HPLC法测定不同溶剂对红景天中红景天苷提取率的影响

建立用HPLC法测定甲醇、乙醇、水等不同溶剂对红景天苷提取率的影响。采用Thermo-C18(4.6 mm×200 mm,5μm)为色谱柱,V(甲醇)∶V(水)=12∶88为流动相,流速1.0 mL/min,检测波长275 nm,柱温20℃。红景天苷的线性范围为1.74~6.38μg;平均回收率为99.24%(RSD=1.4%)。所建立的HPLC法可用于测定不同溶剂对红景天苷提取率的影响。     

超高效液相色谱法同时测定红景天保健品中红景天苷和甙元酪醇含量

提出了超高效液相色谱法同时测定红景天保健品中红景天苷和甙元酪醇含量的方法.样品经甲醇超声提取,以Acquity UPLCTM BEH色谱柱(2.1 mm×50 mm,1.7 μm)为固定相,以磷酸(0.05+99.5)溶液-乙腈混合液为流动相作梯度淋洗,用二极管列阵检测器,检测波长为221.3 nm.红景天苷和甙元酪醇的质量在0.01～0.3 g·L-1范围内与其吸光度呈线性关系.应用此法测定红景天茎根和红景天胶囊,平均回收率在90.67%～95.55%和90.73%～96.52%之间.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定红景天药材中6种有效成分的含量及质量相关性分析北大核心CSCD

将1.0 g红景天药材粉末用10 mL甲醇超声提取30 min,过滤后即得供试品溶液.以ZORBAX SB-C_(18)色谱柱为固定相,以不同体积比的甲醇和0.3%(体积分数)磷酸溶液的混合液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用高效液相色谱法同时测定供试品溶液中6种有效成分的含量,0~50 min时,在275 nm检测波长下检测红景天苷、熊果苷、酪醇、没食子酸,50~75 min时,在360 nm检测波长下检测山萘酚、槲皮素.结果表明,6种有效成分的质量在一定范围内与其对应的峰面积呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)为0.02~0.04 mg·g^(-1).按标准加入法进行回收试验,回收率为96.8%~99.7%.在精密度试验中,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)均小于2.0%.方法用于分析5种红景天药材各3批,其中红景天苷的含量均符合药典规定.方差分析和q检验结果表明,5种红景天药材中红景天苷、熊果苷、酪醇、山萘酚、槲皮素含量有显著性差异,没食子酸含量无显著性差异,其中大花红景天中红景天苷、熊果苷、山萘酚、槲皮素的含量最高,高山红景天的酪醇含量最高,长鞭红景天中红景天苷含量最低.     

微生物催化D-葡萄糖与酪醇葡糖基转移合成红景天甙的初步研究

 为了探讨微生物催化合成红景天甙的可能性,从红景天根系土壤中筛选出了五个菌株,比较了它们合成红景天甙的能力,确定F1菌株为合成红景天甙的出发菌株,经鉴定该菌株为米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae). 以D-葡萄糖和酪醇为底物,研究了底物浓度、反应时间、细胞浓度和pH对红景天甙产量的影响. 结果表明,最适底物浓度为酪醇5 g/L, D-葡萄糖与酪醇的摩尔比为1:1, 酪醇浓度高于5 g/L不利于菌体生长. 最佳反应时间为48 h, 最适细胞浓度为150 g/L, 最适pH为7. 红景天甙最高产量为0.7 g/L.     

红景天苷衍生物的合成及其抗氧化活性

以酪醇为原料，通过K-K法合成了3个红景天苷衍生物：苄基酪醇-β-D葡萄糖苷、苄基酪醇-β-D半乳糖苷及苄基酪醇-β-D七乙酰麦芽糖苷，其结构经¹H NMR和¹³C NMR表征。采用还原力法及DPPH自由基清除法，考查了化合物的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明：不同浓度的红景天苷及其衍生物均具有还原能力及清除DPPH自由基的活性，且活性强弱与浓度成正比。     

HPLC法同时测定红景天中红景天苷、酪醇和没食子酸

用高效液相色谱法同时测定大花红景天中红景天苷、酪醇和没食子酸的含量.采用C18 (4.6 mm×200 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,V(甲醇)∶V(0.5%磷酸水溶液)＝5∶95为流动相,流速1.0 mL/min,柱温40 ℃,在278 nm下进行检测.大花红景天中红景天苷、酪醇和没食子酸的平均含量分别为3.06%,0.78%和0.18%.平均回收率分别为99.90% (RSD=1.86%)、100.70% (RSD=0.74%)和99.10% (RSD=1.64%).该方法可用于测定红景天中红景天苷、酪醇和没食子酸的含量.     

红景天中红景天甙和酪醇的毛细管电泳法分析

利用毛细管电泳法分离测定两种红景天中红景天甙和酪醇的含量,所用毛细管规格为48.5cm×50μm,二极管阵列紫外检测器(DAD)检测波长221nm,最佳分离条件:电压21kV,分离温度25℃,背景电解质为含有30mmol/L十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS),2.5+97.5(V/V)乙腈的14mmol/L硼酸溶液,pH10.7。红景天甙与酪醇分别在60.0～7.5μg/mL和27.5～3.5μg/mL质量浓度范围内与电泳峰面积呈现良好线性关系,检测下限分别为3.0和1.5μg/mL。对标准品进行6次测定,迁移时间的RSD为0 25%和0 39%,峰面积的RSD为5 26%和3 52%。     

RBF和RSM在恒温超声波提取红景天苷工艺设计中的应用

依据正交实验研究各种影响因素,建立RBF人工神经网络模型,应用于RSM实验优化,得到最佳实验条件是料液比为1:20 g/mL,浸液时间为1.5h,温度为60℃,提取时间为20 min,提取次数为4,红景天苷提取率理论值可达到2.966%。     

低共熔溶剂的热稳定性研究

近年来,低共熔溶剂(DESs)引起了人们的广泛关注,在诸多领域得到应用。DESs一般由氢键供体(HBDs)和氢键受体(HBAs)通过氢键作用形成,其热稳定性研究对于其高温应用具有重要意义。本文利用热重分析法(TG)对40种DESs的热稳定性进行了系统研究,并得到了所研究DESs的开始分解温度(T_onset)。值得注意的是,DESs受热后的变化情况与离子液体不同,呈现出分阶段失重的现象。通常形成DESs的氢键在升温后首先被破坏,从而导致DESs分解成组成其的HBDs和HBAs。然后热稳定性较差(或者沸点较低)的HBDs首先分解(或挥发),而HBAs则在更高温度下分解(或挥发)。例如常见的HBA氯化胆碱(ChCl)在250 ℃附近开始分解。氢键强度对DESs受热后的表现起着重要的作用,DESs中的氢键会阻碍分子“逃脱”,使得T_onset向高温方向移动。此外,我们考察了阴离子、氢键供体、摩尔比对DESs热稳定性的影响,发现HBDs自身的挥发或分解对DESs的热稳定性起着决定性作用。由于用T_onset值会高估DESs的热稳定性,长期热稳定性的考察对其工业应用具有重要价值。本研究能帮助人们理解DESs的热分解行为,为制备具有适当热稳定性的DESs提供依据。     

有序介孔Ru-MgZr复合氧化物合成及催化亚油酸异构化性能

筛选高效、高选择性多相催化剂异构化亚油酸是共轭亚油酸(CLA)研究的重点。 本文采用溶剂挥发自组装改进的溶胶-凝胶法,合成有序介孔Ru掺杂的MgO-ZrO₂固体碱催化剂。 考察了催化剂中不同Mg物质的量对催化剂孔径、比表面积和表面碱性以及Ru等的结构和性能对催化性能的影响。 对比了催化剂的形貌、表面碱性及Ru组分对催化性能的影响程度。 结果表明,n(Zr)∶n(Mg)=3∶1时,Ru掺杂的MgO-ZrO₂固体碱催化剂具有高度有序的介孔结构和高的比表面积。 而n(Zr)∶n(Mg)=1∶1时, MgO-ZrO₂固体碱催化剂合成CLA产率较高,反应时间4 h,产率达到85%,催化效率为0.099 g(CLA)·L^-1(solvent)·min^-1,并且催化产物主要为具有生物活性的3种共轭亚油酸异构体。 催化剂的强碱性位点和晶格Ru是催化异构化反应的两个活性位点,强碱性位点是提高催化性能的关键。 固体碱复合氧化物催化效率高、制备方法简单、反应产物生物活性高等优点,具有较好的应用前景。     

A Green Method of Extracting and Recovering Flavonoids from Acanthopanax senticosus Using Deep Eutectic Solvents

In recent years, green extraction of bioactive compounds from herbal medicines has generated widespread interest. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) have widely replaced traditional organic solvents in the extraction process. In this study, the efficiencies of eight DESs in extracting flavonoids from Acanthopanax senticosus (AS) were compared. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the independent variable including ultrasonic power, water content, solid-liquid ratio, extraction temperature, and extraction time. DES composed of glycerol and levulinic acid (1:1) was chosen as the most suitable extraction medium. Optimal conditions were ultrasonic power of 500 W, water content of 28%, solid-liquid ratio of 1:18 g·mL⁻¹, extraction temperature of 55 °C, and extraction time of 73 min. The extraction yield of total flavonoids reached 23.928 ± 0.071 mg·g⁻¹, which was 40.7% higher compared with ultrasonic-assisted ethanol extraction. Macroporous resin (D-101, HPD-600, S-8 and AB-8) was used to recover flavonoids from extracts. The AB-8 resin showed higher adsorption/desorption performance, with a recovery rate of total flavonoids of up to 71.56 ± 0.256%. In addition, DES solvent could efficiently be reused twice. In summary, ultrasonic-assisted DES combined with the macroporous resin enrichment method is exceptionally effective in recovering flavonoids from AS, and provides a promising environmentally friendly and recyclable strategy for flavonoid extraction from natural plant sources.     

Fe(Ⅱ)/2-酮戊二酸依赖型双加氧酶重组大肠杆菌全细胞催化合成4-羟基异亮氨酸

以L-异亮氨酸(L-ILe)为底物, 以异源表达Fe(Ⅱ)/2-酮戊二酸依赖型双加氧酶的重组大肠杆菌BL21/pET28a-ido全细胞作为催化剂, 催化合成4-羟基异亮氨酸(4-HIL). 基于重组异亮氨酸双加氧酶(IDO)催化异亮氨酸羟基化的性质和条件, 在摇瓶水平上对辅因子亚铁离子、 α-酮戊二酸(α-KG)及底物浓度进行了单因素优化. 获得的最佳反应条件为2 g/L FeSO₄·7H₂O, 底物与α-KG摩尔比为1∶1, 该条件下反应8 h可生成190 mmol/L 4-HIL. 结合摇瓶水平的最优条件, 在反应器水平上继续对搅拌速度、 菌体浓度等进行优化, 实现了对高底物浓度下催化反应的连续调控. 在50 g/L湿菌体及400 r/min转速下可一次转化合成400 mmol/L 4-HIL, 建立了全细胞催化合成4-羟基异亮氨酸的工艺流程.     

Kinetic solvent effects on proton and hydrogen atom transfers from phenols. Similarities and differences

Bimolecular rate constants for proton transfer from six phenols to the anthracene radical anion have been determined in up to eight solvents using electrochemical techniques. Effects of hydrogen bonding on measured rate constants were explored over as wide a range of phenolic hydrogen-bond donor (HBD) and solvent hydrogen-bond acceptor (HBA) activities as practical. The phenols' values ranged from 0.261 (2-MeO-phenol) to 0.728 (3,5-Cl(2)-phenol), and the solvents' values from 0.44 (MeCN) to 1.00 (HMPA), where and are Abraham's parameters describing relative HBD and HBA activities (J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1989, 699; 1990, 521). Rate constants for H-atom transfer (HAT) in HBA solvents, k(S), are extremely well correlated via log k(S) = log k(0) - 8.3 , where k(0) is the rate constant in a non-HBA solvent (Snelgrove et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 469). The same equation describes the general features of proton transfers (k(S) decreases as increases, slopes of plots of log k(S) against increase as increases). However, in some solvents, k(S) values deviate systematically from the least-squares log k(S) versus correlation line (e.g., in THF and MeCN, k(S) is always smaller and larger, respectively, than "expected"). These deviations are attributed to variations in the solvents' anion solvating abilities (THF and MeCN are poor and good anion solvators, respectively). Values of log k(S) for proton transfer, but not for HAT, give better correlations with Taft et al.'s (J. Org. Chem. 1983, 48, 2877) beta scale of solvent HBA activities than with . The beta scale, therefore, does not solely reflect solvents' HBA activities but also contains contributions from anion solvation.     

离子液体中β-葡萄糖苷酶生物催化合成红景天甙

比较了聚乙二醇修饰的β-葡萄糖苷酶在三种离子液体([bmim]PF6,[bmim]BF4,[bmim]Tf2N)及两种常用有机溶剂(1,4-二氧六环、正己烷)中的催化性能,确定了适宜的反应介质;考察了底物浓度、温度、体系含水量和反应时间等因素对β-葡萄糖苷酶催化合成红景天甙反应的影响.结果表明,在最佳反应介质[bmim...     

Deep eutectic solvents as green media for efficient extraction of terpene trilactones from Ginkgo biloba leaves

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs)-based ultrasonic extraction of terpene trilactones (TTLs) from Ginkgo biloba leaves was efficiently developed. Sixteen DESs were prepared, and DESs composed of choline chloride-urea (ChCl-U) and betaine-ethylene glycol (BE-EG) gave higher TTL extraction yields than the present, most efficient solvent 70% ethanol. The extraction conditions were further optimized, and the optimum conditions were as follows: taking BE-EG containing 40% (w/w) water as the extraction solvent, 1:10 of G. biloba leaves powder-to-solvent ratio, and ultrasonic treatment at 45°C and 100?W for 20?min. A total extraction yield of 1.94?±?0.03?mg/g was obtained under the optimum conditions, which indicated that 99.37% of TTLs could be extracted from the G. biloba leaves powder by a single extraction. Moreover, the polyamide resin was used to recover the TTLs in DES extracting solution, and recovery yield of 95.1% was attained. Therefore, BE-EG containing 40% (w/w) water was a potential alternative solvent for TTLs extraction from G. biloba leaves.     

Effective Extraction of Limonene and Hibaene from Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) Using Ionic Liquid and Deep Eutectic Solvent

The essential oils of hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) leaves have anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and relaxation properties that are likely associated with the major components such as sabinene, α-terpinyl acetate, limonene, elemol, myrcene, and hibaene. The present study describes the use of a cellulose-dissolving ionic liquid (IL) [C₂mim][(MeO)(H)PO₂] and low-toxicity solvents called betaine-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for the efficient extraction of hinoki essential oils. As a control method, organic solvent extraction was performed using either hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), or acetone at 30 °C for 1 h. Both the experimental and control methods were conducted under the same conditions, which relied on partial dissolution of the leaves using the IL and DESs before partitioning the hinoki oils into the organic solvent for analysis. Quantitative analysis was performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The results indicated that extraction using the [C₂mim][(MeO)(H)PO₂]/acetone bilayer system improved the yields of limonene and hibaene, 1.5- and 1.9-fold, respectively, when compared with the control method. In addition, extraction using betaine/l-lactic acid (molar ratio 1:1) gave the greatest yields for both limonene and hibaene, 1.3-fold and 1.5-fold greater, respectively, than when using an organic solvent. These results demonstrate the effective extraction of essential oils from plant leaves under conditions milder than those needed for the conventional method. The less toxic and environmentally begin DESs for the extraction are also applicable to the food and cosmetic industries.     

Optimization of Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Baphicacanthus cusia Leaves by Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are considered as efficient and green solvents for the extraction of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. In this work, a novel method of DES-based ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Baphicacanthus cusia leaves (BCL) was established. Systematic screening and the morphology of the original and treated BCL were observed with scanning electron microscopy to determine the extraction efficiency of different solvents. The extraction conditions were optimized by Box–Behnken design (BBD) tests and the optimal extraction conditions were as follows: lactic acid/L-menthol ratio of 5: 2 (mol/mol), solid–liquid ratio of 80.0 mL/g and temperature of 60.5 °C. The extraction yields of tryptanthrin, indigo and indirubin reached 0.356, 1.744 and 0.562 mg/g, respectively. The results of a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) radical scavenging activity test indicated the feasibility of DESs in the extraction of bioactive compounds. This study indicated that L-menthol/lactic acid was a green and efficient solvent for the extraction of bioactive compounds from BCL, and DES-based ultrasound-assisted extraction could be used as an effective application strategy for the extraction of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants.     

基于低共熔溶剂的萃取分离技术及其应用研究进展

随着绿色化学的发展,开发和应用符合绿色化学要求的溶剂和方法备受关注。作为离子液体类似物,低共熔溶剂(deep eutectic solvent, DES)是通过氢键受体(hydrogen bond acceptor, HBA)和氢键供体(hydrogen bond donator, HBD)的氢键作用而形成的一种混合物,具有环境友好、制备简单、成本低、可生物降解等优点,在很多领域均有越来越广泛的应用。DES可以从不同样品中萃取和分离不同的目标化合物,其作为萃取溶剂具有独特的优势,可以获得较高的萃取效率且样品基质对分析过程的影响较小。在分散液液微萃取(dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction, DLLME)程序中,DES可以萃取复杂基质中的残留药物、金属离子和生物活性成分;与传统的萃取方法相比,该方法具有对有机试剂需求少,萃取效率更高等明显优势。而且,在DLLME中加入DES作为分散剂,能够加速萃取剂在样品溶液中的扩散,具有小型化、成本低等优点。相比于传统分散剂甲醇、乙腈的高挥发性、易燃性,DES的高稳定性、低毒性使其在绿色化学领域中更具有优势,应用更广。因此,DES与DLLME的结合近年来发展迅速。不仅如此,DES与固相萃取联合应用也具有广泛的应用前景,在与固相萃取小柱和搅拌棒联合应用时,DES可以作为洗脱剂,氢键供体及氢键给体的用量之比是洗脱效率的重要考察因素之一。在与磁性材料联用时,DES能与磁性多壁碳纳米管、磁性氧化石墨烯等纳米复合材料结合,通过氢键、π-π作用力和静电作用力等特异性吸附目标分析物。并且能够参与磁性凝胶和分子印迹聚合物的合成,推动磁性材料向绿色化学的方向发展,进一步拓展DES的应用。作为一类新兴的绿色溶剂,DES在化合物的萃取分离技术方面受到广泛关注,在不同的萃取技术中扮演了不同的角色,并表现出良好的性能,因此逐渐成为绿色化学领域的研究重点。该文整合了DES在萃取分离技术中的研究进展,介绍了DES的制备、性质和分类,对DES在DLLME和固相萃取中的应用进行了总结和归类,并展望了DES在萃取分离技术中的应用前景,为DES未来的应用提供参考。     

Solvent effect on distribution ratio of Pd(II) in supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and solvent extraction using 2-methyl-8-quinolinol

The distribution ratio (D_M) of Pd(II) by the extraction with 2-methyl-8-quinolinol (HMQ) was determined using the supercritical carbon dioxide medium (SF-CO₂) and organic solvent media such as perfluoro-methylcyclohexane, heptane, cyclohexane, carbon tetrachloride and benzene. From experimental results of the slopes of log D_M versus pH plot and log D_M versus HMQ concentration plot, the extracted species both in the SF-CO₂ extraction (SFE) and the solvent extraction (SE) were determined to be Pd(MQ)₂. The distribution constant of HMQ (K_D,HMQ) in the SFE and SE systems were determined from the dependence of the distribution ratio of HMQ (D_HMQ) on the pH. A linear relationship was observed between log K_D,HMQ and the solubility parameter (δ) of the extraction medium based on the regular solution theory in both the SFE using SF-CO₂ at the pressure of 8.5–40 MPa and the SE systems. The difference in the slope of the log K_D,HMQ versus δ plot between the SFE and the SE systems is attributable to the extent of the specific interaction of the solute HMQ with the solvent molecules, i.e. CO₂ molecules and the organic solvent molecules. The D_M versus δ plot obtained under a given extraction condition using SF-CO₂ (11–40 MPa) and organic solvents showed clear linearity. The D_M obtained using SF-CO₂ at relatively low pressure range from 8.5 to 11 MPa was independent of the pressure and the δ of SF-CO₂, which coincides with the experimental fact that the solubility of Pd(MQ)₂ in the SF-CO₂ at 8.5–11 MPa was practically constant.