干燥方式对紫薯全粉水合特性及抗氧化能力的影响

以紫薯\     

干燥工艺对紫薯全粉理化性质及花色苷的影响

为了提高紫薯全粉的品质,保留其营养价值,本文以紫薯\     

不同干燥方式对紫薯全粉品质的影响

紫甘薯具有很高的营养价值,紫薯全粉的开发研究有利于其加工的扩大化和优质化。以紫薯为原料,通过鼓风干燥、真空冷冻干燥、真空干燥三种干燥方法对紫薯全粉的制备进行研究,探讨三种方式对于紫薯全粉基本化学成分、色差、碘蓝值、持水性和持油性、总花青素含量等品质的影响。通过对比实验得出结论,真空冷冻干燥对于紫薯全粉的基本化学成分、色差、碘蓝值、持水性和持油性、总花青素含量等品质的综合影响最小,真空干燥紧随其后。因此,为了保持紫薯全粉的完整性,同时考虑生产成本,在加工紫薯全粉过程中以真空干燥方法为最佳。     

紫薯热风干燥工艺参数优化

以新鲜紫薯为原料,研究其热风干燥工艺参数。通过单因素实验,研究了铺料密度、热风温度、热风风速对紫薯热风干燥特性的影响,得出紫薯热风干燥过程的失水规律;分析了紫薯热风干燥主要工艺参数(热风温度、铺料密度、热风速度)对干燥时间、耗能、色差及其重要营养成分含量的影响。结果表明,热风温度、物料铺料密度对干燥速率有较大影响,热风风速对干燥速率有一定影响,得到的优化工艺参数为:热风温度90℃,铺料密度为0.1592g/cm~2,热风风速为0.6m/s,在此条件下,综合指标为19.5678。      

紫薯红外干燥特性与数学模型

以紫薯为原料,研究其红外干燥特性及数学模型。通过实验收集了不同切片厚度和干燥温度下,紫薯薄片水分比（MR）随干燥时间（t）的变化数据,得到了紫薯薄片的干燥曲线。实验结果表明,干燥温度和切片厚度对紫薯红外干燥特性有较大影响,温度越高,切片厚度越薄,紫薯的失水速率（WLR）越快,干燥时间越短。同时,通过拟合计算发现,在三种基础干燥模型中Page模型的预测值与实验值比较吻合,能够更好地反映干燥过程,进一步计算得出了Page模型的各项系数,确定了紫薯红外干燥的数学模型为MR=exp（-ktⁿ）,k=exp（-6.597951+0.034936T-0.305989L）,n=1.218926;其中MR为水分比,T为干燥温度（℃）,L为紫薯切片厚度（mm）。      

紫薯的抗氧化及活性成分研究

以紫薯为原料,对其水分、脂肪、总灰分和矿质元素含量以及主要活性成分进行了测定,并对紫薯的体外抗氧化活性进行了评价。结果表明,紫薯中水分含量为69.10±0.64 g/100g鲜重、脂肪含量为0.21±0.02 g/100g鲜重、总灰分为1.23±0.02 g/100g鲜重。紫薯中矿质元素Ca的含量最高为137.8±1.4 mg/g干重,而硒元素的含量为0.3±0.1 mg/g干重。紫薯中总酚、总花色苷、总黄酮的含量分别为7.69±0.03 mg GA/g干重、1.80±0.02 mg/g干重、1.48±0.00 mg QU/g干重。通过UPLC–ESI–MS鉴定出7种紫薯花色苷和3种其他酚类物质,其中花色苷主要以peonidin 3–sophoroside–5–glucoside和cyanidin 3–sophoroside–5–glucoside为母核,同时带有一个或两个酰基化基团,主要为咖啡酸、阿魏酸和对羟基苯甲酸;其他酚类物质主要是绿原酸,含量为67.40±0.024 mg/g干重。紫薯对铁离子的还原能力为4.45±0.00μmol TE/g干重,对氧自由基的清除能力为38.7±1.90μmol TE/g干重。     

不同干燥方式对甘薯叶理化特性和抗氧化能力的影响

目的 探究三种不同干燥方式(微波干燥、热风干燥、冷冻干燥)对甘薯叶物化特性的影响。方法 以新鲜甘薯叶为原料,探究三种不同干燥方式对甘薯叶基本成分(水分、蛋白质、总膳食纤维、粗脂肪、可溶性糖、总酚、总黄酮和绿原酸含量)、物化特性(色度、微观结构、胆固醇吸附能力、持水力、持油力和葡萄糖吸附能力)和抗氧化活性(DPPH.清除率、ABTS法自由基抑制率、总还原力和.OH清除能力)以及酚类物质的组成等影响。结果 不同干燥方式对甘薯叶基本成分的影响中,利用热风干燥的甘薯叶水分含量最高,为7.96 g/100 g;冷冻干燥含水量最低,为7.29 g/100 g;冷冻干燥的蛋白质含量、粗脂肪、总酚、总黄酮以及绿原酸含量最高,分别为31.39 g/100 g、3.43 g/100 g、50.73 mg CAE/g DW、18.49 mg RE/g DW、7.05 mg/g DW;热风干燥的总纤维含量最高,为28.8 g/100 g。不同干燥方式对甘薯叶理化指标的影响中,利用冷冻干燥的甘薯叶色泽品质明显优于热风干燥和微波干燥;热风干燥的胆固醇吸附能力和持油力最强,分别为0.23 mg/mL,1.54 g/g;冷冻干燥的持水力和葡萄糖吸附能力最优,分别为7.33 g/g和12.00 mmol/g。抗氧化性上,不同方法测定的抗氧化能力都表现为冷冻干燥＞微波干燥＞热风干燥,冷冻干燥的总还原力、DPPH.清除能力、.OH清除能力、ABTS+^{清除率分别高达}83.34、41.28、9.17、27.21 mg Vc/g。结论 冷冻干燥最适合用来对甘薯叶进行干燥处理。     

紫薯粉发酵工艺优化及抗氧化能力分析

以紫薯生粉为原料,对低糖酵母发酵制备高抗氧化活性紫薯粉的工艺条件进行优化,并探讨发酵前后总黄酮、总酚、花青素与抗氧化能力的变化。结果表明,低糖酵母发酵的最佳工艺条件为酵母添加量0.95%,料液比1022(g/mL)、发酵时间16h、发酵温度23℃,该条件下的紫薯粉抗氧化能力为404.94 mg VC/100g,总酚含量为123.85mg GAE/100g,总黄酮含量为610.64mg芦丁/100g,花青素含量为26.99mg/100g,其抗氧化能力显著提高,花青素的稳定性优于未发酵紫薯粉。     

熟化紫薯片微波干燥特性及数学模型

以熟化紫薯片为研究对象,利用可调微波干燥机干燥熟化紫薯片,探讨不同微波功率、装载量和切片厚度对熟化紫薯片的干燥特性、水分有效扩散系数及色泽的影响,通过SPSS软件对试验数据进行数学模型拟合,得到熟化紫薯片微波干燥模型。结果表明,熟化紫薯片的微波干燥过程表现为恒速干燥;微波功率、装载量和切片厚度对熟化紫薯的微波干燥特性均有一定影响,微波功率和装载量对其影响最为显著;微波功率越大、装载量越小、切片厚度越小,物料的干燥速率越大。熟化紫薯片微波干燥过程中的水分有效扩散系数随着微波功率与切片厚度的增大、加载量的减小而增大,其最大值为1. 135 4×10^-8m²/s,其平均活化能为4. 893 8 W/g;当微波功率较大、装载量较小时得到的干燥熟化紫薯片品质较差,而切片厚度对其影响不显著。所选用的6个模型中,Modified Page模型具有最大的确定系数R²(0. 999 7),最低的RMSE(0. 006 1)和最小的χ² (0. 000 5),是熟化紫薯片微波干燥的最佳模型,可有效描述熟化紫薯片微波干燥...     

紫薯-小麦混合粉的性质及在面条上的应用

紫薯全粉保留了鲜薯的色泽和营养,是极好的食品加工原料,能够弥补小麦粉营养结构单一的缺点。将紫薯粉添加到小麦粉中,对混合粉的特性及在面条上的应用进行了研究,结果表明：随着紫薯粉的添加量由0%增加到30%,混合粉的糊化温度由66.31℃上升至67.73℃;糊化黏度、崩解值和回生值均减小;面团稳定时间由18min下降至7.8min;紫薯面条煮沸损失率由7.2%上升至11.8%;最大拉伸应力、剪切应力及硬度均减小;面条色度变暗,色泽向紫红色渐变。紫薯粉最佳添加量为15%。     

紫薯熟全粉变温压差膨化干燥技术研究

采用紫薯为原料,以紫薯熟全粉的彩度指数b*值、花青素含量、碘蓝值为评价指标,探讨了膨化温度、停滞时间、抽空温度等变温压差膨化干燥因素对各评价指标的影响,运用响应面法中Box-Behnken试验设计确定了变温压差膨化干燥工艺参数：膨化温度90 ℃、停滞时间7 min、抽空温度70 ℃,结果表明：该条件下制得的紫薯熟全粉彩度指数b*值可达-6.573、花青素含量达1.51%、碘蓝值为19.06,产品为紫红色,花青素含量及紫薯气味都保留较好。     

Effect of pretreatments and drying temperatures on sweet potato flour

Effect of pretreatments with 1 w/v% sodium hydrogen sulphite (NaHSO₃) and 1 w/v% calcium chloride (CaCl₂) and drying temperatures (55, 60 and 65 °C) on sweet potato flour were investigated. Flour treated with CaCl₂ had higher amounts of ascorbic acid and β‐carotene (10.61–12.54 and 3.26–3.46 mg 100 g^?1 wet basis, respectively) than that treated with NaHSO₃ (9.47–11.47 and 3.05–3.43 mg 100 g^?1 wet basis, respectively). Total phenolic content and water absorption index (wet basis) were highest at 65 °C when treated with NaHSO₃ (10.44 mg 100 g^?1 and 2.49 g g^?1 respectively) and CaCl₂ (9.52 mg 100 g^?1 and 2.85 g g^?1 respectively). Swelling capacity (wet basis) was highest at 60 °C when treated with CaCl₂ (2.96 g g^?1) whereas when treated with NaHSO₃ (2.85 g g^?1) it was highest at 55 °C. Freeze‐dried samples treated with NaHSO₃ had higher lightness and total phenolic content while CaCl₂‐treated samples had higher β‐carotene and ascorbic acid. The results showed that good quality flour could be produced after soaking in CaCl₂ and dried at 65 °C.     

Bioactive components,ABTS radical scavenging capacity and physical stability of orange,yellow and purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) powder processed by convection‐ or vacuum‐drying methods

This study aims to investigate the antioxidant properties and physical stability of convection‐ or vacuum‐dried orange, yellow and purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) powder upon room temperature storage at different relative humidity (RH) of 33%, 43%, 54% and 75% for 25 days. Both convection and vacuum‐dried samples had lower total phenolic content (TPC), anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity compared to the fresh samples. Vacuum‐dried powder retained higher antioxidant activity than convection‐dried powder. Storage of the powder at high RH of 75% resulted in apparent clump formation, which was likely attributed to the decrease of glass transition temperature (T_g). In general, purple sweet potato powder contained the highest TPC (255.0 mg GAE 100 g DW^?1) and antioxidant activity (1924.0 μmol TEAC 100 g DW^?1), while orange powder had the highest beta‐carotene content (127.2 mg 100 g DW^?1). Vacuum‐dried sweet potato powder, which has relatively higher antioxidant activity, could be a potential functional ingredient or natural colourant for the food industry.     

Changes in characteristics of sweet potato flour prepared by different drying techniques

The changes occurring in the characteristics of sweet potato flour as a result of processing were investigated. Pasting behaviour of drum dried and hot air-dried sweet potato flour was determined using Rapid Visco-Analyser. The pasting characteristics decreased due to gelatinization of starch during processing. The degradation of starch by amylases during hot air drying further lowered the water binding capacity/viscosity and total amylose and increased the digestibility compared to those of drum dried and native flour. Swelling power and solubility of the flours increased as a result of processing which subsequently increased with increase in temperature. Scanning electron micrographs of starch granules showed tendency of clustering, especially in drum dried samples. X-ray diffraction patterns showed alteration from Ca-type to V-type with a marked reduction in crystallinity index as a result of processing. The ¹³C NMR spectra of processed starches showed reduced peak intensities and line widths due to depolymerizing effects, and also pointing to their change in crystallinity.     

Effect of high hydrostatic pressure to sweet potato flour on dough properties and characteristics of sweet potato‐wheat bread

The effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP, 100–400 MPa) for 20 min at 25 °C to sweet potato flour (SPF) on dough properties and characteristics of sweet potato‐wheat bread was investigated. The particle size of SPF after HHP was decreased significantly. The obvious rupture was observed in granules of SPF after HHP at 300 and 400 MPa by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After HHP, significant differences on endothermic peak temperatures (T_P) of SPF were observed by differential scanning calorimetric (DSC), of which the enthalpy change (ΔH) had a slight increase, expect that at 200 MPa. Gas retention of dough with SPF after HHP increased markedly from 1199 (0.1 MPa) to 1246 ml (100 MPa). Specific loaf volume of bread with SPF at 400 MPa was increased significantly, while the hardness and chewiness were reduced. Thus, SPF treated with HHP at 400 MPa could be potentially used in wheat bread production.     

冻融处理对甘薯变温压差膨化干燥动力学的影响

为探索冻融处理对甘薯变温压差膨化干燥特性的影响,研究了不同冻融次数和抽真空干燥温度条件下甘薯膨化干燥特性,建立了甘薯变温压差膨化干燥动力学模型。结果表明:冻融甘薯变温压差膨化干燥过程存在加速、等速和降速干燥3个阶段。抽真空干燥温度为85℃时,冻融1、2、3次甘薯膨化干燥需要225、175、250 min;冻融2次,抽真空干燥温度为75、85、95℃时,甘薯膨化干燥分别需要265、175、242 min。冻融甘薯在不同干燥条件下的干燥过程均满足Henderson and Pabis方程,其中待定系数A、k与冻融次数呈立方关系,相关系数R~2为0.999;冻融甘薯在不同干燥条件下的有效水分扩散系数(D_(eff))在3.45×10~(-8)~5.41×10~(-8)m~2/s之间。     

Quality of fresh‐cut purple‐fleshed sweet potatoes after X‐ray irradiation treatment and refrigerated storage

The effect of X‐ray irradiation on the quality of fresh‐cut, refrigerated purple‐fleshed sweet potato (PFSP) cubes was investigated. Packaged sweet potato cubes were treated with 0, 250, 500, 750 or 1000 Gy X‐ray irradiation and stored at 4 ± 1 °C for 14 days. After 14 days, total aerobic bacteria counts were 4.1 and 3.2 log₁₀ CFU g^?1, and mould–yeast counts were 3.3 and 3.0 log₁₀ CFU g^?1 in 750 and 1000 Gy treated samples, respectively. Doses up to 1000 Gy did not affect the firmness, moisture content and anthocyanin content of PFSP cubes throughout storage. PFSP cubes' flesh colour did not change during the first week of storage, but lightness (L*) increased after 14 days. Also, irradiation doses at 750 and 1000 Gy decreased saturation (C*) significantly, producing duller flesh colour than controls. Results indicate that X‐ray irradiation treatment at doses up to 1000 Gy can reduce microbial populations while maintaining the physical quality and anthocyanin content of PFSP cubes up to 14 days of storage.