铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接工艺参数对焊接温度的影响

搅拌摩擦焊是一种新型的、绿色环保、高效的固相焊接技术,其过程涉及由轴肩和搅拌针构成的无损耗搅拌工具。焊接过程中,高速旋转的搅拌工具插入到工件表面直至轴肩与工件接触,并沿焊缝向前行进,利用搅拌工具与工件产生的摩擦热使待焊材料塑化,并在搅拌工具的带动下产生流动与混合从而实现焊接。详细分析了搅拌摩擦焊接的微观组织结构,搅拌工具以及主要工艺参数对焊接的影响并通过试验研究了主轴转速、焊接速度以及轴肩下压量对焊接温度的影响。试验研究表明,主轴转速和焊接速度对焊接温度的影响较大,下压量对焊接温度的影响不大。     

AZ31B镁合金搅拌摩擦焊焊接工艺研究

采用搅拌摩擦焊对AZ31B镁合金板材进行了焊接试验,研究了搅拌头旋转速度、焊接速度和搅拌头轴肩下压量对焊接接头成形质量的影响。结果表明,搅拌头转速过快或焊接速度过慢时,焊缝会出现局部过热甚至熔化现象;反之,当搅拌头转速不够或焊接速度过快时,材料不能充分流动,会形成隧道型缺陷或表面沟槽。当搅拌头轴肩下压量过小时,焊缝内部组织疏松或出现孔洞、隧道型缺陷,焊缝表面出现沟槽,甚至使焊缝金属液外溢;搅拌头轴肩下压量过大,会造成摩擦力及搅拌头前移阻力增大、焊缝凹陷及出现飞边。当搅拌头转速为1200～1500r／min、焊速为30～60mm／min,搅拌头轴肩下压量为1．5～2．0mm时,可得表面成形良好、内部无孔洞和隧道的焊缝。     

7075-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊组织及性能分析

选用旋转速度400～500 rpm、焊接速度100～140 mm/min的工艺参数对厚度16 mm的7075-T6铝合金板进行搅拌摩擦焊接,分析并讨论焊接接头的显微组织及力学性能.结果表明,7075-T6搅拌摩擦焊焊接接头由焊核区、轴肩影响区、热机影响区和热影响区组成.焊核区及轴肩影响区为细小的再结晶等轴晶组织;热机影...     

焊接参数对搅拌摩擦焊焊缝形貌的影响

研究了搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对LY12铝合金焊缝形貌的影响。研究结果表明：采用左螺纹圆柱搅拌头进行焊接时,形成的焊核关于搅拌针中心不对称,回撤边塑性金属迁移程度大于前进边;搅拌头旋转速度和轴肩下压量相同时,增大焊接速度可使回撤边塑性金属向上迁移程度减弱,使焊核宽度及焊核中心偏向回撤边距离减小;搅拌头旋转速度和焊接速度相同时,增大轴肩下压量可使焊核宽度和焊核中心偏向回撤边的距离增大,使回撤边塑性金属向上迁移程度先增大后减小。     

FSP和颗粒增强耦合工艺下铝基复合材料制备的研究进展

搅拌摩擦焊发展起来的搅拌摩擦加工(FSP)技术因具有优异的微观组织、不产生的界面反应等优点在颗粒增强铝基复合材料的制备方面得到广泛研究。首先综述了影响搅拌摩擦加工的工艺参数,包括旋转速度、移动速度、下压量以及搅拌道次。这些参数影响搅拌时的热输入,同时热输入会改变复合材料的塑性流动,从而影响复合材料的结构和力学性能。然后重点讨论了搅拌摩擦加工铝基复合材料的工艺方法,通过开孔或开槽法添加强化颗粒的直接加工工艺存在着颗粒团聚的问题,严重影响材料的力学性能,而搅拌摩擦加工作为二次成形工艺间接加工复合材料可以有效提高复合材料力学性能。最后提出目前搅拌摩擦加工工艺在颗粒增强铝基复合材料的制备与发展方面存在的问题以及发展趋势。     

搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对LY12铝合金焊缝金属流动形态的影响

采用铝箔作为标示材料,研究了旋转速度、焊接速度、下压量等工艺参数对LY12铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊缝金属流动形态的影响.结果表明:焊缝金属的流动形态由4个特征区域组成,即水平流动区、紊流区、"洋葱环"区和刚塑性迁移区;搅拌摩擦焊的焊缝关于中心不对称,返回边标示材料的变形程度比前进边的大;随着旋转速度的提高,金属在焊缝厚度方向向上的迁移量先增大后减小;随着焊接速度的提高,金属向上迁移的最大位移减小;增大下压量,有利于金属的流动和焊缝致密度的提高.     

基于材料流动轨迹的搅拌摩擦焊接晶粒及焊接区大小预测模型

通过热力耦合模型模拟搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的材料行为,并基于材料的运动轨迹区分焊接区域中的搅拌区和热力影响区。给出热力影响区和搅拌区边界处流动轨迹上的真实应变率和温度历史曲线,进一步计算Zener-Holloman参数和搅拌区内的晶粒大小,通过与已有文献的对比验证计算结果的准确性。结果显示尽管应变率分布不均匀,均匀分布的温度使lg Z在搅拌区内均匀分布,这说明温度对搅拌区内晶粒大小变化的影响较应变率更为明显。绕针运动的物质点的应变率明显高于其他运动轨迹上的物质点的应变率,可以达到22 s–1。通过对不同材料流动行为的跟踪可以确定搅拌区和热力影响区的边界。搅拌区晶粒随搅拌头轴肩的增大而增大,且搅拌区尺寸随搅拌头轴肩的增大而增大。较小的搅拌头会使搅拌区的区域变小。     

无针搅拌摩擦点焊材料流动行为及其与接头宏观形貌、晶粒特征的相关性

搅拌摩擦焊接头材料流动行为是优化焊接工艺的根本所在,目前关于无针搅拌摩擦点焊流动行为尚未形成统一的认识。以0.02 mm镍箔为示踪材料,采用轴肩端面具有渐开线凹槽的无针搅拌头,改变旋转速度和焊接时间进行1.8 mm厚2198-T8铝锂合金搭接搅拌摩擦点焊试验,借助微焦点锥束三维CT设备、扫描电镜等测试手段,研究材料流动行为及其对接头宏观形貌、晶粒特征的影响。结果表明,轴肩下方的金属在轴肩挤压和摩擦热作用下先软化,以螺旋形向下向内流动形成搅拌区;随着焊接时间的延长,搅拌区金属向上和向外流动增强,致使搅拌区外缘界面翘曲,形成Hook缺陷。随旋转速度或焊接时间增大,搅拌区金属向下和向上向外流动加剧,焊核的深度和直径增大、晶粒更细小;下板金属软化程度加强,搅拌区外缘下板更多的塑化金属向上向外流动,致使Hook更翘曲。研究结果为深入了解无针搅拌摩擦点焊材料流动行为和优化焊接工艺提供了理论基础。     

搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对LY12铝合金接头组织和力学性能的影响

利用正交试验法研究了搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对LY12铝合金接头组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明:搅拌头轴肩直径对接头抗拉强度的影响大于搅拌头旋转速度和焊接速度对接头强度的影响;当焊接工艺参数匹配合理时,接头热输入量适当,焊核晶粒组织为细小均匀的等轴晶,接头抗拉强度大于350MPa,接头强度系数高达86%.     

主轴转向对再生Al-Si-Fe-Mg合金多道次搅拌摩擦加工区组织和性能的影响

对4.5 mm厚的再生Al-7.0Si-0.85Fe-0.30Mg合金板进行相同主轴转向1～3道次和改变第2道次主轴转向2,3道次的搅拌摩擦加工，研究了主轴转向对搅拌摩擦加工区组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：随着加工道次的增加，加工区的面积以及前进侧热机影响区的宽度增大，加工核心区的富铁相、共晶硅等第二相颗粒长度减小，圆整度提高，强度和硬度无显著改变，断后伸长率显著提高。改变第2道次主轴转向后加工区面积较相同主轴转向时减小，但组织对称性提高，前进侧热机影响区宽度减小；改变主轴转向后，第二相颗粒尺寸变化不明显，但圆整度显著降低，强度和硬度的变化也不明显，断后伸长率略有提高。     

On the role of cooling and tool rotational direction on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir processed AZ91

This paper deals with an experimental investigation focused on the effects of water cooling treatment, friction stir processing pass number, and tool rotational direction on the microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir processed AZ91 magnesium alloy. Specimens were produced using different combinations of process parameters. Parallel to increasing the amount of oxide particles in the processed area, water cooling was found to reduce the final grain size and enhance their hardness and strength. Changing the rotational direction in each pass reduces the grain size severely (from 150 to ~4?μm) and increases the hardness (from 63 to 98?HV) and strength (from ~130 to ~250?MPa). However, no significant difference was found in wear resistance of the specimens produced with different process parameters.     

Effect of friction stir processing parameters on the microstructural and electrical properties of copper

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an innovative technology, based on friction stir welding (FSW) operative principles, which can be used for changing locally the microstructure and the mechanical properties of conventional materials. In this work, the copper alloy C12200 was friction stir processed using two distinct tools, i.e. a scrolled and a conical shoulder tool, in order to promote different thermomechanical conditions inside the stirred volume, and consequently, varied post-processed microstructures. The influence of the tool geometry and tool rotation and traverse speeds on the microstructural and electrical properties of the processed copper alloy was analysed. The processing conditions were found to have an important influence on the electrical conductivity of the processed material. The differences in electrical conductivity were explained based on dislocations density effects. The effect of the dislocations density on electrical conductivity of the processed material was found to prevail over the effect of the grain boundaries.     

Effect of heat treatment and number of passes on the microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir processed AZ91C magnesium alloy

In this paper, the effect of heat treatment and number of passes on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir processed AZ91C magnesium alloy samples were investigated. From six samples of as-cast AZ91C magnesium alloy, three plates were pre-heated at temperature of 375°C for 3 hours, and then were treated at temperature of 415°C for 18 hours and finally were cooled down in air. Three plates were relinquished without heat treatment. 8 mm thick as-cast AZ91C magnesium alloy plates were friction stir processed at constant traverse speed of 40 mm/min and tool rotation speed of 1250 rpm. After process, microstructural characterization of samples was analyzed using optical microscopy and tensile and Vickers hardness tests were performed. It was found that heat treated samples had finer grains, higher hardness, improved tensile strength and elongation relative to non-heat treated ones. As the number of passes increased, higher UTS and TE were achieved due to finer grains and more dissolution of β phase (Mg₁₇Al₁₂). The micro-hardness characteristics and tensile improvement of the friction stir processed samples depend significantly on grain size, removal of voids and porosities and dissolution of β phase in the stir zone.

     

3D reconstruction of prior β grains in friction stir–processed Ti–6Al–4V

The prior β grain structure and orientations in the central stir zone of friction stir–processed Ti–6Al–4V were reconstructed from measured α phase orientations obtained by three‐dimensional serial sectioning in a dual‐beam focused ion beam scanning electron microscope. The data were processed to obtain the α colony and β grain size distributions in the volume. Several β grains were individually analysed to determine the total number of unique α variants and the respective volume fractions of each. The analysis revealed that some grains experienced overwhelming variant selection (i.e. one variant dominated) whereas other β grains contained a more evenly distributed mixture of all 12 variants.     

Influence of FSP on the microstructure,microhardness, intergranular corrosion susceptibility and wear resistance of AA5083 alloy

This article investigates the role of friction stir processing (FSP) process parameters on the evolution of microstructure, hardness, intergranular corrosion resistance and wear resistance of aluminium alloy AA5083. The FSP trials are performed by changing the process parameters as per face-centered central composite design. The friction stir processed (FSPed) specimens subjected to intergranular corrosion test and wear test are characterized using field emission scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Outcomes suggest that grain refinement, dispersion and partial dissolution of secondary phase has simultaneously increased the hardness, intergranular corrosion resistance and wear resistance of the FSPed specimens. The study found that tool rotation speed of 700?rpm, tool traverse speed of 60?mm?min^?1 and shoulder diameter of 15?mm results in maximum hardness, wear resistance and intergranular corrosion resistance.     

搅拌摩擦加工原位合成Al-Ti颗粒增强铝基复合材料的微观结构

采用搅拌摩擦加工法进行了原位合成Al-Ti金属间化合物颗粒增强铝基复合材料的试验,研究了复合材料的微观组织和精细结构。结果表明,以纯Ti粉和纯铝板为原材料,采用搅拌摩擦加工的方法可以原位合成TiAl3金属间化合物颗粒增强铝基复合材料。在复合材料铝基体上,除了生成的TiAl3金属间化合物外,还存在一些纯Ti颗粒以及纯铝基体上的固溶体。经旋转摩擦挤压后,纯铝基体的晶粒得到细化,尺寸为200nm左右,生成的TiAl3晶粒尺寸约为200~300nm。     

Effective predictions of ultimate tensile strength,peak temperature and grain size of friction stir welded AA2024 alloy joints

A series of welds were made by friction stir welding (FSW) under different welding and rotation speeds. A 2D ultimate tensile strength (UTS) map was developed based on various experimental data to predict the UTS of friction stir welded AA2024 alloy joints. The accuracy of the UTS map was evaluated by comparing the estimated UTS with the corresponding experimental results from the FSW of the same material available in the open literature. Analytical models were developed to estimate the peak temperature and grain size in the nugget zone. The predicted optimal peak temperature and welding and rotation speeds for AA2024 were within the windows of 400–465 °C, 175–350 mm/min and 800–1,200 rpm, respectively, under which the joint tensile strength could be higher than 458 MPa (about 94.6 % of the base metal) and the estimated average grain sizes in the nugget zone were about 2–3.9 μm.     

Producing of AZ91/SiC composite by friction stir processing (FSP)

Friction stir processing (FSP) was used to fabricate SiC/AZ91 composite layer. Effect of process parameters such as rotational and traverse speeds, tool penetration depth and tilt angle on the formation of defects such as cracks, tunnelling cavity and also on sticking of matrix material to the tool was investigated. Also, effect of these parameters was studied on the mechanical properties and microstructures of specimens. Microstructure studies were carried out by optical and SEM. Results showed that FSP is an effective process to fabricate SiC/AZ91 composite layer with uniform distribution of SiC particles, good interfacial integrity and significant grain refinement. Increasing the rotational speed leads to a decrease in the grain size and an increase in the traverse speed leads to a decrease in the grain size. There are upper and lower limitations for these speeds which were determined. PD is a more effective parameter to produce sound surface layer. PD value was affected by traverse and rotational speeds and the tilt angle values. This study shows that by using 5 μm SiC particles, the stir zone grain size reduces from 150 to 7.17 μm and stir zone hardness increases from 63 to 96 Hv.     

Influences of rotation speed on microstructures and mechanical properties of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy joints fabricated by self-reacting friction stir welding tool

A 6061-T6 aluminum alloy was self-reacting friction stir welded by using the specially designed tool with unequal shoulder diameters at a constant welding speed of 150 mm/min to investigate the effect of rotation speed on microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints. Excessive flash on the bottom surface of the joint and groove defects on both surfaces of the joint were formed when the lower shoulder diameter was much smaller. The suitable shoulder sizes were determined as 16 and 18 mm in lower shoulder diameter and upper shoulder diameter, respectively. The grain size and the dislocation density in the weld nugget zone (WNZ) increased with increasing rotation speed. The tensile strength of joints first increased with increasing rotating speed and then decreased remarkably as a result of the formation of void defect. The joints welded at lower rotation speeds were fractured in the thermal mechanically affected zone (TMAZ). However, the fracture locations of the defect-free joints were changed to the heat affected zone (HAZ) at higher rotation speeds.