襄阳牛肉面质地感官与仪器分析的相关性研究

目的 明确襄阳牛肉面质地的感官与质构特性以及关键评价指标,并探讨感官与质构特性之间的关联性。方法 采用感官评分法对12种不同品牌襄阳牛肉面质地特性进行感官评定,同时使用质构仪开展面条的拉伸实验、剪切实验以及质地剖面分析(texture profile analysis, TPA)等质构特性测定,进一步采用偏最小二乘法回归(partial least squares regression, PLSR)对感官和质构特性进行关联性分析。结果 襄阳牛肉面整体呈现爽滑劲道的感官特性,有弹性、质地较硬且略黏的质构特性。感官指标的适口性、黏性以及韧性对面条质地感官评分影响显著,不同品牌襄阳牛肉面质地的感官评分和质构指标之间均存在较强相关性,剪切硬度、剪切韧性与感官评分值、适口性(软硬度)呈现显著相关性(P<0.05)。分析结果表明影响面条感官评分和适口性的关键质构指标是剪切硬度、剪切韧性以及最大拉伸强度。结论 襄阳牛肉面质地的感官评分和质构指标剪切硬度、剪切韧性以及最大拉伸强度之间存在显著关联性。本研究为构建襄阳牛肉面的感官性状评价体系奠定了基础。     

Human oral processing and texture profile analysis parameters: Bridging the gap between the sensory evaluation and the instrumental measurements

Studies in food oral processing are becoming increasingly important with the advent of the aged society. The food oral processing model of Hutchings and Lillford (Journal of Texture Studies, 19, 1988, 103–115) describes the structural breakdown and lubrication of ingested food before the swallowing stage, and has been revisited in the present article. The instrumental technique texture profile analysis (TPA) purports to mimic the first two bites of mastication and its ease of use has lured some researchers to use it without a critical eye. In this article, we consider inconsistencies in the Hutchings and Lillford model with the hope that it might be further refined. With regard to TPA we question the validity of the data generated and urge authors caution before they publish results from the test protocol. If results are published then the x‐axis should be viewed as deformation or strain, and not time. Hardness should be represented by the breaking stress. Adhesiveness should be measured at a medium strain taking into account the surface properties of the plunger. The ratio of the energy estimated by the area under the curve obtained from the second and the first bites (A₂/A₁) should be called recoverability and not cohesiveness.     

Effect of inulin and Lactobacillus paracasei on sensory and instrumental texture properties of functional chocolate mousse

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the effect of a potentially probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei LBC 82), added solely or together with the prebiotic ingredient inulin on instrumental texture attributes and sensory properties of a functional chocolate mousse during storage at 4 ± 1 °C for up to 28 days. RESULTS: The addition of Lactobacillus paracasei resulted in a firmer and more adhesive chocolate mousse. This effect was intensified with the presence of inulin in the synbiotic formulation (5.24 N and ? 0.956 N, respectively, for firmness and adhesiveness after 28 days of storage) (P < 0.05). L. paracasei population did not vary (P > 0.05) during storage (always between 7.27 and 7.35 log cfu g^?1), both for the probiotic and the synbiotic mousses. Synbiotic mousse differed from control and probiotic mousses during storage with respect to the color attribute. Moreover, both probiotic and synbiotic mousses presented taste, aroma and texture perceptions which were different from one another and from the control mousse after 14 and 21 days of storage. CONCLUSION: The use of inulin, together with the potentially probiotic strain of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei, is advantageous, conferring potentially symbiotic potential to the chocolate mousse, as well as favorable texture and sensory properties. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Correlation between instrumental and sensory ratings by evaluation of some texture reference scales

The objective of this study was to investigate instrumental–sensory relationships of some texture scales using argentine foods as references. Textural characteristics of these foods were instrumentally investigated by the texture profile analysis technique. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to describe the main attributes of the food samples. High Pearson’s correlation coefficients were found between hardness and fracturability (r = 0.94; P < 0.0001), hardness and gumminess (r = 0.71; P < 0.0001) and springiness and cohesiveness (r = 0.85; P < 0.0001). PCA identified two significant principal components, which accounted for 81.2% of the variance in the instrumental data. Additionally, a trained panel described the texture characteristics of the food samples according to the standard reference scales. The correlation curves showed nonlinear relationships (R² between 85.6% and 99.9%) which were used to predict sensory attributes of other food samples. Some texture attributes like hardness and fracturability were accurately predicted by mechanical properties, while others like cohesiveness and adhesiveness were less representative.     

腌鸡蛋质地感官评价与仪器分析的相关性研究

对腌鸡蛋的蛋清和蛋黄进行感官评价和仪器分析的相关性研究。感官评价采用质地剖面分析法,仪器分析使用物性质构仪测定。结果表明:除凝聚性外,蛋清感官指标硬度、弹性、咀嚼性和仪器指标表现出了较好的相关性;蛋黄感官指标硬度、粗糙性、残余颗粒、脂性都和仪器指标表现出较好的相关性。以感官指标为因变量,以仪器指标为自变量进行逐步回归分析,获得的预测方程均具有统计学意义。本研究为使用仪器指标代替感官指标来评价腌蛋质地提供了理论依据。      

Relating instrumental texture, determined by variable-blade and Allo-Kramer shear attachments, to sensory analysis of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, fillets

Texture is one of the most important quality attributes of fish fillets, and accurate assessment of variation in this attribute, as affected by storage and handling, is critical in providing consistent quality product. Trout fillets received 4 treatments: 3-d refrigeration (R3), 7-d refrigeration (R7), 3-d refrigeration followed by 30-d frozen storage (R3F30), and 7-d refrigeration followed by 30-d frozen storage (R7F30). Instrumental texture of raw and cooked fillets was determined by 3 approaches: 5-blade Allo-Kramer (AK) and variable-blade (VB) attachment with 12 blades arranged in perpendicular (PER) and parallel (PAR) orientations to muscle fibers. Correlation between instrumental texture and sensory hardness, juiciness, elasticity, fatness, and coarseness was determined. Muscle pH remained constant at 6.54 to 6.64. Raw fillets lost 3.66% of their original weight after 30-d frozen storage. After cooking, weight loss further increased to 15.97%. Moisture content decreased from 69.11 to 65.02%, while fat content remained constant at 10.41%. VBPER detected differences in muscle sample strength (P= 0.0019) and demonstrated effect of shear direction reported as maximum force (g force/g sample). AKPER detected differences in energy of shear (g × mm; P= 0.0001). Fillets that received F30 treatments were less extensible. Cooking increased muscle strength and toughness. Force determined by VBPER was correlated with sensory hardness (r= 0.423, P= 0.0394) and cook loss (r= 0.412, P= 0.0450). VB attachment is accurate, valid, and less destructive in fillet texture analysis. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: A new shearing device was validated with sensory analysis. Settings and parameters obtained could be used to define fillet texture quality associated with muscle fiber orientation.     

鱼糕质构的仪器分析与感官评定间的相关性

质构是鱼糕品质的决定性因素,为了建立一种客观的品质评价方法,对目前市场上不同品牌鱼糕的感官评定结果与仪器分析结果的相关性进行研究,以期为定量表达鱼糕的感官质构特性提出理论依据。选用了10种市售销量大的鱼糕,进行感官评定,并使用物性分析仪进行质地剖面分析。进而运用主成分分析法与相关性分析法对感官评定与仪器分析的测定结果进行讨论。结果表明,二者之间具有一定的相关性。为进一步评价鱼糕的质构特性,以仪器分析指标为自变量,感官评定指标为因变量,进行逐步回归分析,建立具有统计意义的鱼糕质构特性的预测方程。     

苹果的质构与感官评定相关性研究

以不同贮藏期的苹果为样品,在感官品质评定和TPA指标测定的基础上,探讨TPA参数与苹果感官指标之间的相关性,运用逐步回归分析法建立各项感官指标的预测模型并验证。结果表明,苹果的TPA参数与感官指标之间存在一定的相关性,尤其与口感质地(硬度、黏性、弹性、内聚性、耐咀性、回复性的r值分别为0.992 3,0.991 9,0.936 8,0.952 3,0.951 3,0.936 5)和手感质地(硬度、黏性、弹性、内聚性、耐咀性、回复性的r值分别为0.926 1,0.954 7,0.901 1,0.945 8,0.912 2,0.921 9)间呈极强的正相关;TPA质地参数中硬度、黏性、弹性、内聚性、耐咀性、回复性与感官评定指标的外观、气味、风味、口感质地、手感质地及感官评定总分间存在显著相关性(外观、气味、风味、口感质地、手感质地的R~2值分别为0.644,0.569,0.819,0.959,0.915);黏性和内聚性对苹果各项感官指标的预测具有重要的作用。采用苹果TPA质地特性参数预测其感官品质的方法是可行的,研究为利用TPA参数客观评价苹果的感官品质提供理论依据。     

Correlations of sensory and instrumental meat tenderness values as affected by sampling techniques

A study was conducted to determine if and to what extent higher correlations between sensory meat tenderness scores and Warner-Bratzler shear measurements could be obtained by giving the sensory panelists cores rather than slices. Thirty biceps femoris roasts, from gilts representing two breeds and two lines, were cooked in preheated ovens at 160, 170 or 180°C to an internal temperature of 80°C. Roasts were held for 24 h at 4°C before sampling. Cores, both perpendicular and parallel to the direction of the muscle fibres, for the eight panelists and the instrument, as well as slices for the panelists, were sampled from each roast. Instrumental values were measured with an Instron fitted with a Warner-Bratzler shear device. Correlations were higher when cores of the same orientation were used for panelists and the Warner-Bratzler measurements. Parallel cores did as well as or better than perpendicular cores in terms of the analysis of variance and correlation values.     

岱瞿族大黄鱼质构特性与感官评价的相关性分析

目的 分析养殖大黄鱼质构特性与感官评价的相关性。方法 选择温州不同海域的养殖大黄鱼样品进行肥满度、蛋白质、脂肪、水分、胶原蛋白测定,并进行感官评定和质构剖面分析(textureprofileanalysis,TPA);对结果进行因子和主成分分析,以及相关性分析;再以TPA指标为自变量、感官评价指标为因变量进行逐步回归分析,建立感官预测模型。结果 温州不同海域养殖大黄鱼,在肥满度、脂肪含量、蛋白质含量、质构测定中弹性与咀嚼性指标均存在显著性差异,感官评价指标也存在显著性差异。通过主成分分析得到TPA指标和感官评价指标各1个主成分,累计方差贡献率分别为72.86%和89.97%。相关性结果表明,感官评价结果与TPA测定结果之间存在显著的相关性(r=-0.933～0.808,P<0.05),并建立了色泽、滋味、肉纤维和质地与咀嚼性的预测模型和气味与弹性的预测模型。结论 本研究确定了温州地区养殖大黄鱼品质评价定量指标;大黄鱼感官评价指标受TPA指标中的弹性、咀嚼性影响;本研究的温州大黄鱼感官评价预测模型为大黄鱼品质评价标准体系的科学建立提供了依据。     

应用质地多面剖析法评定烧鸡的感官质量

研究了应用质地多面剖析法评定烧鸡感官质量的方法,通过应用该方法评定烧鸡的质地,说明该方法能评定出烧鸡的质量好坏,适合于烧鸡的感官质量评价。     

发酵温度波动对酸奶感官、质构和风味特性的影响

为研究发酵温度波动对酸奶品质的影响,本实验测定了酸奶凝乳时间、酸度、pH和质构指标,用模糊数学法分析了感官指标,并用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测定了酸奶风味成分,探讨了4种温度波动对酸奶发酵特性和品质的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,处理组1(41 ℃-42 ℃-43 ℃)酸奶的凝乳时间、质构和感官指标无显著差异(p>0.05);处理组2(36 ℃-38 ℃-42 ℃)凝乳时间增加(p<0.05),硬度、内聚性及感官无显著差异(p>0.05),胶黏性减小(p<0.05);处理组3(42 ℃-38 ℃-36 ℃)凝乳时间、内聚性无显著差异(p>0.05),硬度和胶黏性降低(p<0.05),感官评分显著增加(p<0.05);处理组4(42 ℃-46 ℃-48 ℃)和处理组5(48 ℃-46 ℃-42 ℃)凝乳时间、内聚性及感官无显著差异(p>0.05),硬度显著增大(p<0.05),胶黏性显著减小(p<0.05)。所有处理间的酸度及pH无显著差异(p>0.05)。不同的温度波动处理组间主要挥发性风味物质种类基本相同,但含量存在差异。在实际生产中,对酸奶发酵温度的控制可以不必非常精确,允许小范围波动。     

方便面感官品质特性与面条质构、色泽指标的关系研究

以国内市场上5种方便面为研究对象,用质构仪和色度仪分别测定面条的质构指标和色泽指标,分析了方便面质构指标、色泽指标与感官指标之间的相关关系,建立了质构、色泽指标与感官指标的逐步回归模型。结果表明,质构仪的7个测量指标坚实度、断裂变形程度、断裂能量、硬度、粘附性、内聚性、回复性以及色度仪的3个测量指标亮度参数L*、红绿参数A*、黄蓝参数B*与感官评价所有8个单项指标以及总分都存在着极显著的相关关系。逐步回归分析发现,可以仅使用回复性和红绿参数A*这两个仪器测量值来代替感官评价总分。回归方程的决定系数R2为0.873,表明了该回归方程有着重要的参考价值。     

Correlating instrumental measurements of texture and flavour release with human perception

Attempts to correlate sensory perception with analytical measurement of the physical or chemical properties of a food are widespread in both industry and academia. Reasons for this are discussed, along with some of the techniques employed. The inter‐relationship between instrumental analysis and sensory evaluation in the development and quality control of food products is emphasized. Three examples are drawn from the field of flavour research, where a combination of instrumental and sensory techniques was used for different purposes. Instrumental measures may be used to predict sensory quality within a known design space, provided this has first been validated with appropriate sensory methodology. It is true, however, that a significant correlation between analytical and sensory data does not necessarily imply that a causal relationship exists between the two.     

面条的质构与感官评价的相关性研究

用质构仪分别测定市售的不同宽度、不同添加物的挂面和不同价位的油炸型方便面的质构参数,分析质构参数与面条感官评分之间的相关关系。结果表明:对于不同宽度的挂面,折断压力有助于客观评价面条的感官评价总分、适口性、韧性、光滑性;对于不同添加物的挂面,拉伸距离有助于客观评价面条的感官评价总分、色泽、表观状态;对于不同价位的油炸型方便面,最大剪切力、切割时间有助于客观评价面条的表观状态、韧性。另外,感官评价和仪器所定义的参数有一定的差别。