural join based query optimization techniques. Moreover, we propose an index structure for XML element types to speed up the query rewriting procedure, a facility that is potentially useful for applications with large DTDs. Our performance study results showed that our algorithms armed with rewriting indexes are promising.     

PS+Pre/Post: A novel structure and access mechanism for wireless XML stream supporting twig pattern queries

XML data broadcast is an efficient way to disseminate XML data to a large number of mobile clients in mobile wireless networks. Recently, several indexing methods have been proposed to improve the performance of XML query processing in terms of access time and tuning time over XML streams. However, existing indexing methods cannot process twig pattern XML queries. In this paper, we propose a novel structure for streaming XML data called PS+Pre/Post by integrating the path summary technique and the pre/post labeling scheme. Our proposed XML stream structure exploits the benefits of the path summary technique and the pre/post labeling scheme to efficiently process different types of XML queries over the broadcast stream. Experimental results show that our proposed XML stream structure improves the performance of access time and tuning time in processing different types of XML queries.     

An efficient stream structure for broadcasting the encrypted XML data in mobile wireless broadcast channels

In mobile wireless broadcast networks, XML data is encrypted before it is sent over the broadcast channel in order to ensure the confidentiality of XML data. In these networks, mobile clients must not have access to all the XML data; rather they should have access to some parts of the XML data that are relevant to them and to which they are authorized to have access. In this paper, a new encrypted XML data stream structure is proposed which supports the confidentiality of XML data over the broadcast channel. In our proposed stream structure, the size of encrypted XML data stream is reduced by grouping the paths, XML nodes, texts, and attributes together. The proposed structure includes several indexes to skip from irrelevant data over the broadcast channel. The experimental results demonstrate that the use of our proposed stream structure efficiently disseminates XML data in mobile wireless broadcast networks in a secure manner and the indexes in our proposed stream structure improve the performance of XML query processing over the encrypted XML data stream.

     

支持快速查询的数据库加密方法研究

为了解决数据库中加密字符串数据的查询问题。提出了为待加密的字段建立辅助索引字段的两阶段查询方法。索引字段的内容由原始数据的划分值和特征值两部分组成，它可以用来支持字符串数据的精确匹配查询和模糊匹配查询。查询加密数据时，首先利用索引字段对加密数据进行一次粗糙查询，然后在解密的数据上再进行一次精确查询。实验表明，其性能较传统的先解密后查询方法有较大的提高。     

Adaptive relaxation for querying heterogeneous XML data sources

Searching XML data with a structured XML query can improve the precision of results compared with a keyword search. However, the structural heterogeneity of the large number of XML data sources makes it difficult to answer the structured query exactly. As such, query relaxation is necessary. Previous work on XML query relaxation poses the problem of unnecessary computation of a big number of unqualified relaxed queries. To address this issue, we propose an adaptive relaxation approach which relaxes a query against different data sources differently based on their conformed schemas. In this paper, we present a set of techniques that supports this approach, which includes schema-aware relaxation rules for relaxing a query adaptively, a weighted model for ranking relaxed queries, and algorithms for adaptive relaxation of a query and top-k query processing. We discuss results from a comprehensive set of experiments that show the effectiveness and the efficiency of our approach.     

密文数据库的快速查询

通过的主流数据库加密系统的研究,针对查询效率低问题,设计了二维数组密文索引。查询时,索引值经过简单的哈希算法,置换矩阵的变换确定一个加密的二维数组的地址下标,然后解密对应的数组元素获取单链表头指针,头指针指向的单链表中存放的是与索引值相同的记录的主键集合,再根据主键查询密文数据库解密并返回明文信息。整个查询过程实现了对密文数据不解密的情况下的检索。     

数据库加密字符串快速查询方法研究

为了提高在数据库中查询加密字符串数据的性能,提出一种新的基于对偶特征码的快速查询方法。特征码与加密字符串数据一一对应,作为索引保存在索引字段中。查询时使用两阶段查询策略,首先利用索引字段对加密数据进行一次粗糙查询以过滤掉与查询不相关的记录,然后在解密的数据上再进行一次精确查询,对粗糙查询结果进行二次过滤,得到符合查询条件的记录。实验表明,该方法的性能比现有查询方法有较大提高。     

Efficient Processing of Distributed Twig Queries Based on Node Distribution

Massive XML data are increasingly generated for the representation, storage and exchange of web information. Twig query processing over massive XML data has become a research focus. However, most traditional algorithms cannot be directly implemented in a distributed manner. Some of the existing distributed algorithms generate a lot of useless intermediate results and execute many join operations of partial results in most cases; others require the priori knowledge of query pattern before XML partition, storage and query processing, which is impractical in the cases of large-scale data or frequent incoming new queries. To improve efficiency and scalability, in this paper, we propose a 3-phase distributed algorithm DisT3 based on node distribution mechanism to avoid unnecessary intermediate results. Furthermore, we propose a lightweight local index ReP with an enhanced XML partitioning approach using arbitrary partitioning strategy, and based on ReP we propose an improved 2-phase distributed algorithm DisT2ReP to further reduce the communication cost. After the performance guarantees are analyzed, extensive experiments are conducted to verify the efficiency and scalability of our proposed algorithms in distributed twig query applications.     

基于DOM的XML数据库的索引技术研究

XML作为一种数据交换的国际标准，已经贯穿于Internet应用的各个领域之中，如何快速准确地存储和查询XML数据的数据库技术是一个重要的研究课题。XML索引技术对XML数据库查询处理起着至关重要的作用，提出了基于DOM的XML数据库的索引技术(路径连接索引、值索引和引用索引)，解决了传统的基于树的遍历的XML数据查询方法性能上的不足，并着重对处理含有谓词和引用关系等较复杂的查询路径的不同处理方法进行了对比和分析，还给出了索引空间利用率、查询性能和索引维护代价3个方面的标准测试结果，表明新的索引技术可以有效地提高查询处理效率。     

Query processing optimization in broadcasting XML data in mobile communications

Todays, XML as a de facto standard is used to broadcast data over mobile wireless networks. In these networks, mobile clients send their XML queries over a wireless broadcast channel and recieve their desired XML data from the channel. However, downloading the whole XML data by a mobile device is a challenge since the mobile devices used by clients are small battery powered devices with limited resources. To meet this challenge, the XML data should be indexed in such a way that the desired XML data can be found easily and only such data can be downloaded instead of the whole XML data by the mobile clients. Several indexing methods are proposed to selectively access the XML data over an XML stream. However, the existing indexing methods cause an increase in the size of XML stream by including some extra information over the XML stream. In this paper, a new XML stream structure is proposed to disseminate the XML data over a broadcast channel by grouping and summarizing the structural information of XML nodes. By summarizing such information, the size of XML stream can be reduced and therefore, the latency of retrieving the desired XML data over a wirless broadcast channel can be reduced. The proposed XML stream structure also contains indexes in order to skip from the irrelevant parts over the XML stream. It therefore can reduce the energy consumption of mobile devices in downloading the results of XML queries. In addition, our proposed XML stream structure can process different types of XML queries and experimental results showed that it improves the performace of XML query processing over the XML data stream compared to the existing research works in terms of access and tuning times.

     

DTD约束下的树模式查询的一致性判断

树模式查询被广泛地应用XML数据查询中。树模式查询的一致性判断可以避免不必要的计算,节省查询时间,从而提高查询效率。给出了查询一致性的定义,基于子路径的概念,提出文档类型定义(DTD)约束下的树模式查询的一致性判断算法,并对算法的时间复杂度进行了分析。通过分析比较,该算法是有效的。     

一种新的基于B＋树结构的XML元素的索引方法

摘要：本文提出了一种用于搜索XML文档的新的索引方法即RIST。通过采用代码化的结构序列（SES）来表示XML文档和XML查询,我们得出查询XML数据等同于查找子序列匹配。RIST采用树结构作为查询的基本单元,从而避免了代价高昂的连接操作。另外,RIST还在XML文档的内容和结构上提供了一个统一的索引,所以它的一个很明显的优势就是克服了仅仅根据内容或结构建立索引的弊端。实验表明RIST在支持结构查询上是一种高效的方法。     

一种基于结构特征的XML数据查询方法

针对XML数据特有的树型结构模式,提出了一种将树型结构的XML数据和查询语句转化为特定格式的字符串,基于串匹配原理对结构复杂的XML数据进行查询的方法,避免了传统的基于路径的查询方式所必需的路径之间的连接（join）操作,从而提高查询效率。利用本文提出的编码方式,可以建立关于XML数据结构和数据内容舍为一体的索引。实验显示,本文使用的针对XML数据查询的方法比传统的基于连接操作的数据查询方式高效,且本方法具有良好的扩展性。     

一种新的基于B~+树结构的XML元素的索引方法

提出了一种用于搜索XML文档的新的索引方法即RIST。通过采用代码化的结构序列(SES)来表示XML文档和XML查询,得出查询XML数据等同于查找子序列匹配。RIST采用树结构作为查询的基本单元,从而避免了代价高昂的连接操作。另外,RIST还在XML文档的内容和结构上提供了一个统一的索引,所以它的一个很明显的优势就是克服了仅仅根据内容或结构建立索引的弊端。实验表明RIST在支持结构查询上是一种高效的方法。     

A Query Language for XML Based on Graph Grammars

In this paper we present a graphical query language for XML. The language, based on a simple form of graph grammars, permits us to extract data and reorganize information in a new structure. As with most of the current query languages for XML, queries consist of two parts: one extracting a subgraph and one constructing the output graph. The semantics of queries is given in terms of graph grammars. The use of graph grammars makes it possible to define, in a simple way, the structural properties of both the subgraph that has to be extracted and the graph that has to be constructed. We provide an example-driven comparison of our language w.r.t. other XML query languages, and show the effectiveness and simplicity of our approach.     

Efficient processing of XPath queries using indexes

A number of indexing techniques have been proposed in recent times for optimizing the queries on XML and other semi-structured data models. Most of the semi-structured models use tree-like structures and query languages (XPath, XQuery, etc.) which make use of regular path expressions to optimize the query processing. In this paper, we propose two algorithms called Entry-point algorithm (EPA) and Two-point Entry algorithms that exploit different types of indices to efficiently process XPath queries. We discuss and compare two approaches namely, Root-first and Bottom-first in implementing the EPA. We present the experimental results of the algorithms using XML benchmark queries and data and compare the results with that of traditional methods of query processing with and without the use of indexes, and ToXin indexing approach. Our algorithms show improved performance results than the traditional methods and Toxin indexing approach.     

面向对象的XML查询系统的设计与实现

设计和开发了面向对象的XML数据查询系统原型OOX(object-oriented XML).OOX系统中包括了面向对象XML数据查询系统的一些核心功能,如存储、索引、查询等.其最大的特点是:它是一个可以实现对富含面向对象XML数据进行查询的XML查询系统;支持用继承扩展的XML模式语言DTD的解析,支持用继承扩展的XML查询语言XML-RL;采用了先进的路经仓索引模式以及高效的查询处理技术,可以实现高效的查询处理.     

一种基于结构索引的XML模式匹配方法

XML文档采用了树型的数据模型,对其查询通常是用带有选择谓词的模式树在XML数据中进行匹配.因此,找出XML文档中所有符合模式树结构的元素集,是XML查询处理的核心操作.本文提出了结构索引JoinGuide,并在此基础上提出了一种新的XML模式匹配方法.它使用JoinGuide来对模式树进行预匹配,这样在XML文档上查询时可以利用索引上的匹配结果来忽略部分连接谓词和不必要的候选XML元素序列.本文还提出了三种具体算法来利用索引匹配结果进行进一步的查询.实验结果表明本文中的模式树匹配方法优于以往的匹配方法,并且索引所需的空间很小.     

The dynamic predicate: integrating access control with query processing in XML databases

Recently, access control on XML data has become an important research topic. Previous research on access control mechanisms for XML data has focused on increasing the efficiency of access control itself, but has not addressed the issue of integrating access control with query processing. In this paper, we propose an efficient access control mechanism tightly integrated with query processing for XML databases. We present the novel concept of the dynamic predicate (DP), which represents a dynamically constructed condition during query execution. A DP is derived from instance-level authorizations and constrains accessibility of the elements. The DP allows us to effectively integrate authorization checking into the query plan so that unauthorized elements are excluded in the process of query execution. Experimental results show that the proposed access control mechanism improves query processing time significantly over the state-of-the-art access control mechanisms. We conclude that the DP is highly effective in efficiently checking instance-level authorizations in databases with hierarchical structures.