弄岗北热带喀斯特季节性雨林15hm~2样地木本植物萌生特征

萌生更新是种子植物更新策略的重要组成部分,对于维持森林群落的稳定性起着重要的作用。本研究以弄岗北热带喀斯特季节性雨林15 hm2动态监测样地第1次普查数据中萌枝(根萌和枝萌)数据为研究对象,采用Torus-translation检验法分析了萌生能力在不同生境类型中的差异性,及其与不同环境因子的关联性。结果表明:样地中有190个物种具有萌生现象,平均每公顷1831株萌生个体;不同生境类型间萌生能力差异明显,总体表现为山顶周围萌生能力较强,山坡周围萌生能力较弱,此外萌生能力的生境关联性还与萌枝的径级大小有关;萌生能力与海拔、凹凸度、坡度和坡向的余弦值呈显著正相关,而与个体胸高断面积之和呈显著负相关。喀斯特季节性雨林中萌生更新较为普遍,其分布格局与环境因子间存在一定关联。为了深入揭示萌生更新格局形成的潜在生态学过程和维持机制,长期动态监测尤为必要。     

桂西南北热带喀斯特季节性雨林土壤钾、钙、镁空间分布特征及其影响因素

矿质元素是土壤养分的重要组分,关系着森林生态系统的群落组成和生物地球化学循环。喀斯特局域尺度内地形异质性较高,目前尚缺乏地形等非生物因子和生物因子如何影响喀斯特地区土壤矿质元素空间分布方面的研究。本文在弄岗北热带喀斯特季节性雨林15 ha森林动态监测样地中沿海拔梯度设立的100个凋落物收集器所在位点进行土壤取样,对样品中的K、Ca、Mg 3种矿质元素含量进行测定,并基于空间回归模型和变差分解等方法对喀斯特季节性雨林中土壤K、Ca、Mg与生态因子之间的关联进行定量分析,探讨非生物因子和生物因子与其空间分布特征的内在关联,以期为北热带喀斯特生物地球化学循环研究和脆弱喀斯特生态系统保护提供科学依据。结果表明,研究区内土壤K、Ca、Mg均存在空间自相关性, Ca与海拔和凹凸度显著正相关,主要聚集在山脊区域; K与地形湿润度指数显著正相关,主要在洼地聚集; Mg在中坡位表现出聚集特征。变差分解显示生态因子对土壤K、Ca、Mg空间分布的驱动作用强于空间结构,单个生态因子中海拔的解释度最高,并且非生物因子的解释度总体上高于生物因子,生物因子中物种丰富度解释度最高,同时Mg的聚集伴随着较高的物种丰富度...     

广西弄岗北热带喀斯特季节性雨林监测样地种群空间点格局分析

种群的空间分布格局是由多种机制的交互作用而形成,是探究生物多样性维持机制的基础。北热带喀斯特季节性雨林是我国北热带石灰岩山地具有地带性特征的植被,其生境的典型特征在于土层浅薄、岩石裸露率高、贮水能力低和周期性水淹,以及富钙强碱性环境等。本研究基于广西弄岗北热带喀斯特季节性雨林15 ha动态监测样地的第一次调查资料,采用双关联g(r)函数点格局方法,分析了雨林中出现个体数≥15株的160个种的种群空间分布格局以及不同类群间种群分布的差异。研究表明:160种木本植物中有146种在0–10 m的尺度上呈聚集分布,且随着空间尺度的增大,聚集度呈下降趋势;物种的种群聚集度与其物种多度、平均胸径和最大胸径成负相关;常绿物种的种群聚集度与落叶物种间差异不显著;不同生活型间的种群聚集度差异显著,总体表现为亚乔木层物种高于乔木层,灌木层物种显著高于亚乔木层;剔除生境异质性后大部分物种表现为随机分布,仅少部分物种的种群表现为聚集分布。这表明物种的功能属性如物种多度、生活型等可较好地预测物种的分布格局。此外,物种种群的分布格局还受生境异质性的影响,且不同物种受生境异质性影响的程度不同。     

高寒退化草地狼毒种群地上生物量空间格局对地形的响应

地上生物量的空间格局是物种分布格局的重要内容,在小尺度范围内因地形差异导致的环境异质性是这种格局形成和演变的环境基础.在2011年8月野外调查的基础上,借助ArcGIS和S-PLUS软件,利用广义相加模型(GAM)对退化高寒草地狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)种群的空间分布格局进行了研究,定量分析了狼毒地上生物量空间格局对主要地形因子的响应机制.结果表明:狼毒种群地上生物量受地形因子影响的顺序为坡向＞坡度＞海拔＞平面曲率＞剖面曲率;坡向和坡度两种地形因子对狼毒的地上生物量空间格局的贡献率分别为3.75和1.48,其余因子则相对较小;狼毒地上生物量在海拔、平面曲率和剖面曲率梯度上的分布比较均衡,在坡向梯度上呈开口向下的抛物线趋势,在坡度梯度上则呈现开口向上的抛物线趋势.狼毒地上生物量空间异质性及其与地形因子之间的关系,反映了狼毒在地形因子对水热条件重分配影响下的响应机制及生长策略.     

桂西南喀斯特季节性雨林幼树更新的空间分布格局及机制

幼树是维持森林生态系统物种多样性的重要组分,关系着森林的群落结构和生长动态。因此,开展幼树更新的空间分布格局及其潜在机制研究对森林群落动态至关重要。本文以广西弄岗桂西南喀斯特季节性雨林15 ha森林动态监测样地为研究对象,选取2011–2016年的调查数据,采用空间点格局和冗余分析方法对5年间样地内新增幼树(DBH≥1 cm)的个体数量、空间格局特征和影响因子等进行分析。结果表明:5年间样地内新增幼树共101种,占2011年调查物种的45.3%,幼树密度为196.5株/ha。新增幼树在0–7 m和10–16 m尺度上呈聚集分布,在16 m尺度以上主要呈随机分布。海拔是影响幼树更新的主要因素,其次是地形湿润度,而生物因子对幼树更新的影响较弱。幼树数量与海拔呈负相关,与地形湿润度呈正相关。成树个体与幼树更新中度正相关。在喀斯特季节性雨林中,幼树更新及其空间分布格局受多种影响因子协同作用,可能与种子扩散限制和生境异质性有关。     

喀斯特季节性雨林植物叶片碳同位素组成及水分利用效率

研究喀斯特季节性雨林不同生境代表性树种及同一树种不同生境下叶片δ¹³C值及水分利用效率(WUE),丰富喀斯特季节性雨林物种生态位分化及物种共存理论,可为喀斯特地区石漠化治理树种选择及配置提供参考.结果表明: 喀斯特季节性雨林树种叶片δ¹³C值的范围为-34.13‰～-29.69‰,平均值为(-31.40±1.19)‰,WUE的范围为9.08～58.76 μmol·mol^-1,均值为41.79 μmol·mol^-1,低于更高纬度的亚热带和暖温带森林,但高于更低纬度的热带雨林和同一纬度的非喀斯特季节性雨林;从洼地到山顶,随着干旱指数的增加,不同生境代表性树种的水分利用效率逐渐增大;同一树种δ¹³C值和WUE也是从洼地到山顶逐渐增高.树种水分利用效率除了与气候等因子相关外,还与植物所处生境的地质背景、水分可利用性相关.同一气候条件下,喀斯特区植物的水分利用效率要高于非喀斯特区、干旱生境植物的水分利用效率高于湿润生境,说明不同的水分利用效率是喀斯特地区植物适应不同生境、实现多物种共存的策略之一.     

桂西南喀斯特季节性雨林枯立木的空间格局及生境关联性分析

枯立木是森林生态系统物质循环和能量流动的重要组成部分,对森林群落动态和演替具有重要作用。该研究以位于桂西南的弄岗北热带喀斯特季节性雨林15 hm~2森林动态监测样地为平台,以样地中2011年第一次植被调查数据胸径(diameter at breast height,DBH)≥1 cm的枯立木为研究对象,在充分考虑空间自相关的基础上分析其不同径级(小径级,1 cm≤DBH5 cm;中径级,5 cm≤DBH15 cm;大径级,15 cm≤DBH)的空间分布格局、枯立木多度与环境因子的相关性及生境关联性等。结果表明:枯立木所有个体和小径级分别在0~4 m和0~5 m尺度上表现为聚集分布,其它尺度为随机分布;中径级和大径级在0~30 m尺度上均为随机分布。大径级与凹凸度表现为显著负相关,所有个体和小径级与干旱度指数和样方内所有植株个体数为显著正相关,所有个体和小径级与样方内最大胸径和平均胸径呈显著负相关。所有个体和小径级与3种生境类型间的关联性并不显著;中径级与山坡呈正关联性、与山脊呈负关联性、与山谷无显著关联性;大径级与山谷呈正关联性、与山坡无显著关联性、与山脊呈负关联性。在喀斯特季节性雨林中,枯立木空间分布格局总体表现为随机分布,仅小径级在小尺度内聚集分布,而较大径级在样地中表现出一定的生境关联性;树木死亡过程可能是小尺度内密度制约、大尺度内生境过滤和个体自然衰老等生态学过程形成的。     

喀斯特季节性雨林优势树种叶片微形态与光合生理特征及其生态适应性

为深入理解喀斯特季节性雨林优势树种对异质性生境条件的适应策略，该研究以广西弄岗原生性森林7个优势树种为对象，测定各树种成年个体叶片微形态结构及生长季光合生理特征等指标，探讨树种叶片结构功能对喀斯特峰丛山地异质性生境的响应规律。结果表明：(1)沿喀斯特地貌部位的洼地-中坡-山顶生境梯度，树木的叶片紧密度、栅栏组织厚度、角质层厚度、上表皮厚度等9个微形态指标均呈显著上升趋势，叶片疏松度呈显著下降趋势。(2)沿洼地-中坡-山顶生境梯度，树木的光补偿点、暗呼吸速率、最大蒸腾速率等均呈显著上升趋势，最大水分利用效率、最大胞间CO₂浓度、表观量子效率等均呈显著下降趋势。(3)叶片紧密度与光合能力、蒸腾能力等相关指标则表现为显著正相关，叶片疏松度与这两类指标则表现为显著负相关。综上认为，喀斯特季节性雨林优势树种叶片功能性状存在光合效率和耐旱性之间的权衡，洼地生长的树木具有显著的弱光适应特征，中坡生长的树木表现较广的生境适应范围，山顶分布的树种因受强光、高温和裸岩限制而表现出较强的干旱适应特征以及保守的生态适应策略。     

弄岗北热带喀斯特季节性雨林15 ha监测样地的树种组成与空间分布

北热带喀斯特季节性雨林(northern tropical karst seasonal rain forest)是在我国热带北缘喀斯特地区分布的典型森林植被类型之一。由于富钙偏碱的地球化学背景及多样性的生境类型, 同时受季风气候影响, 该森林呈现群落结构多样、树种组成丰富、特有成分突出等特点。基于大型固定监测样地对该森林树种组成与空间分布进行的研究, 是探明该区域生物多样性形成与维持机制的基础。我们于2011年底建立了广西弄岗北热带喀斯特季节性雨林15 ha监测样地, 依照CTFS (Center for Tropical Forest Science)全球森林生物多样性监测规范, 定位并调查了样地内每一棵胸径≥1 cm的木本植物。结果表明: (1)样地内有监测树种223种, 隶属于56科157属; 独立个体总数为68,010株(含分枝为95,471株), 平均胸径为4.84 cm; (2)树种科、属的区系均以热带成分为主, 大戟科、马鞭草科、梧桐科等为优势科; (3)个体数最多的11个树种的个体数之和占到总个体数的51.64%, 前58个树种的占90.19%; 稀有种有75种, 占总树种数的33.63%; (4)群落结构稳定且更新良好, 主要优势种的径级结构均呈倒“J”形, 无明显断层; (5)树种分布在空间上表现出明显差异, 黄梨木(Boniodendron minus)等强耐旱型树种分布于山顶周围; 蚬木(Excentrodendron tonkinense)等树种分布于山坡中部; 对叶榕(Ficus hispida)等喜湿耐荫型树种分布于山谷周围; (6)胸径>20 cm的个体较多分布在山坡中下部, 极少分布在山顶周围; 胸径10–20 cm的个体较均匀分布于整个样地; 分枝和萌枝较多分布在山顶周围; (7)种–面积散点图在2–7 ha的取样面积下分化形成两条曲线, 表明了树种数量组成在空间上具有强烈异质性。研究初步认为: 强烈生境异质性及独特地质背景可能是影响该喀斯特森林物种组成及空间分布的重要因素。     

广东南岭20 hm2样地华南五针松空间分布与生境特征研究

华南五针松(Pinus kwangtungensis)是中国特有种和二级保护植物,因环境变化和人为干扰而导致其生境受损、种群逐渐衰退。为了解华南五针松的种群现状、空间分布格局和生境特征,该研究在广东南岭国家级自然保护区建立了20 hm²的永久监测样地,对样地内胸径≥1 cm的木本植物进行监测,测量土壤、地形等多种环境因子,并采用径级分析预测种群的发展趋势和空间点格局(L function)方法分析个体的空间分布及建立零膨胀泊松(Zero-inflated Poisson,ZIP)回归模型,探讨影响个体分布的重要环境因子。结果表明:(1)华南五针松径级分布近似“钟型”(“bell-shaped”),小径级的个体数量较少,种群更新受限制; 华南五针松偏好海拔较高且地形陡峭的山坡和山脊,呈现较强的生境特异性。(2)空间点格局分析结果显示,个体为显著的聚集分布,其分布格局主要由扩散限制和生境异质性导致。(3)ZIP的结果显示,华南五针松分布的区域(0到1),土壤铵态氮和速效钾含量较高,有机质含量低; 多种环境因子对其多度产生影响(1到N),多度与海拔、物种多样性和平均胸径虽为正相关关系,但与树高、铵态氮、总磷和总钾含量为负相关关系。综上认为,不稳定的径级结构及聚集分布导致的种内竞争将加速其种群的衰退,应重点保护高海拔及土壤养分较低的生境,并减少人为干扰维持其原生生境,该研究结果可用于指导华南五针松的保护和恢复。     

Linking plant growth responses across topographic gradients in tallgrass prairie

Aboveground biomass in grasslands varies according to landscape gradients in resource availability and seasonal patterns of growth. Using a transect spanning a topographic gradient in annually burned ungrazed tallgrass prairie, we measured changes in the height of four abundant C₄ grass species, LAI, biomass, and cumulative carbon flux using two closely located eddy flux towers. We hypothesized that seasonal patterns of plant growth would be similar across the gradient, but the magnitude of growth and biomass accumulation would vary by topographic position, reflecting spatial differences in microclimate, slope, elevation, and soil depth. Thus, identifying and measuring local growth responses according to topographic variability should significantly improve landscape predictions of aboveground biomass. For most of the growth variables measured, classifying topography into four positions best captured the inherent spatial variability. Biomass produced, seasonal LAI and species height increased from the upland and break positions to the slope and lowland. Similarly, cumulative carbon flux in 2008 was greater in lowland versus upland tower locations (difference of 64 g m⁻² by DOY 272). Differences in growth by topographic position reflected increased production of flowering culms by Andropogon gerardii and Sorghastrum nutans in lowland. Varying growth responses by these species may be a significant driver of biomass and carbon flux differences by topographic position, at least for wet years. Using a digital elevation model to classify the watershed into topographic positions, we performed a geographically weighted regression to predict landscape biomass. The minimum and maximum predictions of aboveground biomass for this watershed had a large range (86–393 t per 40.4 ha), illustrating the drastic spatial variability in growth within this annually-burned grassland.     

黔中天龙山典型喀斯特次生林地上生物量与环境因子的关系

为探究喀斯特次生林地上生物量与环境因子的关系,该文以黔中普定县喀斯特天龙山典型次生林样地为研究对象,采取单物种及不同径级组地上生物量模型计算优势种及群落生物量,采用空间分布图描述环境因子与群落地上生物量空间分布状况,利用相关性检验(Pearson)、一般线性模型(GLM)以及冗余分析(RDA)讨论群落、生活型、物种地上生物量与环境因子的关系。结果表明：(1)喀斯特次生林群落地上生物量总量为106.94 t·hm^-2,优势种地上生物量占整个样地的91.77%,其中常绿植物高于落叶,窄叶柯(Lithocarpus confinis)与化香树(Platycarya strobilacea)地上生物量在群落中占比最高,分别为34.23%和34.37%。(2)岩石裸露率空间分布呈现明显的上下梯度差异,上坡显著大于下坡,坡度与土壤厚度空间分布不连续,无明显规律。(3)群落地上生物量与土壤厚度呈显著正相关,二者空间分布趋于一致,土壤厚度是群落地上生物量的主要影响因子,岩石裸露率与坡度对群落地上生物量的影响较低。(4)对于不同生活型,岩石裸露率对地上生物量的影响程度最高,土壤厚度...     

The regional variation of aboveground live biomass in old-growth Amazonian forests

The biomass of tropical forests plays an important role in the global carbon cycle, both as a dynamic reservoir of carbon, and as a source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere in areas undergoing deforestation. However, the absolute magnitude and environmental determinants of tropical forest biomass are still poorly understood. Here, we present a new synthesis and interpolation of the basal area and aboveground live biomass of old‐growth lowland tropical forests across South America, based on data from 227 forest plots, many previously unpublished. Forest biomass was analyzed in terms of two uncorrelated factors: basal area and mean wood density. Basal area is strongly affected by local landscape factors, but is relatively invariant at regional scale in moist tropical forests, and declines significantly at the dry periphery of the forest zone. Mean wood density is inversely correlated with forest dynamics, being lower in the dynamic forests of western Amazonia and high in the slow‐growing forests of eastern Amazonia. The combination of these two factors results in biomass being highest in the moderately seasonal, slow growing forests of central Amazonia and the Guyanas (up to 350 Mg dry weight ha^?1) and declining to 200–250 Mg dry weight ha^?1 at the western, southern and eastern margins. Overall, we estimate the total aboveground live biomass of intact Amazonian rainforests (area 5.76 × 10⁶ km² in 2000) to be 93±23 Pg C, taking into account lianas and small trees. Including dead biomass and belowground biomass would increase this value by approximately 10% and 21%, respectively, but the spatial variation of these additional terms still needs to be quantified.     

The effect of climate and soil conditions on tree species turnover in a Tropical Montane Cloud Forest in Costa Rica

On a global level, Tropical Montane Cloud Forests constitute important centers of vascular plant diversity. Tree species turnover along environmental gradients plays an important role in larger scale diversity patterns in tropical mountains. This study aims to estimate the magnitude of beta diversity across the Tilardn mountain range in North-Western Costa Rica, and to elucidate the impact of climate and soil conditions on tree species turnover at a local scale. Seven climate stations measuring rainfall, horizontal precipitation (clouds and wind-driven rain) and temperatures were installed along a 2.5km transect ranging from 1200 m.a.s.l. on the Atlantic to 1200 m.a.s.l. on the Pacific slope. The ridge top climate station was located at 1500 m.a.s.l. Climate data were recorded from March through December 2003. Additionally, seven 0.05 ha plots were established. On all plots soil moisture was monitored for one year, furthermore soil type and soil chemistry were assessed. Woody plants with a diameter at breast height (dbh) > or = 5 cm were identified to species. Species' distributions were explored by feeding pairwise Serensen measures between plots into a Principal Component Analysis. Relationships between floristic similarity and environmental variables were analyzed using Mantel tests. Pronounced gradients in horizontal precipitation, temperatures and soil conditions were found across the transect. In total, 483 woody plants were identified, belonging to 132 species. Environmental gradients were paralleled by tree species turnover; the plots could be divided in three distinctive floristic units which reflected different topographic positions on the transect (lower slopes, mid slopes and ridge). Most notably there was a complete species turnover between the ridge and the lower Pacific slope. Floristic similarity was negatively correlated with differences in elevation, horizontal precipitation, temperatures and soil conditions between plots. It is suggested that beta-diversity in the study area is largely driven by species with narrow spatial ranges, due to the interactions between topography, climate and soil formation processes, especially around the wind-exposed and cloud covered ridge area. The findings emphasize the extraordinary conservation value of tropical montane cloud forests in environmentally heterogeneous areas at mid-elevations.     

Number of Lianas per Tree and Number of Trees Climbed by Lianas at Los Tuxtlas,Mexico1

In the tropical rainforest of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico, lianas (woody‐climbing plants) had a clumped distribution on trees, and 63.3 percent of trees ≥10 cm in diameter carried at least one liana. Trees with larger diameters supported more lianas and a higher total basal area of lianas than trees with smaller diameters. There was no relationship between liana diameter and the number of trees a liana climbed, but tendril climbers climbed on more trees than stem‐twiners.     

Tropical Rain Forest Structure,Tree Growth and Dynamics along a 2700-m Elevational Transect in Costa Rica

Rapid biological changes are expected to occur on tropical elevational gradients as species migrate upslope or go extinct in the face of global warming. We established a series of 9 1-ha plots in old-growth tropical rainforest in Costa Rica along a 2700 m relief elevational gradient to carry out long-term monitoring of tropical rain forest structure, dynamics and tree growth. Within each plot we mapped, identified, and annually measured diameter for all woody individuals with stem diameters >10 cm for periods of 3-10 years. Wood species diversity peaked at 400-600 m and decreased substantially at higher elevations. Basal area and stem number varied by less than two-fold, with the exception of the 2800 m cloud forest summit, where basal area and stem number were approximately double that of lower sites. Canopy gaps extending to the forest floor accounted for <3% of microsites at all elevations. Height of highest crowns and the coefficient of variation of crown height both decreased with increasing elevation. Rates of turnover of individuals and of stand basal area decreased with elevation, but rates of diameter growth and stand basal area showed no simple relation to elevation. We discuss issues encountered in the design and implementation of this network of plots, including biased sampling, missing key meteorological and biomass data, and strategies for improving species-level research. Taking full advantage of the major research potential of tropical forest elevational transects will require sustaining and extending ground based studies, incorporation of new remotely-sensed data and data-acquisition platforms, and new funding models to support decadal research on these rapidly-changing systems.     

西双版纳热带季节雨林的生物量及其分配特征

 根据3块1 hm² 样地的调查资料,利用123株样木数据建立以胸径(D)为单变量的生物量预测方程。采用样木回归分析法(乔木层、木质藤本)和样 方收获法(灌木层、草本层), 获取西双版纳热带季节雨林的生物量,并分析了其组成和分配特征。结果表明,西双版纳热带季节雨林的总生物 量为423.908±109.702 Mg•hm^－2(平均值±标准差,n=3) ,其中活体植物生物量占95.28%,粗死木质残体占4.07%,地上凋落物占 0.64%。在 其层次分配方面：乔木层优势明显,占98.09%±0.60%;其次为木质藤本,占0.83%±0.31%;灌木层和草本层生物量均小于木质藤本的生物量; 附生植物最低,仅为0.06%±0.03%。总生物量的器官分配以茎所占比例最高,达68.33%;根、枝、叶的比例分别为18.91%、11.07%和1.65 %。 乔木层生物量的径级分配主要集中于中等径级和最大径级。大树(D＞70 cm)具有较高的生物量,占整个乔木层的43.67%±12.67%。树种分配方 面,生物量排序前10位的树种占乔木层总生物量的63.43%±4.09%,生物量集中分配于少量优势树种。西双版纳热带季节雨林乔木层叶面积指数 为6.39±0.85。西双版纳热带季节雨林乔木层的地上生物量位于世界热带湿润森林的中下范围。     

Surface area of woody organs of an evergreen broadleaf forest tree in Japan and Southeast Asia

Architecture of evergreen broadleaf trees in evergreen warm-temperate and tropical forests was analyzed with a ratio (U/Ac) of total surface area of aboveground woody organs to leaf area (one-sided surface area) of each felled tree. The ratio,U/Ac, tended to decrease with the increasing ofdbh. There was little difference in a range of the ratio at eachdbh class between a warmtemperate forest and a tropical rainforest. The ratios of larger trees correlated with their relative growth rates ofdbh among similar sized trees. Canopy trees tended to stop their growth at some value of a ratio, a threshold value being about 1.5, irrespective of forest types. The threshold value showed the critical condition that annual respiration of woody organs of a tree consumed nearly all surplus production. On the basis of the pipe model, an ideal maximum tree height was considered with the ratio, and was estimated at 110 m and 70 m in a tropical rainforest and a warm-temperate forest, respectively.     

Moth assemblages in Costa Rica rain forest mirror small-scale topographic heterogeneity

In many tropical lowland rain forests, topographic variation increases environmental heterogeneity, thus contributing to the extraordinary biodiversity of tropical lowland forests. While a growing number of studies have addressed effects of topographic differences on tropical insect communities at regional scales (e.g., along extensive elevational gradients), surprisingly little is known about topographic effects at smaller spatial scales. The present study investigates moth assemblages in a topographically heterogeneous lowland rain forest landscape, at distances of less than a few hundred meters, in the Golfo Dulce region (SW Costa Rica). Three moth lineages—Erebidae–Arctiinae (tiger and lichen moths), the bombycoid complex, and Geometridae (inchworm moths)—were examined by means of automatic light traps in three different forest types: creek forest, slope forest, and ridge forest. Altogether, 6,543 individuals of 419 species were observed. Moth assemblages differed significantly between the three forest types regarding species richness, total abundance, and species composition. Moth richness and abundance increased more than fourfold and eightfold from creek over slope to ridge forest sites. All three taxonomic units showed identical biodiversity patterns, notwithstanding their strong differences in multiple eco-morphological traits. An indicator species analysis revealed that most species identified as characteristic were associated either with the ridge forest alone or with ridge plus slope forests, but very few with the creek forest. Despite their mobility, local moth assemblages are highly differentially filtered from the same regional species pool. Hence, variation in environmental factors significantly affects assemblages of tropical moth species at small spatial scales.     

云南纳板河热带季节雨林20 ha动态监测样地的树种组成与群落分类

大型森林动态监测样地是研究物种共存、群落演替等生态学核心问题的重要平台。纳板河流域国家级自然保护区管理局与中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园合作, 于2016-2017年参照美国史密森热带森林科学中心的技术标准, 在纳板河流域国家级自然保护区内建立了一块热带季节雨林20 ha动态监测样地。本研究分析了该样地的树种组成特征, 并进行了群落数量分类。结果表明: 该样地中DBH ≥ 1 cm的木本植物个体共有59,498株, 分属63科197属296种; 个体数超过1,000株的常见物种有15个, 个体数小于20株的稀有物种有126个。科的区系分布型以热带成分为主, 占总科数的65.08%, 温带成分占17.46%。属的区系分布型以热带成分为主, 占总属数的88.32%, 温带成分占10.66%。该样地群落类型的形成主要受海拔和凹凸度这两个地形因子的影响, 500个20 m × 20 m的样方可以分为4个群丛, 分别为: (1)灰毛浆果楝 + 粗糠柴 - 假山萝 + 番龙眼群丛(Cipadessa baccifera + Mallotus philippensis - Harpullia cupanioides + Pometia pinnata Association); (2)长梗三宝木 + 腋球苎麻 - 顶果木 + 番龙眼群丛(Trigonostemon thyrsoideus + Boehmeria glomerulifera - Acrocarpus fraxinifolius + Pometia pinnata Association); (3)云南银柴 + 大果山香圆 - 湄公锥 + 普文楠群丛(Aporusa yunnanensis + Turpinia pomifera - Castanopsis mekongensis + Phoebe puwenensis Association); (4)歪叶榕 + 密花火筒树 - 毒药树 + 番龙眼群丛(Ficus cyrtophylla + Leea compactiflora - Sladenia celastrifolia + Pometia pinnata Association)。