Bi—V—Cr系复合氧化物的制法及其热色特性

报道了新型可塑热色材料Ｂｉ－Ｖ－Ｃｒ复合氧化物的制取方法及热致变色特性，实验表明，ＢｉＶＯ４可在黄（室温）－橙（１２０℃）－红（１２００℃）色系可逆变色；ＢｉＣｒＯ３可在绿（室温）－黄（１４０℃）色系可逆变色；Ｂｉ－Ｖ－Ｃｒ混合晶体氧化物可在黄绿Ｐ室温－黄袍（１２０℃－深褐（１８０℃）色系可逆变色。     

Bi_4Ti_3O_（12）铁电薄膜的I－V特性测量及导电机理

Ｂｉ＿４Ｔｉ＿３Ｏ＿（１２）薄膜是一种具有广泛应用前景的典型的铁电薄膜。本文报道了用ＭＯＣＶＤ方法制备的Ｂｉ＿４Ｔｉ＿３Ｏ＿（１２）薄膜的Ｉ－Ｖ特性测量及其导电机理。结果表明，在低场下，Ｂｉ＿４Ｔｉ＿３Ｏ＿（１２）薄膜的Ｉ－Ｖ特性表现为欧姆性质，在中强场下，薄膜的导电机理遵从ＳＣＬＣ理论。     

添加Al_2O_3对SiC板粒／Y－TZP复合材料力学性能的影响

本文以ＳｉＣ板粒、ＺｒＯＣｌ２－８Ｈ２Ｏ、ＡｌＣｌ３和Ｙ（ＭＯ）３为原料，利用共沉淀和热压烧结工艺，制备ＳｉＣ板粒／Ｙ－ＴＺＰ和（含Ａｌ２Ｏ３）ＳｉＣ板粒／Ｙ－ＴＺＰ复合材料．测试了材料的室温和高温力学性能．研究了添加Ａｌ２Ｏ３对ＳｉＣ板粒／Ｙ－ＴＺＯ复合材料的影响．结果表明，ＳｉＣ板粒／Ｙ－ＴＺＰ复合材料与Ｙ－ＴＺＰ陶瓷相比，其室温强度和韧性出现明显下降，高温强度也没有改善；而在ＳｉＣ板粒与Ｙ－ＴＺＰ复合的基础上，添加Ａｌ２Ｏ３可明显提高材料的强度和断裂韧性，同时，材料的高温强度也获得显著改善．     

SiC－AlN－Y_2O_3复相陶瓷的制备与性能

通过热压烧结技术，ＳｉＣ、ＡｌＮ和Ｙ２Ｏ３粉末混合作在１９２０～２０５０℃、Ａｒ气氛下形成了致密的复相陶瓷．在室温下ＳｉＣ－ＡｌＮ－Ｙ２Ｏ３复相材料的抗弯强度和断裂韧性分别达到６００ＭＰａ和７ＭＰａ·ｍ１／２以上运用ＸＲＤ、ＳＥＭ和ＴＥＭ分析致密样品的断裂裂纹、形貌和组成．ＳｉＣ－ＡｌＮ－Ｙ２Ｏ３复相陶瓷在１３７０℃氧化试验３０ｈ，其氧化产物为莫来石．     

PbO－Bi_2O_3－B_2O_3－SiO_2系重金属氧化物玻璃的结构与光学性

通过密度、可见光光谱、红外吸收光谱、Ｃｏ－６０辐照损伤试验及荧光光谱的测试，研究了ＰｂＯ－Ｂｉ２Ｏ３－Ｂ２Ｏ３－ＳｉＯ２玻璃系的光学性能与结构．密度最高可达８．４６４ｇ／ｃｍ３其紫外吸收达截止波长随Ｐｂ２＋及Ｂｉ３＋含量升高而红移．玻璃熔化温度低达８５０℃．在ＰｂＯ－Ｂｉ２Ｏ３－Ｂ２Ｏ３系玻璃中加人ＳｉＯ２可使玻璃结构更致密．室温下该系统玻璃在３６０ｎｍ有一个宽的激发峰，能产生４１８ｕｍ及４３８ｕｍ两个弱的发射峰．该系统玻璃的结构是由［ＳｉＯ４］４－、［ＢＯ３］３－、［ＢＯ４］５－、［ＰｂＯ４］６－及［ＢｉＯ６］９－构成．其中部分Ｐｂ２＋及Ｂｉ３＋以网络外体进入玻璃．     

Ni42Cr6Fe封接合金氧化膜和氧化物晶须的结构

用ＴＥＭ、Ｘ－Ｒａｙ、ＳＥＭ等技术研究了Ｎｉ４２Ｃｒ６Ｆｅ玻封合金在高温湿Ｈ２中形成的氧化膜及氧化物晶须的结构。结果表明：氧化膜主要由Ｃｒ２Ｏ３和（Ｆｅ，Ｍｎ）Ｃｒ２Ｏ４两组相成，氧化膜底层是以Ｃｒ２Ｏ３为主的组织，氧化膜表层是以（Ｆｅ，Ｍｎ）Ｃｒ２Ｏ４为主的组织；Ｓｉ在氧化膜与合金界面分布，Ａｌ则在内氧化层中形成内氧化物质点；氧化膜表面生长的氧化物晶须的杆部为（Ｆｅ，Ｍｎ）Ｃｒ２Ｏ４单晶，头部为     

高稳定性的r—Fe2O3的合成及其气敏性能研究

本文采用空气氧化Ｆｅ（ＣＯ３）ｘ（ＯＨ）２（１－ｘ）悬浮液体系，控制体系的ｐＨ和掺入适量的钇元素，合成出纳米级黄ｒ－ＦｅＯＯＨ微晶。由ＤＴＡ－ＴＧ和ＸＲＤ分析得出，由ｒ－ＦｅＯＯＨ直接脱水得到的ｒ－Ｆｅ２Ｏ３样品，具有很好的热稳定性，其ｒ－ａ相变温度可达７２５℃，且粒径为纳米级，并具有很好的气敏灵敏度和选择性。６００℃烧结的气敏元件，对液化石油气（ＬＰＧ）的灵敏度Ｓ大于７０；而在７００℃下烧结的元     

聚碳硅烷／二乙烯基苯的高温裂解

采用ＴＧ－ＤＴＡ、ＩＲ、ＸＲＤ、ＸＰＳ、ＳＥＭ等手段研究了聚碳硅烷（ＰＣＳ）／二乙烯基苯（ＤＶＢ）的高温裂解行为及其裂解产物的结构与性能。结果表明，ＰＣＳ／ＤＶＢ的裂解过程可分成５个阶段，其裂解产物主要由ＳｉＣ、ＳｉＯ２和Ｓｉ－Ｏ－Ｃ非晶网络及游离Ｃ组成，其中游离Ｃ的含量随ＤＶＢ的增加而增加，且对β－ＳｉＣ的结晶有一定的抑制作用，裂解产物的形貌为不发泡的致密结构。     

Bi_2O_3－PbO二元系相图

本文用差热分析（ＤＴＡ）和Ｘ射线衍射（ＸＲＤ）技术研究了Ｂｉ_２Ｏ_３－ＰｂＯ二元系相平衡．在该二元系中存在一个结构为体心立方，点阵常数ａ＝０．４３５０ｎｍ的新化合物，化合物的组成为２Ｂｉ_２Ｏ_３．３ＰｂＯ．该化合物是６Ｂｉ_２Ｏ_３·ＰｂＯ和α固溶体在５９０℃包晶反应形成的．温度为６１５℃，组成为Ｂｉ_２Ｏ_３：ＰｂＯ＝３：７发生共晶反应Ｌ６Ｂｉ_２Ｏ_３．ＰｂＯ＋α６１５℃时Ｂｉ_２Ｏ_３在。相中的最大固溶度大约是１０ｍｏｌ％．温度为７０２℃，Ｂｉ_２Ｏ_３：ＰｂＯ＝１９：１存在共析反应Ｃ_ｓｓβ＋６Ｂｉ_２Ｏ_３．ＰｂＯ高温型），６Ｂｉ_２Ｏ_３．ＰｂＯ高温型）的分解温度为７２０℃．     

无Co混合导电型陶瓷透氧膜的制备和性质研究

首次合成了Ｓｒ１０－ｎ／２ＢｉｎＦｅ２０Ｏｍ（ｎ＝２，４，６，８，１０等）系列氧化物透氧膜，它们具有较高的透氧能力，其中，样品ｎ＝１０在１１００Ｋ时的透氧率为０．９０ｍｌ（ＳＴＤ）／（ｃｍ２·ｍｉｎ），比Ｓｒ１－ｘＢｉｘＦｅＯ３高约两倍．Ｓｒ１－ｘＢｉｘＦｅＯ３（ｘ＝０．１，０．３，０．５）系列的透氧率随Ｂｉ含量增加而增大．通过两个系列氧化物的ＸＲＤ和化学组成的对比，发现Ｂｉ离子含量和晶格空位浓度对透氧能力大小起决定性作用．     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...