CTGF对破骨前体细胞RAW264.7增殖及碳酸酐酶Ⅱ分化的影响

目的研究结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)对体外培养的破骨细胞前体细胞RAW264.7增殖及对核因子Kappa B配体受体(RANKL)诱导体外培养的破骨细胞前体细胞RAW264.7分化为成熟多核破骨细胞的影响。方法使用200 ng/mLCTGF干预培养的破骨细胞前体细胞RAW264.7,采用3H-TdR掺入法检测RAW264.7细胞增殖率;使用200 ng/mL CTGF与RANKL单独或共同处理RAW264.7细胞,抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色观察TRAP阳性多核细胞,Western blot检测碳酐酶Ⅱ蛋白的表达。结果 CTGF可显著促进RAW264.7细胞增殖;200 ng/mLCTGF与RANKL共同处理RAW264.7细胞可促进RAW264.7细胞分化为成熟多核破骨细胞;200 ng/mL CTGF与RANKL共同处理RAW264.7细胞可促进RAW264.7细胞碳酐酶Ⅱ蛋白的表达。结论 CTGF促进体外培养的破骨细胞前体细胞RAW264.7增殖,促进RANKL诱导的破骨细胞前体细胞RAW264.7分化为成熟多核破骨细胞。     

诱导小鼠破骨前体细胞成熟分化的实验条件探讨

目的探讨小鼠单核细胞RAW264.7能否在RANKL诱导下向破骨细胞成熟分化。方法 RANKL作用RAW264.7细胞7天～9天,光镜、透射电镜、扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)分别观察其细胞形态学变化,用抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase,TRAP)染色法观察TRAP阳性的多核细胞,RT-PCR检测破骨细胞表型和功能基因表达变化情况,扫描电镜观察破骨细胞在骨片上形成骨吸收陷窝。结果光镜、透射电镜下可见细胞胞体增大,为椭圆形或不规则形,胞核5～10个,扫描电镜下可见细胞表面大量的伪足样突起;此外,RANKL能诱导RAW264.7细胞分化为TRAP染色阳性的多核破骨细胞,细胞多为超过5个核的多核巨细胞;RAW264.7细胞成熟分化后具有骨吸收功能,并且能上调Cathepsin-K、TRAP、RANK等典型破骨细胞表型和功能基因mRNA的表达。结论 RAW264.7细胞是一种较好的破骨前体细胞模型,单用50ng/ml的RANKL体外连续诱导7天以上,能明显促进它向成熟的破骨细胞分化。     

复合振动抑制RAW264.7细胞分化成熟

目的研究复合振动对核因子-κB受体活化因子配体(RANKL)诱导的RAW264.7细胞分化的影响,探讨复合振动对破骨细胞分化的影响及机制。方法 RAW264.7细胞RANKL诱导培养3或4d并施加复合振动干预,通过抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色观察TRAP阳性多核细胞形成的变化,real-time RT-PCR分析破骨细胞特异性基因组织蛋白酶K(cathepsin K),金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)和TRAP表达的变化。结果复合振动能抑制RANKL诱导破骨细胞形成,下调破骨细胞特异基因cathepsin K,MMP-9和TRAP的表达。结论 RANKL促进RAW264.7细胞向破骨细胞分化,并增加特异基因的表达,但RANKL的促进作用受复合振动抑制。这进一步的阐释复合振动抗骨质疏松的作用机制。     

加味阳和汤含药血清对MC3T3-E1与RAW264.7细胞共育体系的影响

目的 观察加味阳和汤含药血清对MC3T3-E1与 RAW264.7细胞共育体系的影响,探究其防治骨质疏松症（OP）肾阳虚证的可能作用机制。方法 制备加味阳和汤含药血清,于Transwell共培养板建立MC3T3-E1与RAW264.7细胞共育体系,设置肾阳虚血清组、空白组、含药血清+肾阳虚血清组及含药血清组。干预48 h后,通过碱性磷酸酶（ALP）和抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶（TRAP）染色观察成骨、破骨分化;运用TRAP和ALP试剂盒分别检测细胞上清液中TRAP、ALP活性;通过Western blot检测各组OPG、RANKL、RANK蛋白表达。结果 与肾阳虚血清组比较,含药血清+肾阳虚血清组ALP活性增加（P<0.05）,TRAP活性及OC数目减低（P<0.05,P<0.05）,OPG蛋白表达上调（P<0.05）,RANKL、RANK蛋白表达下调（P<0.05,P<0.05）。结论 加味阳和汤对OP肾阳虚证有相应治疗作用,其机制可能与增加OPG及降低RANKL、RANK蛋白表达有关。     

骨碎补-续断药对对成骨/破骨代谢的双向调控作用及其对Hif1ɑ基因的影响

目的 分析骨碎补-续断药对对成骨/破骨代谢的调控作用并初步探讨其机制。方法 分别制备空白、低剂量、中剂量及高剂量的骨碎补-续断含药血清。采用CCK-8法、ALP染色法和茜素红染色法,分别观察含药血清对MC3T3-E1细胞增殖、成骨和矿化能力的影响;采用CCK-8法和TRAP染色法观察含药血清对RAW264.7细胞增殖和破骨分化能力的影响。采用系统药理学的方法分析药物的可能作用靶点,并结合RT-PCR和Western-blot的方法验证。结果 中剂量和高剂量骨碎补-续断含药血清可促进MC3T3-E1细胞的增殖,抑制RAW264.7细胞的增殖,中剂量组和高剂量组间没有明显差异;同时,中、高剂量含药血清可促进MC3T3-E1细胞的ALP活性和钙化能力,抑制RAW264.7细胞的TRAP活性,中剂量和高剂量间没有显著性差异。骨碎补-续断药对的可能作用靶点涉及HIF1ɑ,RT-PCR和Western-blot结果证实中剂量含药血清可提高MC3T3-1细胞Hif1ɑ基因的mRNA和蛋白水平及RAW264.7细胞的HIF1ɑ蛋白水平。结论 骨碎补-续断药对具有促进成骨代谢,抑制破骨代谢的作用,HIF...     

α-MEM培养基和高糖DMEM培养基对RAW264.7细胞向破骨细胞分化的影响

目的比较α-MEM和高糖DMEM两种培养基对小鼠破骨细胞前体细胞系RAW264.7细胞分化的影响。方法 (1)根据培养基和是否添加核因子κB受体激活蛋白配体(receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand,RANKL)将细胞分为4组:α-MEM培养基组、添加RANKL的α-MEM培养基组、高糖DMEM培养基组、添加RANKL的高糖DMEM培养基组;(2)于培养第3天收集细胞,分别通过q PCR、免疫印迹实验观察分化相关标记物抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(tartrate resistant acid phosphatase,TRAP)、活化的T细胞核因子(nuclear factor of activated T-cells 1,NFATc1)、核因子κB受体活化因子(receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB,RANK)和组织蛋白酶(Cathepsin)K的mRNA及蛋白表达水平,并做TRAP染色观察各组成熟破骨细胞的形成情况,探讨添加RANKL后α-MEM培养基和高糖DMEM培养基对RAW264.7细胞向破骨细胞分化的影响。结果 (1)与添加RANKL的高糖DMEM培养基相比,添加RANKL的α-MEM培养基使RAW264.7细胞的分化相关标记物TRAP、NFATc1、RANK及cathepsin K的mRNA表达水平增加,TRAP、NFATc1及cathepsin K的蛋白表达水平增加;(2)在α-MEM培养基或高糖DMEM培养基中添加RANKL均可使RAW264.7细胞分化为成熟破骨细胞,但添加RANKL的α-MEM培养基处理的细胞组中形成的成熟破骨细胞更多。结论添加RANKL的α-MEM培养基有利于RAW264.7细胞向破骨细胞分化。     

RANKL诱导小鼠单核细胞RAW264.7分化成成熟破骨细胞

目的观察小鼠的单核／巨噬细胞RAW264．7的一般生物学特征及在RANKL诱导下形成成熟破骨细胞的特征。方法RANKI，诱导RAW264．7细胞6d后，用抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色法观察TRAP阳性多核细胞，吖啶橙染色激光共聚焦显微镜(LCSM)观察多核细胞形态；诱导RAW264．7细胞9d后，RT、PCR检测RAW264．7细胞的破骨细胞表型和功能基因表达及其RANKL诱导后变化；诱导RAW264．7细胞12d后，钙磷覆盖的破骨细胞活性分析板观察破骨细胞的骨吸收功能。结果RAW264．7细胞TRAP染色阴性，单核或2个核，能表达破骨细胞表型和功能基因，无骨吸收功能。RANKL可诱导RAW264．7细胞形成TRAP阳性成熟的多核破骨细胞，上调CathepsinK、CAⅡ、integrinβ3等基因mRNA的表达。结论RAW264．7具有破骨细胞特征性基因表达谱，是一种较好的破骨前体细胞模型。RANKL可诱导RAW264．7细胞形成成熟破骨细胞。     

高糖及TNF-α对RAW264.7细胞向破骨细胞分化的影响

【摘要】 目的 观察高糖及TNF-α的培养条件对RAW264.7细胞向破骨细胞诱导分化的影响。方法 在正常、高糖(30 mmol/L)及TNF-α(10 μmol/L)条件下培养RAW264.7细胞后,加入浓度为100 ng/mL的细胞核转录因子κB受体激活物的配体(receptor activator of NF-κB ligand, RANKL)为诱导剂,诱导RAW264.7向破骨细胞分化;诱导9天后,抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色,比较各组TRAP+细胞数,RT-PCR及Western Blot检测各组破骨细胞标志基因CTR和MMP-9的表达。结果 不同的培养条件下RANKL均能诱导RAW264.7分化为成熟的破骨细胞,其中TNF-α环境中RAW264.7形成的TRAP+阳性细胞数、CTR和MMP-9的表达最高,而在高糖环境下最低。结论 TNF-α可以促进RAW264.7向破骨细胞分化,而高糖对这个过程可能是抑制作用,这一现象符合Ⅰ型和Ⅱ糖尿病患者骨质破坏的表现;高糖及TNF-α的培养条件下RANKL对RAW264.7的作用可模拟糖尿病足病变微环境中OC的诱导分化的过程。     

骨保护素体外抑制小鼠单核巨噬细胞 成熟分化的实验研究

目的研究骨保护素（Osteoprotegerin, 0PG)抑制核因子NF-KB受体活化因子配体（Receptor activator of nuclear kappa B ligand,RANKL)诱导小鼠单核细胞RAW264. 7成熟分化而导致的溶骨效 应。方法50 ng/mL RANKL诱导RAW264. 7细胞1 d后,加人100 ng/mL 0PG(实验组,即0PG + RANKL组）或不加人0PG(对照组,即RANKL组）分别培养7 d和9 d,经细胞形态学观察其变化,抗 酒石酸酸性碟酸酶（Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase, TRAP)染色法观察TRAP阳性多核细胞,扫描 电镜下观察在骨片上的破骨细胞所致的骨吸收陷窝形成情况。结果对照组培养7 d时,在倒置相 差显微镜、透射电镜、光镜下可见细胞形状为椭圆形或不规则形,胞体明显较KAW264.7细胞增大, 胞核多为6 ~ 10个,扫描电镜下还可见大量伪足形成,而实验组培养7 d后,细胞形状多为圆形,且扫 描电镜下未见明显伪足形成;对照组9 d时可见大量TRAP染色阳性的多核巨细胞（含3个或3个以 上的细胞核）,而实验组中TRAP染色阳性的多核破骨细胞偶见多核巨细胞,培养9 d时很难找到多 核巨细胞;仅用RANKL诱导RAW264.7细胞分化7 d时,对照组中破骨细胞表面可见大量伪足伸出, 并形成明显的骨吸收陷窝,实验组中破骨细胞见少许伪足突出,不能看到明显的骨陷窝形成。结论 单用50 ng/mL RANKL体外连续诱导RAWM4.7细胞7 d时,可以促进成熟的破骨细胞显著分化。 100 ng/mL 0PG培养9 d能有效地抑制破骨细胞的分化,减少破骨细胞的骨吸收效应。     

牙体牙弓颌骨阻力中心及其临床意义

牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心在正畸矫治力系统中具有重要的意义,也是正畸学领域争论较多的一个问题。Dermaut等研究表明,当力作用于物体阻力中心时,物体将发生平动,否则将发生平动和转动的复合运动。目前,国内外多数学者认为牙体、牙弓及颌骨存在阻力中心,但其位置存在争议。本文就牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心及其临床意义作一综述。     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Hazards and complications of endoscopic transurethral ureterolithotripsy and lithoextraction and means of prevention

Complications related to ureterolithotomy and ultrasonic ureterolithotripsy performed under the control of visual endoscope were analyzed in 86 ureterolithiasis patients, methods of their prevention discussed. All the aforementioned complications were distributed into three groups: inapplicability of surgery due to anatomic and functional defects of lower and upper urinary tracts, intraoperative, and postoperative complications. The commonest ones were ureteral abruption and perforation, acute pyelonephritis, temporary vesicoureteral reflux. Their control measures were considered as relative methods of treatment: immediate surgical intervention in case of ureteral abruption, renal catheterization in patients with insignificant ureteral perforation or acute pyelonephritis. Adequate ureteroscopy, careful consideration of pro- and contraindications, catheterization of renal pelvis and urinary bladder performed within 2-3 days after the surgery and adequate antibacterial therapy are the most decisive steps in the control of aforementioned complications.     

Instrumented ligamentotaxis and stabilization of compression and burst fractures of dorsolumbar and mid-lumbar spines

Background:

Controversy continues regarding the best treatment for compression and burst fractures. The axial distraction reduction utilizing the technique employing the long straight rod or curved short rod without derotation to reduce fracture are practised together with short segment posterolateral fusion (PLF). Effects of the early postoperative mobilization without posterolateral fusion on reduction maintenance and fracture consolidation were not evaluated so far. The present prospective study is designed to assess the effectiveness of i) reduction and restoration of sagittal alignment, ii) no posterolateral fusion on the reduced, fractured vertebral body and injured disc, iii) fracture consolidation and iv) the fate of the unfused cephalad and caudal injured motion segments of the fractured vertebra.

Materials and Methods:

The study includes 15 Denis burst and two Denis type D compression fractures between T₁₂ and L₃. The lordotic distraction technique was used for ligamentotaxis utilizing the contoured short rods and pedicle screw fixator. Three vertebrae including the fractured one were fixed. The patients after surgery were braced for ten weeks with activity restriction for 2-4 weeks. The patients were evaluated for change in vertebral body height, sagittal curve, reduction of retropulsion, improvement in neural deficit. The unfused motion segments, residual postoperative pain and bone and metal failure were also evaluated.

Results:

The preoperative and postreduction percentile vertebral heights at, zero (immediate postoperative), at three, six and 12 months followup were 62.4, 94.8, 94.6, 94.5 and 94.5%, respectively. The percentages of the intracanal fragment retropulsion at preoperative, and postoperative at zero, 3, 6 and 12 months followup were 59.0, 36.2,, 36.0, 32.3, and 13.6% respectively.The preoperative and postreduction percentile loss of the canal dimension and at zero, three, six and 12 months were 52.1, 45.0, 44.0, 41.0 and 29% respectively suggesting that the under-reduced fragment was being resorbed gradually by a remodeling process. The mean initial kyphosis of 33° became mean 2° immediately after reduction and mean 3° at the final followup. The fractured vertebral bodies consolidated in an average period of ten weeks (range 8-14 weeks). The restored disc heights were relatively well maintained throughout the observation period. All paraparetic patients recovered neurologically. There were no postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Instrument-aided ligamentotaxis for compression and burst fractures utilizing the short contoured rod derotation technique and the instrumented stabilization of the fractured spine are found to be effective procedures which contribute to the fractured vertebral body consolidation without recollapse and maintain the motion segment function.