云南哀牢山地区森林附生维管植物多样性及区系特征

附生植物作为山地森林生态系统中重要的结构性成分,在维持森林生态系统生物多样性格局、水分和养分循环等方面发挥着重要作用。本文通过野外调查、标本查阅并结合相关文献,对云南哀牢山地区附生维管植物物种组成及分布进行了系统研究。结果显示,哀牢山地区附生维管植物共有23科83属218种,其中附生蕨类和兰科植物最丰富。附生蕨类有34属93种,以附生-石生蕨类生活型占优势,其中水龙骨科17属62种,占附生蕨类的66.67%,瓦韦属(Lepisorus)和石韦属(Pyrrosia)分别有13种和10种。附生兰科植物有26属65种,其中石斛属(Dendrobium)和石豆兰属(Bulbophyllum)分别有12种和8种。该地区附生维管植物属的分布具有明显的热带性质并以热带亚洲分布居多。附生植物生长于生境因子变化剧烈、资源有限的林冠,对环境变化敏感,极易遭受破坏且破坏后难以恢复,不少附生植物具有很高的药用、观赏等价值。因此,应加强对附生维管植物这一特殊类群的保护。     

海南岛热带天然针叶林附生维管植物多样性和分布

作为热带林中一个重要的特征性组分, 附生维管植物对于维持热带森林的物种多样性及其生态系统功能均具有重要作用。该文首次系统地报道了热带天然针叶林中的附生维管植物多样性和分布特征。以海南岛霸王岭国家级自然保护区保存完好的热带天然针叶林(我国唯一较大面积分布的南亚松(Pinus latteri)天然林)中的附生维管植物为研究对象, 通过样带调查(共设置12个10 m × 50 m的样带, 记录每个样带内胸径(DBH) ≥ 5 cm树木上附生维管植物的物种名称、株数及附生高度), 分析附生维管植物的物种多样性和空间分布特征。结果表明: 1)热带针叶林0.6 hm ²面积内共有附生维管植物769株, 分属于7科17属27种, 附生兰科植物和萝摩科植物为优势类群; 2)附生维管植物在水平方向上呈现出聚集分布; 3)附生维管植物在垂直方向上, 在中等高度层次(10-20 m)分布最多, 在下层(0-5 m)也有较多的分布; 4)少数附生维管植物对南亚松表现出一定的选择性, 如华南马尾杉(Phlegmariurus fordii)、玫瑰毛兰(Eria rosea)、眼树莲(Dischidia chinensis)和铁草鞋(Hoya pottsii)等; 5)附生维管植物的物种丰富度及多度与宿主胸径均存在显著的正相关关系。     

西双版纳布龙自然保护区勐宋片区附生维管植物多样性与分布特征（英文）

利用地面观测和单绳上树法初次对布龙自然保护区勐宋片区开展的附生维管植物调查表明:1)在6个样地77株宿主上(共调查96株乔木,占地约0.2 ha),共有1 756株、丛个体,隶属14科47属103种;相比世界其他区域,物种丰富度处于旧世界热带水平区间,高于温带,但明显低于新世界热带水平;2)兰科植物为最丰富的类群(60%),其次为蕨类植物(24%),其他类群占16%;3)垂直分布特征研究表明,距地面10~15 m的中等高度带为物种最丰富的区间,约有51%的物种;0~5 m高度带为个体数量最多的区间,共有约24%个体,揭示了除中等高度带以外的另一个重要附生生境;4)常见的绞杀型榕属植物未见,而半附生植物密脉鹅掌柴(Schefflera elliptica)和多蕊木(Tupidanthus calyptratus)数量较多。     

西双版纳布龙自然保护区勐宋片区附生维管植物多样性与分布特征

利用地面观测和单绳上树法初次对布龙自然保护区勐宋片区开展的附生维管植物调查表明:1)在6个样地77株宿主上(共调查96株乔木,占地约0.2ha),共有1 756株、丛个体,隶属14科47属103种;相比世界其他区域,物种丰富度处于旧世界热带水平区间,高于温带,但明显低于新世界热带水平;2)兰科植物为最丰富的类群(60％),其次为蕨类植物(24％),其他类群占16％;3)垂直分布特征研究表明,距地面10～ 15 m的中等高度带为物种最丰富的区间,约有51％的物种;0～5m高度带为个体数量最多的区间,共有约24％个体,揭示了除中等高度带以外的另一个重要附生生境;4)常见的绞杀型榕属植物未见,而半附生植物密脉鹅掌柴(Schefflera elliptica)和多蕊木(Tupidanthus calyptratus)数量较多.     

海南霸王岭不同森林类型附生兰科植物的多样性和分布

附生兰科植物是热带林附生植物的主要类群之一,对于维持热带林生态系统的物种多样性及生态功能具有重要的作用。以海南岛霸王岭国家级自然保护区内的6种热带原始林类型(热带季雨林、低地雨林、热带针叶林、山地雨林、山地常绿林及山顶矮林)中的附生兰科植物为研究对象,通过样带调查(每个森林类型设置12个10m×50m的样带,记录每个样带内胸径(DBH)≥5cm的树木及藤本上附生兰科植物的物种名称、株数及附生位置)分析了附生兰科植物的物种多样性、附生位置及其在不同森林类型中的分布规律。结果表明:1)3.6hm2森林调查样带内共记录到附生兰科植物9634株,分属于26属60种;2)除趋势对应分析(DCA)结果表明,6种森林类型中的附生兰科植物可分成5组(其中,山地常绿林与山顶矮林内的附生兰科植物归为一组);3)分布海拔范围相临近的森林类型的附生兰科植物具有较高的相似性,山地常绿林和山顶矮林附生兰科植物的相似性最高(88.9%);4)6种森林类型中,较高海拔的3种森林类型(山地雨林、山地常绿林和山顶矮林)中,附生兰科植物的丰富度和多度均显著高于其在较低海拔的3种森林类型(热带季雨林、低地雨林和热带针叶林),其中,附生兰科植物在山地常绿林内的丰富度和多度均最高;5)热带季雨林、低地雨林、热带针叶林及山地雨林内,宿主冠区附生兰科植物的多度均高于干区;山地常绿林内两者之间无显著差异;而山顶矮林干区的附生兰科植物的多度高于冠区;6)调查木上附生兰科植物的发生率在高海拔森林类型均高于其在低海拔森林类型,各森林类型内附生兰科植物的多度及物种丰富度与宿主胸径均存在显著正相关关系。     

中国森林附生维管植物多样性数据集

附生维管植物是热带、亚热带湿性山地森林植物群落中物种最为丰富的类群之一, 在维系森林生物多样性及生态系统功能与服务中发挥着重要作用, 然而附生维管植物调查相对困难, 在多样性调查和统计中往往被忽视, 迄今为止我国尚缺乏全国范围的森林附生维管植物名录。本项研究基于已公开发布的数据库, 搜集并整理了1982-2022年间的关于中国森林附生维管植物研究的文献书籍。首先, 提取文献资料中的有效信息, 依据物种2000中国节点的数据进行标准化校正, 整理出中国森林附生维管植物共计49科246属1,739种, 然后据此编写了相对准确、完整的中国森林附生维管植物物种名录。本名录作为我国第一个全国性森林附生维管植物名录, 可为森林生物多样性保护工作提供重要的数据支持, 并能为深入研究附生维管植物的进化生物学、生物地理学及宏观生态学等领域提供重要的基础信息。     

海南热带云雾林附生维管植物对宿主的选择性

附生维管植物是热带森林中重要的特征性组分,研究附生维管植物对宿主树的选择性对热带森林生物多样性及生态系统保护有重要意义。该研究以海南热带雨林国家公园霸王岭片区热带云雾林中的附生维管植物为研究对象,通过设置21个20 m×20 m的固定样地,调查样地内所有胸径>1 cm的乔、灌木的数量、种类、胸径、植株高、基质类型及其上生长的附生维管植物的数量、种类,用混合线性模型、单因素方差、附生选择性指数分析附生维管植物分布与宿主树种、胸径、高度、基质类型(裸树皮、苔藓、凋落物及土壤)的关系。结果表明:在热带云雾林8 400 m²样地内,附生维管植物共计51种2 650株,附生兰科植物和附生蕨类植物为优势类群,附着在10.6%的个体木上;附生维管植物多度和丰富度与宿主树胸径显著正相关;多度较大的琼崖石韦(Pyrrosia eberhardtii)、流苏贝母兰(Coelogyne fimbriata)、阴石蕨(Davallia repens)、蔓九节(Psychotria serpens)对宿主树种表现出一定的选择性,显著偏好1–4个树种;附生维管植物对轻基质类型(苔藓植物...     

亚热带森林附生植物叶片气孔特征及其可塑性对光照变化的响应

附生植物是热带亚热带森林生态系统中物种多样性极高且极其脆弱敏感的生物类群之一。光照被认为是促进附生植物由陆生类群演化而来并决定其生长和分布的关键因素。然而,由于接近林冠和规范性采样的限制,附生植物与光照的关系仍亟待阐述。为揭示附生植物对光强变化的响应和适应策略,该研究以亚热带常绿阔叶林6种附生植物(林冠层木本:鼠李叶花楸、毛棉杜鹃;林冠层草本:狭瓣贝母兰、毛唇独蒜兰;树干区草本:点花黄精、距药姜)为对象,对其在4个光处理梯度下生长的叶片气孔特征及其可塑性进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1) 2种附生小乔木的气孔面积(SA)、气孔密度(SD)、潜在气孔导度指数(PCI)和表皮细胞密度(ECD)均对光强改变显著响应。2种附生兰科植物的SA最大,而SD最小;附生乔木叶片SD和ECD的光响应趋势与陆生植物更相似,而附生草本则出现种间差异。(2) 6种附生植物的气孔、表皮细胞特性及其表型可塑性,在草本-木本、常绿-落叶植物、林冠-树干区之间,均无明显差别。(3)附生植物气孔特性和表皮细胞平均可塑性指数均低于陆生植物。综上结果表明,亚热带常绿阔叶林中附生植物对于光环境变化的适应性相对较弱。不同的附生植物可以通过不同程度地增加叶片SD和ECD来适应高光强生境,并通过对SD和SA的双重调节以增大潜在光合能力从而应对低光胁迫。     

西双版纳片段化石灰岩森林附生兰科植物多样性研究

西双版纳石灰岩地区拥有丰富的兰科植物资源,但近年来随着橡胶树的大面积种植,使得该地区很多石灰岩森林呈片段化。为了解片段化石灰岩森林中附生兰科植物多样性状况以及片段化对附生兰科植物的影响,该研究选取了生境片段化的青岩寨和曼纳览,以及连续生境的绿石林和巴卡新寨等4个样地的29个样方进行多样性调查和对比研究。结果表明:4个石灰岩森林样共记录到附生兰科植物34属76种1 528株(丛)。通过对坡向、坡度、海拔、地形、郁闭度和森林类型等6个环境因子与附生兰科植物丰富度进行CCA分析,发现石灰岩地区附生兰科植物的分布主要受海拔和森林类型2个因素的影响,在海拔较高的青岩寨和巴卡新寨附生兰科植物物种丰富度高于低海拔的绿石林和曼纳览,而片段化对附生兰科植物的物种多样性和多度均无显著影响,这可能与片段化的历史较短有关。虽然目前来看生境片段化对石灰岩地区的附生兰科植物多样性无显著影响,但生境脆弱的石灰岩森林植被的保护对于兰科植物多样性保护则更具重要性。     

边缘效应对山地湿性常绿阔叶林附生植物的影响

作为热带、亚热带地区森林生态系统中重要组成成分之一的附生植物,对环境变化尤为敏感。为了解附生植物对森林生境破碎化的响应,本研究选择哀牢山北段徐家坝山地湿性常绿阔叶林因人为干扰而形成的四处森林边缘为研究对象,分别在距离林缘10、20、40和80m的位置设立样带,采用树干取样法调查各样带内距地面0-2m范围附生植物的物种组成、生物量和附生苔藓植物的生活型特征。结果显示：边缘效应对单位面积附生植物的生物量和附生苔藓植物盖度均具有极显著的影响（P〈0．001）,其中附生苔藓比附生蕨类对边缘效应更为敏感。边缘效应对附生苔藓植物的作用强度在各生活型之间存在着差异,其中对丛集型（P=0．014）和交织型（P=0．030）的附生苔藓植物的影响最显著。综合附生植物在各样带的分布特征,我们认为单位面积上附生植物的生物量和附生苔藓植物的盖度可作为指示森林边缘生境的重要指标。黄牛毛藓（Ditrichum pallidum）、角状刺枝藓（Wijkia hornschuchi）和格氏剪叶苔（Herbertus giraldianus）的分布具有指示林缘生境的意义,而尖叶羽藓（Thuidium philibertii）、大羽藓（zcymbifolium）、多疣麻羽藓（Claopodium pellucinerve）、波叶金枝藓（Pseudotrismegistia undulata）和扭叶藓（Trachypus bicolor）的分布局限于林内,具有一定的保护价值。     

Diversity and Vertical Distribution Characteristics of Vascular Epiphytes in Bulong Nature Reserve Mengsong Section,Xishuangbanna

The first survey of vascular epiphytes was conducted using ground based inventory assisted by single rope technique in the recently established Bulong Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna, China. Results indicated that vascular epiphytes were abundant and diverse there. On a total of 77 phorophytes in six plots (96 trees were examined in total, covered ca. 02ha area), 1756 individuals were recorded and were identified to 103 species (47 genera, 14 families). Compared with other regions, the epiphytes were as diverse as Paleotropics, and more diverse than temperate zone, but significantly less than the Neotropics. Orchids and ferns comprised 60%, 24% of the total flora, respectively, while others only took up 16%. The highest species richness and richest life form diversity was found in the middle canopy zone from 10 to 15m (51% of total species), where also supported high individual abundance (19% of total individuals). Besides the middle canopy, the most abundant zone of epiphyte individuals was detected at the base of the trunk (zone 0-5m, 24% of total individuals and 37% of total species), indicating another important niche for epiphytes in this forest environment. Primary hemiepiphytic figs were rare in the area and were not found on the surveyed host trees, while hemiepiphytic Araliaceae species (Schefflera elliptica and Tupidanthus calyptratus) were popular.     

Geological History,Flora, and Vegetation of Xishuangbanna,Southern Yunnan,China1

Xishuangbanna of southern Yunnan is biogeographically located at a transitional zone from tropical Southeast (SE) Asia to subtropical East Asia, and is at the junction of the Indian and Burmese plates of Gondwana and the Eurasian plate of Laurasia. The flora of the region consists of a recorded 3336 native seed plant species, belonging to 1140 genera in 197 families, among which 83.5 percent are tropical genera and 32.8 percent are endemic to tropical Asia, suggesting a strong affinity to tropical Asian flora. The vegetation of Xishuangbanna is organized into four forest types: tropical rain forest, tropical seasonal moist forest, tropical montane evergreen broad‐leaved forest, and tropical monsoon forest. The tropical rain forest in Xishuangbanna has the same floristic composition of families and genera as some lowland equatorial rain forests in SE Asia, and is dominated (with a few exceptions) by the same families both in species richness and stem dominance. The exceptions include some deciduous trees in the canopy layer, fewer megaphanerophytes and epiphytes, and a higher abundance of lianas and microphyllic plants. We consider the tropical rain forest of Xishuangbanna as a type of tropical Asian rain forest, based on their conspicuous similarities in ecological and floristic characteristics.     

西双版纳石灰岩森林的植物区系地理研究

西双版纳石灰岩森林植物区系经调查有维管束植物１５３科,６４０属,１３９４种及变种,其中,种子植物占１２９科５５８属１２６９种及变种。种子植物的分布区类型组成是热带和主产热带的科占总科数的７１．３％;热带分布属占总属数的９０．１％;热带分布种超过总种数的９０％。热带分布属中又以热带亚洲分布属最多,占总数的３５．３％;热带分布种中则以热带亚洲分布及其变型的种类占总种数的６４．５％为特点。这表明该石灰岩森林植物区系是热带性质的植物区系,属于热带亚洲区系的一部分。由于特殊的地理位置,西双版纳地区是许多典型热带植物的分布北界,同时又是几种地理成分的交汇地带,这又使该石灰岩区系带有明显热带边缘性质和多种地理成分交汇的特点。     

Diversity of dry forest epiphytes along a gradient of human disturbance in the tropical Andes

Question: Disturbance effects on dry forest epiphytes are poorly known. How are epiphytic assemblages affected by different degrees of human disturbance, and what are the driving forces? Location: An inter‐Andean dry forest landscape at 2300 m elevation in northern Ecuador. Methods: We sampled epiphytic bryophytes and vascular plants on 100 trees of Acacia macracantha in five habitats: closed‐canopy mixed and pure acacia forest (old secondary), forest edge, young semi‐closed secondary woodland, and isolated trees in grassland. Results: Total species richness in forest edge habitats and on isolated trees was significantly lower than in closed forest types. Species density of vascular epiphytes (species per tree) did not differ significantly between habitat types. Species density of bryophytes, in contrast, was significantly lower in edge habitat and on isolated trees than in closed forest. Forest edge showed greater impoverishment than semi‐closed woodland and similar floristic affinity to isolated trees and to closed forest types. Assemblages were significantly nested; habitat types with major disturbance held only subsets of the closed forest assemblages, indicating a gradual reduction in niche availability. Distance to forest had no effect on species density of epiphytes on isolated trees, but species density was closely correlated with crown closure, a measure of canopy integrity. Main conclusions: Microclimatic changes but not dispersal constraints were key determinants of epiphyte assemblages following disturbance. Epiphytic cryptogams are sensitive indicators of microclimate and human disturbance in montane dry forests. The substantial impoverishment of edge habitat underlines the need for fragmentation studies on epiphytes elsewhere in the Tropics.     

Ecological and biogeographical studies on the tropical rain forest of south Yunnan,SW China with a special reference to its relation with rain forests of tropical Asia

Abstract. Ecological and biogeographic analyses of the tropical rain forest in south Yunnan were made using data from seventeen sample plots and floristic inventories of about 1000 species of seed plants. The rain forest is shown to be a type of true tropical rain forest because it has almost the same profile, physiognomic characteristics, species richness per unit area, numbers of individuals in each tree species and diameter classes of trees as classic lowland tropical rain forests. As the area is at the northern margin of monsoonal tropics, the rain forest differs from equatorial lowland rain forests in having some deciduous trees in the canopy layer, fewer megaphanaerophytes and epiphytes but more species of lianas as well as more species of microphylls. In its floristic composition, about 80% of total families. 94% of total genera and more than 90% of total species are tropical, of which about 38% of genera and 74% of species are tropical Asian. Furthermore, the rain forest has not only almost the same families and genera, but also the same families rank in the top ten both in species richness and in dominance of stems, as lowland forests in southeast Asia. It is indisputable that the flora of the rain forest is part of the tropical Asian flora. However, most of the tropical families and genera have their northern limits in south Yunnan and most have their centre of species diversity in Malesia. More strictly tropical families and genera have relatively lower species richness and importance compared with lowland rain forests in tropical southeast Asia. Thus, the flora also shows characteristics of being at the margin of the tropics. Based mainly on physiognomy and floristic composition the tropical rain forest of Yunnan is classified into two types, i.e. seasonal rain forest and wet seasonal rain forest, the latter is further divided into two subtypes, i.e. mixed rain forest and dipterocarp rain forest. From analysis of geographic elements it is also shown that the tropical rain forest of Yunnan occurs at a geographical nexus with its flora coming mainly from four sources, i.e. Malesia, south Himalayas, Indochina and China.     

Seedling establishment of vascular epiphytes on isolated and enclosed forest trees in an Andean landscape, Ecuador

The impact of human disturbance on colonisation dynamics of vascular epiphytes is poorly known. We studied abundance, diversity and floristic composition of epiphyte seedling establishing on isolated and adjacent forest trees in a tropical montane landscape. All vascular epiphytes were removed from plots on the trunk bases of Piptocoma discolor. Newly established epiphyte seedlings were recorded after 2 years, and their survival after another year. Seedling density, total richness at family and genus level, and the number of families and genera per plot were significantly reduced on isolated trees relative to forest trees. Seedling assemblages on trunks of forest trees were dominated by hygrophytic understorey ferns, those on isolated trees by xerotolerant canopy taxa. Colonisation probability on isolated trees was significantly higher for plots closer to forest but not for plots with greater canopy or bryophyte cover. Seedling mortality on isolated trees was significantly higher for mesophytic than for xerotolerant taxa. Our results show that altered recruitment can explain the long-term impoverishment of post-juvenile epiphyte assemblages on isolated remnant trees. We attribute these changes to a combination of dispersal constraints and the harsher microclimate documented by measurements of temperature and humidity. Although isolated trees in anthropogenic landscapes are considered key structures for the maintenance of forest biodiversity in many aspects, our results show that their value for the conservation of epiphytes can be limited. We suggest that abiotic seedling requirements will increasingly constitute a bottleneck for the persistence of vascular epiphytes in the face of ongoing habitat alteration and atmospheric warming.     

The taxonomy and ecology of the vascular plant flora of Singapore: a statistical analysis

A total of 2277 species of vascular plant in 868 genera and 158 families are recorded as native to the Republic of Singapore. This flora consists of 174 pteridophytes (7.6% of the total), eight gymnosperms (0.4%), 590 monocots (25.9%) and 1505 dicots (66.1%).Median values of species per family, genera per family and species per genus are 5, 2 and 1, respectively. The most abundant 'families' and genera in terms of species are Orchidaceae (196 spp.), Pteridophyta (174 spp.), Rubiaceae (140 spp.), Euphorbiaceae (116 spp.), Gramineae (100 spp.) and Eugenia (46 spp.), Ficus (43 spp.), Dendrobium (33 spp.), Bulbophyllum (29 spp.) and Cyperus (29 spp.). Trees constitute 37.2% of the flora, shrubs 9.8%, herbs 25.9%, climbers 14.0% and epiphytes 13%.Euphorbiaceae and Rubiaceae dominate the woody flora; pteridophytes, Gramineae and Cyperaceae the herbs; Rubiaceae, Palmae and Annonaceae the climbers and Orchidaceae and pteridophytes the epiphyteS. Species confined to coastal habitats comprise 11.1% of the total flora; 73.5% are lowland forest species and the remaining 15.5% are non-tree species of open and frequently-disturbed sites. The vascular plant of flora of Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, the largest remaining patch of primary rain forest in Singapore, is also analysed. Its flora is similar to that of the forest component of the complete Singapore flora. The Singapore flora, in comparison with other tropical floras, is highly diverse, but appears depauperate in epiphytes and climbers.