小波聚类算法在入侵检测中的应用

提出一种基于小波聚类的入侵检测算法,该算法包括量化特征空间、小波变换、聚类、形成查找表,以及按照一定的比例参数检测出入侵行为.试验结果证明,此算法不受噪声影响,对输入顺序不敏感,而且不需要关于簇数量的先验知识,有效地提高了检测率,降低了误警率.     

改进的蚂蚁聚类入侵检测方法

在现有的自适应蚂蚁聚类算法中,自适应参数的调整往往凭经验取值,从而影响聚类质量。针对该问题,提出一种利用快速模拟退火算法实现蚂蚁聚类自适应参数动态调整的改进方法。基于该算法构建的入侵检测系统无需预先指定簇的数目,也不要求满足正常行为的数目远大于入侵行为的数目等条件。对KDD CUP1999数据集的仿真实验结果表明,该算法可以得到较理想的聚类,对未知入侵有较好的检测效果。     

基于无监督聚类混合遗传算法的入侵检测方法

在利用聚类进行入侵检测的方法中,有效地进行聚类是关键。为了对未标识数据进行聚类,提出了一种新的无监督入侵检测方法。该方法克服了聚类算法中对数据输入顺序敏感和需要预设聚类数目的缺点,减少了所需参数个数。通过初始聚类簇的建立和混合遗传算法对初始聚类进行优化组合两阶段的方法来实现聚类,克服了初始聚类对结果的影响,提高了聚类质量,并进行检测入侵。实验结果表明该方法有较好的检测率和误检率。     

聚类算法在入侵检测中的应用

提出一种基于聚类分析的入侵检测模型,并运用聚类分析的K-平均值算法建立入侵检测库并划分安全级别。该检测系统不依赖预先定义的类和训练实例,能够自动依据输入数据对入侵行为进行重新划分。该方法具有一定的实用性和自适应功能。     

基于人工免疫网络和模糊C-均值聚类的入侵检测方法

针对入侵检测方法中模糊C-均值(FCM)聚类算法对初始值敏感和要求输入聚类数目的缺点,把人工免疫网络算法用于FCM聚类算法,提出了一种基于人工免疫网络和模糊C-均值的入侵检测方法.通过KDD_CUP1999数据集仿真试验,与FCM算法相比,该算法提高了检测率,降低了误警率.实验结果表明,该方法能够有效地检测网络中的入侵行为.     

基于遗传算法的聚类分析及其在入侵检测中的应用

将数据挖掘技术应用于入侵检测中可以提高检测的精度和效率.针对k-means算法对初始聚类中心很敏感,在聚类过程中对数据输入的顺序也有依赖性等特性,本文首先利用遗传算法初始中心点对k-means聚类算法进行了改进,然后使用k-means算法快速收敛获取聚类结果,最后在入侵检测的经典数据集KDD CUP 1999上检验了算法的有效性.实验结果表明,该方法与相关研究对比提高了入侵检测系统的精度和效率.     

基于聚类的二次异常入侵检测算法

针对应用聚类方法检测入侵中参数人为指定的问题,提出了一种新的基于无监督的聚类算法。算法通过比较无类标训练集样本间的距离,根据距离最近的样本首先聚合成类的特性,在每一步聚类结束时,先预判找出疑似入侵类,然后再对疑似入侵通过比较距离及计算类内样本数占总样本数比率来做二次检测最终确定异常类。该方法不需要人为试参数且不受数据输入顺序的影响,类的形状是任意的,能较真实的反映数据分布的真实性状。最后实验仿真结果表明该算法是有效的。     

智能网络安全检测预警机制研究

随着网络攻击事件的不断增多以及全球网络对抗态势的不断升级,快速准确地对入侵行为进行检测预警以及保障网络安全变得越来越重要。自适应分布式入侵检测系统通过自适应的决策树算法以及分布式的数据收集检测能够提高对入侵行为的检出率和响应速度,从而更好地保障网络的安全。     

基于自适应学习的演化聚类算法

演化聚类算法(ECM) 是一种有效的在线聚类算法, 能够根据输入数据实时调整聚类. 但是, 该聚类算法依赖于预先设置的最大距离阈值, 而且对数据输入次序敏感. 针对这些问题, 提出一种基于自适应学习的演化算法(SALECM), 在无法获取数据先验知识的情况下, 无需人为预先定义参数, 可自适应地调整聚类. 实验结果表明, 与 ECM相比, SALECM可提高在线聚类的自适应性能, 也能在一定程度上缓解数据输入次序对算法的影响.

     

基于量子遗传聚类的入侵检测方法*

现有基于聚类的入侵检测算法,聚类过程中需要预设聚类数,且算法的性能受初始数据输入顺序的影响,为此提出了一种新的基于量子遗传聚类入侵检测方法。该方法的基本思想是先自动建立初始聚类簇,再用改进量子遗传算法对初始聚类组合优化,最后进行入侵检测。实验结果表明,该方法能够有效地检测出网络中的入侵数据。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).