谷粒发芽温度的时间对于酶的形成以及高粱麦汁特性的影响

研究了谷粒发芽温度和时间对于一种改良的尼日利亚高粱栽培品种的酶形成以及高粱麦汁特性的影响。谷粒发芽在２０℃和２５℃进行８天。评价的参数包括α和β－淀粉酶的形成，谷芽热水浸出物（ＨＶＥ），可溶性浸出物，发酵力，发酵性浸出物，粘度，过滤速度，还原糖，α－氨基氮和总可溶性氮（ＴＳＮ），实际上所有研究的参数，在２５℃发芽第４天较高，发芽温度似乎影响不明显，α－淀粉酶在整个发芽期间不断产生，然而β－淀粉酶在     

糖化酶对高粱Lager啤酒麦汁组成和糖酵解的影响

我们进行了一个置信度P〈0．05的三因子实验，利用大麦麦芽（BM）或高梁芽（SM），精选玉米（MZ）或腊质高梁（WXSOR）粉粒为辅料，添加或不添加糖化酶（AMG）生产Lager啤酒，研究其144h发酵过程中糖酵解和乙醇生成情况。在BM麦汁中，葡萄糖、麦芽糖、麦芽三糖分别占总可发酵糖的20％，68％和13％，而这个比例在SM麦汁中则分别为35％，48％和17％。添加AMG后，麦汁中葡萄糖含量从9．3g／L增加到24．5g／L，总可发酵性糖含量用g葡萄糖／L表示，从59．2g／L增加到72．6g／L。和BM麦汁相比，SM麦汁的葡萄糖含量约高50％，而初始麦芽糖则要低40％左右。用WXSOR或MZ作酿造辅料，生产的麦汁和啤酒具有相似的特性。AMG的添加使麦汁中葡萄糖量增加2．5倍以上，并使可发酵性糖量增加23％以上。线性回归分析表明发酵过程中可发酵性糖的消耗符合一级反应方程。葡萄糖、麦芽糖和麦芽三糖消耗50％的时间分别为49h，128h和125h，这清楚地表明酵母优先利用葡萄糖。和不添加AMG的麦汁相比，添加AMG麦汁中的麦芽糖和麦芽三糖的消耗速度分别加快和变慢了。发酵终了，BM啤酒的乙醇含量（5．1％，v／v）比SM啤酒（3．9％，v／v）要高。在添加AMG的啤酒生产中，用BM还是用SM及添加MZ辅料在最终的乙醇浓度上并无明显区别。研究结果表明，AMG可以降低糊精含量，增加初始葡萄糖量和总可发酵性糖量，特别是在利用SM为原料的时候，该现象更为明显。     

不同发芽阶段高粱粉理化及功能特性的变化

该实验以白高粱为原料,研究不同发芽时间对高粱粉淀粉组分及含量、淀粉酶活力、热力学、糊化、流变以及功能特性的影响.结果表明,发芽后高粱淀粉酶活力显著上升;总淀粉、直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量显著下降;热力学性质测定结果表明,发芽使糊化焓增加,提高了其稳定性和结晶度,起始糊化温度上升,峰值和终止糊化温度无显著变化;随着发芽时间的...     

制备高辅料比啤酒麦汁的工艺研究——应用砻糠强化麦汁过滤

本文叙述了啤酒酿造中采用酶制剂技术以后，大米辅料从４５％提高至５５％。添加２％大米用量的砻糖有助于缩短麦汁过滤时间而对成品啤酒主要指标无副作用且不影响啤酒口味。     

高粱醇溶蛋白提取工艺及其功能特性研究

通过单因素和响应面试验,研究超声辅助酶法制备高粱醇溶蛋白的最佳条件;以高粱醇溶蛋白为原料,研究静置时间、温度对醇溶蛋白持油性和持水性的影响。结果表明,超声辅助酶法制备高粱醇溶蛋白的最佳条件为:加酶量1%,酶作用时间3h,超声波作用时间19 min,乙醇浓度60%,该条件下蛋白提取率为(7.19±0.36)%;在温度35℃、静置时间40min条件下时,高粱醇溶蛋白持油性和持水性最大,分别为(2.84±0.15),(2.78±0.09)g/g。     

糖化锅酶制剂用量的研究

本文试验了糖化投料时，酶制剂的使用量通过实验室小试和大生产过程的多次试验，对麦汁指标、生产过程指标进行了测定及验证。最终发现，在我公司的原料和设备条件下，糖化锅酶制剂的适宜用量一般都比酶制剂说明书的建议用量和实验室小试用量少。     

大麦辅料对麦汁自由氨基氮含量的影响

自由氨基氮（FAN）和一些低分子氮化合物（LNC）都是啤酒酵母营养的重要物质。市场上出现的一些低麦芽啤酒,部分就是以大麦为辅料酿制的。通过对大麦（作辅料）、全麦芽酿制麦汁的FAN含量以及麦芽中蛋白酶活力之间关系的分析,发现以大麦为辅料的麦汁中,半胱氨酸蛋白酶和1,10-邻二氮菲（O—Phen）-可抑制金属蛋白酶,对麦汁的FAN水平有很明显的影响。另外,也研究了麦芽的制备条件与蛋白酶活力的关系,最大的酶活产生基于以下麦芽制备条件：浸麦度50％;发芽温度12℃;发芽天数6天;喷水次数3次;次霉素浓度10mg／kg（大麦）。     

酶制剂对面包专用粉流变特性影响的研究

面包专用粉的研发，不仅注重不同粉路取粉工艺的确定，更要注重专用粉流变特性的研究。本文以面包专用粉流变特性为对象，通过常规实验和粉质拉伸实验，研究了不同酶制剂对面包专用粉品质的影响。结果表明，葡萄糖氧化酶、α-真菌淀粉酶、脂肪酶对面包专用粉的流变特性均有一定的优化效果。     

β-葡聚糖酶对高粱麦汁的酶解工艺研究

以高粱麦汁作为原料,探究β-葡聚糖酶对高粱麦汁的影响.将还原糖含量和α-氨基氮含量作为评价指标,利用单因素实验和响应面分析对β-葡聚糖酶添加量、pH值、反应温度及反应时间进行优化.得到最佳的酶解工艺为:β-葡聚糖酶添加量为200 μg/mL,pH值为4.0,反应温度为60℃,反应时间为85 min,此时还原糖含量为45...     

Some Relationships Between Malted Barleys of Different Nitrogen Levels and the Wort Properties

Barleys containing different levels of total nitrogen seem to have similar initial patterns for endosperm modification during malting. The higher nitrogen barley had a slower rate of endosperm modification, whilst the lower nitrogen barley had a faster rate of endosperm modification as germination progressed. Although the higher nitrogen barley had slower rate of endosperm modification, it transferred more nitrogen materials to the roots and shoots, whilst the lower nitrogen barley transferred less nitrogen materials to the roots and shoots. The higher nitrogen barley produced a lower yield of extract, but released higher levels of soluble nitrogen, free amino nitrogen (FAN) and peptides in the extract. The lower nitrogen barley produced a higher yield of extract and higher levels of carbohydrates (reducing sugars) in the extract. These results suggest that other important relationships exist between barleys of different nitrogen content. A drop in peptide nitrogen occurred on the same day of germination in both barley samples.     

A Study on the Suitability of Unmalted Sorghum as a Brewing Adjunct

Grain samples of thirteen sorghum cultivars with diverse chemical composition were assessed for their suitability as brewing adjuncts based on proximate analysis. Sieving analysis of the grain as well as hot water extractables (HWE), hot water extractable protein (HWEP) and free amino nitrogen (FAN) were also determined. Cultivars with high starch and amylose contents together with low protein and fat percent are better suited as adjuncts depending on their hot water extracts and hot water extractable protein yields. Large variations in the uniformity of grain size were found, two of these cultivars (CSV‐14R and M 35‐1) had highest grain size. Cultivars CSH‐5, CSV‐11 and CSV‐13 among the released cultivars were identified as better adjuncts which could be used along with barley malt for brewing lager beers.     

南北酿酒高粱蒸煮品质研究

对3种南方糯高粱泸糯八号、青壳洋和国窖红一号,以及3种北方粳高粱黑龙江高粱、内蒙高粱和辽宁高粱的蒸煮性质进行了研究。结果表明,3种南方糯高粱中的国窖红一号、青壳洋在吸水率、胶稠度和糊化率等指标方面均高于3种北方粳高粱,而碘蓝值显示直链淀粉含量远低于北方高粱,呈现出易糊化、抗老化的酿造特性。     

不同酶处理对多孔大米淀粉性能的影响

使用麦芽糖α-淀粉酶（MA）和淀粉葡糖苷酶（AMG）分别处理制备多孔大米淀粉,对其表征特性进行对比分析。通过扫描电镜可知,这两种酶均使淀粉颗粒表面产生蜂窝状多孔结构。经酶处理的大米淀粉颗粒的相对结晶度（25.54%～33.26%）均高于天然淀粉的相对结晶度（23.74%）。MA处理增加了短支链淀粉链的数量,并且随着酶处理时间的延长降低了分子质量。与对照组相比,MA和AMG处理的淀粉颗粒溶胀度、表观直链淀粉含量、峰值黏度、崩解值、最终黏度和回生值均下降。MA处理的淀粉颗粒具有更高的溶解指数（1.46%～2.57%）,AMG处理的淀粉颗粒的溶解指数均小于0.42%。与对照组相比,经酶处理的大米淀粉糊化温度会延迟0.8～6.0℃,焓变增加范围在1.0～3.8 J/g。     

山西不同品种高粱淀粉特性

为探究不同品种间高粱物化特性和品质特性的差异,并探究两者之间的内在联系。本研究选取6个品种高粱,研究不同品种高粱淀粉的直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量、粒度、X-射线衍射图谱、核磁共振图谱、糊化特性、热特性,分析不同品种的高粱淀粉在微观结构和理化性质方面的差异以及导致这些差异的可能原因。研究结果表明,6个不同品种的高粱淀粉直链淀粉含量范围在4.42%～43.63%之间,不同品种的高粱淀粉的颗粒形状整体呈不规则状,大多数为多面体,少数为球体,淀粉颗粒表面有凹痕和孔隙,高粱淀粉的平均粒径在15～20 μm。X射线衍射图谱和核磁共振波谱均表明高粱淀粉属于A-型淀粉。6个品种高粱淀粉糊化温度在67.94～69.96℃之间,晋夏2842糊化温度最低,晋杂38号糊化温度最高,回生值范围在240.14～1666.78 cP之间,其中金糯梁6号回生值最大,较易老化,晋杂22号回生值最小,不易老化。6个品种高粱淀粉糊化温度的峰值温度在68.88～71.74℃范围内。     

20种高粱淀粉特性

对我国高粱主产区的20 种高粱淀粉的微观结构、物理特性、糊化回生特性及热特性进行比较研究。结果表明：高粱淀粉颗粒多数为不规则形状,表面内凹,颗粒较大,其中部分颗粒表面有类蜂窝状结构,少数为球形,表面光滑,颗粒小,淀粉颗粒粒径在5～20μm 之间;不同品种高粱淀粉的直链淀粉含量、物理特性、糊化回生特性及热特性差异较大。因此,不同的加工目的应该选择不同的高粱品种。     

不同储藏条件对小麦流变学特性的影响

为了解小麦籽粒在不同储藏条件下的品质变化,探索实验室小量样品的最适储藏条件, 本研究以强筋、中筋和弱筋小麦的籽粒和面粉为研究材料,对其在不同梯度温度（?20、4、35 ℃）和不同储藏时间（20、40、60 d）条件下的品质指标进行分析。结果表明:不同储藏条件对不同类型小麦的湿面筋含量、吸水量和弱化度的影响较小,均在允差内。以籽粒方式储藏时,强筋小麦在不同温度条件下各品质参数基本上都在允差范围内,但随着储藏时间的延长（60 d）,形成时间和拉伸面积超差。中筋小麦在不同温度条件下,湿面筋含量和粉质参数基本上都在允差内,但是对拉伸参数（拉伸面积、拉伸阻力和最大拉伸阻力）影响较大;尤其是当储藏条件为?20和35 ℃的情况下,除延伸性外,拉伸面积、拉伸阻力和最大拉伸阻力均有不同程度的超差。弱筋小麦在不同温度条件下湿面筋含量和拉伸各参数均在允差内,但对粉质参数（稳定时间和弱化度）影响较大,尤其是稳定时间。值得注意的是,弱筋小麦随着储藏时间的延长,粉质各参数测定值越接近对照,在允差范围内。另外,不同类型的小麦在4 ℃条件下以面粉方式储藏时,强筋和中筋小麦的湿面筋含量、流变学粉质参数和拉伸参数均在允差值内。因此,本研究认为4 ℃,≤60 d比较适宜小麦籽粒和面粉的储藏。     

3种高粱品种淀粉特性和酿造黄酒的风味品质分析

以‘晋杂22号’、‘晋粱白2号’、‘晋粱白3号’3 种高粱为原料酿造黄酒,分析研究淀粉对黄酒风味品质的影响。对3 种高粱进行淀粉、直链淀粉、蛋白质和脂肪质量分数等理化指标的检测;并采用扫描电子显微镜分别对3 种高粱籽粒内部胚乳结构进行分析;对3 种高粱进行淀粉提取,检测其溶解度和膨胀度;并采用差示扫描量热仪检测3 种淀粉的糊化特性;采用3 种高粱进行发酵酿造黄酒,并对3 种高粱发酵过程中的挥发性风味物质的种类和质量浓度进行检测。结果表明,3 种黄酒分别检测到102、109、110 种风味物质,总质量浓度分别为392.210、344.342、635.695 mg/L,其中异丁醇、异戊醇、苯乙醇、十六酸乙酯、9,12-十八碳二烯酸乙酯和2-甲氧基-4-乙烯基苯酚是主要的风味物质。‘晋粱白3号’的支链淀粉质量分数最高,风味物质的种类及质量浓度也最高,证明淀粉质量分数对黄酒风味物质的种类及质量浓度起到了积极影响,为黄酒酿酒原料的选择提供了理论依据。     

Modelling and Optimizing of Mashing Enzymes — Effect on Yield of Filtrate of Unmalted Sorghum by Use of Response Surface Methodology

The effect of commercial enzymes on liquefaction of starch from unmalted sorghum was studied. The effects which these enzymes had on rates of filtration were evaluated. Models were developed, validated and optimized to establish the actions of enzymes, either alone or in combination. Preliminary studies on the sorghum cultivars Safrari, Madjeru and S.35 showed that α‐amylase was the backbone enzyme for starch liquefaction among the enzymes used (α‐amylase, Filtrase, protease and β‐amylase). Models confirmed this observation as α‐amylase individually in its first order (X₁) contributed 25, 11 and 17%, and in its sum of first and second orders (X₁+X₁²) contributed a 29, 31 and 36% yield of filtrate for Safrari, Madjeru and S.35 respectively. The ease of starch liquefaction, assessed by summing the first and second orders of individual intervention of all enzymes, was found to be in the order of Madjeru, S.35 and Safrari (79, 70 and 56% of yield of filtrate respectively). The importance of the enzyme combination in starch liquefaction in Safrari, S.35 and Madjeru was shown to be 44, 30 and 21% respectively. Enzyme combinations giving maximal starch liquefaction, as identified from a Doehlert experimental matrix, displayed a similar yield of filtrate (Safrari: 85 mL, Madjeru: 84 mL and S.35: 81 mL) after filtration of a 130 mL mash during 1 h. Validation of the models revealed the model developed for Madjeru was the most reliable (R² = 0.994), while those developed for Safrari (R² = 0.987) and S.35 (R² = 0.976) were slightly less reliable. Model optimization gave theoretical enzyme (Brewers Amyliq TS, Filtrase NLC, Brewers Protease and β‐amylase) combinations of 25 mg, 5.68 mg, 100 mg and 67.4 U for Safrari, 15.06 mg, 0.51 mg, 24.32 mg and 53.8U for Madjeru and 19.01 mg, 6.36 mg, 58.76 mg and 43.48 U for S.35, with a resulting yield of filtrate of 94, 87.7 and 83.8 mL respectively.     

Quality Assessment of Different Sorghum Varieties for Their Brewing Potential

Four sorghum varieties (SK 5912, KSV 4, KSV 8, ICSV 400) were malted and extracted under similar conditions to assess their quality for brewing. The results showed that, in general, the sorghum varieties had high malting loss which was attributed to the high germination temperature used. The sorghum varieties also developed low levels of amylolytic activity (α‐amylase and β‐amylase), and with similar ratios. When the sorghum malts were mashed at different temperatures with the aid of commercial enzyme preparations, it was observed that mashing temperatures were more important in sugar release than additions of commercial enzymes. This was because at the lower mashing temperature, sorghum starch was not adequately gelatinised. However, when commercial enzyme preparations were added, low levels of enzymes were very effective in reducing wort viscosity and producing free amino nitrogen (FAN). Although, both commercial enzyme preparation and mashing temperature influenced sugar production, the malts produced glucose and maltose at similar ratios. Therefore good quality malts can be produced from sorghum, however mashing will employ commercial enzymes and mashing regimes are not yet optimised.