零添加酸奶为什么不受消费者欢迎?

2012年,光明乳液推出一款新酸奶,打的是"零添加"的健康牌——不添加增稠剂,不加香精,不加色素,不加糖。这在"皮革明胶"事件之后,本来应该是个人人叫好的举措。消费者不是怪生产商乱添加东西么?现在厂商就开始尝试什么都不加了,就是纯粹的牛奶发酵。本来以为会畅销的产品,结果却相     

兰迪教授的最后一课

我们不能改变手中的牌,但可以决定如何出牌。——兰迪·鲍什7月25日早晨,美国卡耐基·梅隆大学的计算机系教授兰迪·鲍什(Randy Pausch)在家中逝世。他的"最后一课"视频在互联网上流传极广,被下载超过1000万次,译成7种语言,人们亲切地称他为"YouTube教授"。他逝世之后,无数人在网上纪念他。     

振国牌抗癌药治疗恶性肿瘤的疗效观察

目的观察振国牌抗癌药治疗恶性肿瘤的疗效。方法将218例晚期恶性肿瘤患者随机分为116例用振国牌抗癌药联合化疗组和102例单纯化疗组,两组化疗方法相同,并进行对照。结果治疗组近期有效率达55.17%,与对照组39.21%相比,有显著差异(P<0.05)。同时,治疗组患者的生存质量指标、生存时间等,均较对照组明显为优。结论振国牌抗癌药对恶性肿瘤的治疗有明显效果。     

79. 染发剂潜在性危害实验研究

该论文选用经典的Ames试验和人外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变及微核实验研究S牌染发剂的诱变性。S牌染发剂家兔涂皮亚慢性毒性实验(6个月)建立动物模型，然后骨髓涂片检查血象；病理组织观察，看是否引起肿瘤或病变；同时采用P53、PCNA、Bcl-2、细胞周期分析等技术指标探讨S牌染发剂的致癌作用。 Ames活化平板掺入法试验，发现S牌染发剂能使TA98的回变菌落数明显增加，并且有剂量反应关系。其他各菌株菌落数无明显变化。Ames非活化实验为阴性结果。人外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变和微核率试验，在试验剂量范围内，S牌染发剂对染色体畸变发生和微核率无明显影响。而染发剂家兔涂皮6个月骨髓涂片检查，发现淋巴细胞微核率明显增高。根据致突变各项试验结果分析，认为S牌染发剂有致突变作用。染发剂亚慢性毒性实验，未发现家兔各脏器及涂抹部位有肿瘤发生。血象检查发现中性粒细胞增生活跃，比值较正常对照组有明显升高。病理切片未发现异常。免疫组化分析，家兔肝、脾、淋巴结3种组织细胞的P53、Bcl-2、PCNA均呈阳性结果。其他组织呈阴性结果。细胞周期分析结果为：染发剂组家兔肝、脾、淋巴结各组织细胞中均有异倍体细胞群出现，且这些细胞的增殖较二倍体细胞活跃。家兔经皮染毒6个月，其肝、脾、淋巴结免疫组化反应试验中P53、PCNA及Bcl-2的阳性结果及流式细胞仪分析出的3种组织细胞中的异倍体细胞群，说明家兔经S牌染发剂染毒6个月，其肝、脾、淋巴结组织细胞已发生潜在的恶变。本次研究结果虽未发现S牌染发剂能引发癌肿，但试验结果表明S牌染发剂有明显的致突变作用和潜在致癌性。综合试验结果，认为家兔6个月涂皮实验未能引发癌肿，并非该染发剂无致癌作用，而很可能因观察期短，癌变处于潜伏期。     

医用生物蛋白胶在根治性乳房切除术中的应用

乳腺癌根治性乳房切除术中手术范围大,剥离面积大,术后有其特有的并发症如出血、渗液、皮下积液及皮瓣坏死等.我们于2001年10月～2003年10月,在乳腺癌根治术中除汲取专家经验提高外科技术等,还对比应用了广州倍绣生物技术有限公司生产的"天绣"牌纤维蛋白封闭剂--医用生物蛋白胶(fibrin sealant,FS),在预防皮下积液、皮瓣坏死并促进自然愈合的对比试验中取得了满意效果.结果总结报道如下.     

脾脏边缘带淋巴瘤

目的：结合文献讨论脾脏边缘带淋巴瘤的诊断标准。方法：回顾性分析一例脾脏边缘带淋巴瘤。结果;此例临床症状为牌中度肿大、贫血、体重减轻、发热等，伴有牌外转移（外周血及骨髓内见幼稚淋巴细胞）;组织学主要侵犯白髓的外套层和（或）边线带，红脸亦受累，病变区可见与正常边缘带细胞相似的肿瘤细胞;免疫学I，CA、L26、bcl-2、k、IgA阳性;MAC387、lysozyme散在阳性出UCHL-1、BerH2、EMA阴性。结论：该病是一种独特的外周B细胞淋巴瘤，应与毛细胞性白血病、牌外套层细胞淋巴瘤、脾脏绒毛状淋巴瘤和B粘膜相关淋巴瘤鉴别。     

B超诊断脾脏多发性淋巴管瘤一例

患者男性51岁，无自觉症状，B超发现脾脏多发性占位而住院。B超检查：牌形态基本正常，体积增大，厚60cm，包膜完整，表面不光滑，牌内见多个购20～30个）大小不等，回声不一的团块，以强回声团为多，还有低回声团和一个囊性暗区。各团块境界较清，实质性四块内部分间有无回声小暗区，其中较大团块切面为3．IcmX28cm。脾内血管迂回扭曲走行。B超诊断：脾肿大、牌多发性占位病变（错构瘤入手术所见：脾大、大／hldemX10cmX6cm，质中偏硬，表面凹凸不平，见多个结节隆起，有实质性及囊性。病理结论：牌多发性淋巴管瘤。。脾淋巴管瘤是属于…     

北京百慕航材高科技股份有限公司京航生物医学工程事业部

<正> 京航生物医学工程事业部(简称:京航事业部)现隶属于北京百慕航材高科技股份有限公司,前身是北京京航生物医学工程公司,始于1 973年,于2000年4月进行了资产重组和股份制改造,成为北京百慕航材高科技股份有限公司集科研、生产和销售于一体的事业部之一。京航事业部长期与国内外著名医学专家、材料学专家、学者合作,研制开发了"京航牌"人工髋、膝、脊柱、创伤等外科植入物假体30多个系列产品,其中包括:多孔层人工髋关节、羟基磷灰石涂层髋关节、表面轨道     

5种废电池浸泡液对日本三角涡虫生存与摄食的影响

背景与目的:涡虫对水质变化敏感,通过观察废电池浸泡液对日本三角涡虫(Dugesia japonica)生存与摄食的影响探讨涡虫作为指示动物检测废电池污染的可行性.材料与方法:制备白象牌普通型电池(BX1)、白象牌低汞型电池(BX2)、南孚牌无汞碱性电池(NF)、金强牌无汞电池(JQ)和松下牌无汞电池(SX)废电池浸泡液,每种浸泡液设未稀释组、稀释10倍组、稀释50倍组、稀释100倍组和稀释500倍组,另设矿泉水为对照.将日本三角涡虫分别放入其中饲养,观察废电池浸泡液对他们生存与摄食的影响.结果:5种废电池浸泡液均对涡虫产生不同程度的致死和抑制摄食作用.与对照组比较,在稀释50倍浸泡液中饲养96 h,SX无显著致死毒性(P＞0.05);NF、BX1、BX2和JQ致死毒性十分显著(P＜0.01),致死毒性大小依次为:NF＞BX1＞BX2(=)JQ＞SX.同种电池浸泡液浓度越大,对涡虫生存的影响越大.涡虫在稀释50倍浸泡液中饲养50 min,其5种废电池浸泡液均明显抑制摄食(P＜0.01),其抑制摄食的强度依次为:NF＞JQ＞BX2(=)BX1＞SX.结论:用涡虫监测废电池对水质的污染具有一定的应用价值.     

基于NK细胞的肿瘤免疫治疗研究进展

NK细胞发育分化研究取得较大进展,除骨髓、外周血和脾脏外,胸腺、肝脏、淋巴结等器官中NK细胞前体细胞(NK precursors,NKPs)的分化及其迁移特性引起极大关注.人类CD56brightNK细胞易于在次级淋巴组织及非淋巴组织中聚集,而CD56dimNK细胞则能够趋化招募至外周炎症部位.NK细胞活化受体包括细胞因子受体、膜整合素分子、天然细胞毒受体、免疫球蛋白样杀伤受体,以及新发现的许多识别分子.在肿瘤的发生发展过程中,NK细胞既可以通过"内识别"方式直接识别恶性转化的癌细胞并被活化,也可以在辅助细胞(单核细胞、巨噬细胞、树突状细胞)的作用下被活化.DC细胞可以触发NK细胞的活化,其中IL-15R-IL-15的反式信号转导极其重要.NK细胞的肿瘤生物治疗取得了较大进展, 其中基于NK细胞天然免疫识别的肿瘤生物治疗有很多新的途径.     

Chondrosarcoma of the oropharynx

Primary cartilaginous tumour in the nasopharynx and oropharynx is extremely rare. One such case in a young soldier of twenty eight years of age has been presented.     

“No patient left behind”: an alternative to “the War on Cancer” metaphor

The War on Cancer began with President Nixon’s National Cancer Act of 1971. Treatment-related ‘collateral damage’ to healthy cells and tissues that reduces quality of life is an unfortunate but inevitable consequence of the overriding imperative to “win the war.” In the face of a quality of life decrement, patients are encouraged with militaristic turns-of-phrases to “soldier on,” “fight it,” and “never say die.” Rather than this dysfunctional imagery, which relegates patients to the status of mere cogs in the ever-grinding wheel of the clinical war machine and encourages the practice of disease-centered medicine, we propose an alternate analogy/organizing principle borrowed from the realm of education: No patient left behind.     

From chromosomal alterations to target genes for therapy: integrating cytogenetic and functional genomic views of the breast cancer genome

A vast number of recurrent chromosomal alterations have been implicated in cancer development and progression. However, most of the genes involved in recurrent chromosomal alterations in solid tumors remain unknown, despite the recent substantial progress in genomic research and availability of high-throughput technologies. For example, it is now possible to quickly identify large numbers of differentially expressed genes in cancer specimens using cDNA microarrays. Integration of this "functional genomic view" of the cancer genome with the "cytogenetic view" could lead to the identification of genes playing a critical role in cancer development and progression. In this review, we illustrate how the combination of three different microarray technologies, cDNA, CGH, and tissue microarrays, makes it possible to directly identify genes involved in chromosomal rearrangements in cell line model systems and then rapidly explore their significance as potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets in human primary breast cancer progression.     

转录组学与蛋白组学在三阴性乳腺癌中的预后研究进展

三阴性乳腺癌（triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC）系雌激素受体（ER）、孕激素受体（PR）、人表皮生长因子受体-2（HER-2）表达缺乏的一种异质性肿瘤,常表现出侵袭性强、易复发转移等特点。与其他亚型相比,TNBC因缺乏治疗靶点,除化疗外对内分泌治疗及靶向治疗均不敏感。因此,明确TNBC的预后特点及有效的治疗靶点有助于尽早实行个体化治疗。近年来各种研究技术的快速发展使研究者利用"组学"技术整合"大数据"与生物系统,以期解决上述难题。本文就转录组学与蛋白组学在TNBC中的预后研究进展进行综述。      

Structural validation of oral mucosal tissue using optical coherence tomography

Background

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive optical technology using near-infrared light to produce cross-sectional tissue images with lateral resolution.

Objectives

The overall aims of this study was to generate a bank of normative and pathological OCT data of the oral tissues to allow identification of cellular structures of normal and pathological processes with the aim to create a diagnostic algorithm which can be used in the early detection of oral disorders.

Material and methods

Seventy-three patients with 78 suspicious oral lesions were referred for further management to the UCLH Head and Neck Centre, London. The entire cohort had their lesions surgically biopsied (incisional or excisional). The immediate ex vivo phase involved scanning the specimens using optical coherence tomography. The specimens were then processed by a histopathologist. Five tissue structures were evaluated as part of this study, including: keratin cell layer, epithelial layer, basement membrane, lamina propria and other microanatomical structures. Two independent assessors (clinician and pathologist trained to use OCT) assessed the OCT images and were asked to comment on the cellular structures and changes involving the five tissue structures in non-blind fashion.

Results

Correct identification of the keratin cell layer and its structural changes was achieved in 87% of the cohort; for the epithelial layer it reached 93.5%, and 94% for the basement membrane. Microanatomical structures identification was 64% for blood vessels, 58% for salivary gland ducts and 89% for rete pegs. The agreement was ??good?? between the clinician and the pathologist. OCT was able to differential normal from pathological tissue and pathological tissue of different entities in this immediate ex vivo study. Unfortunately, OCT provided inadequate cellular and subcellular information to enable the grading of oral premalignant disorders.

Conclusion

This study enabled the creation of OCT bank of normal and pathological oral tissues. The pathological changes identified using OCT enabled differentiation between normal and pathological tissues, and identification of different tissue pathologies. Further studies are required to assess the accuracy of OCT in identification of various pathological processes involving the oral tissues.     

Patients and physicians: cross representations anthropological study of the construction of individuality in radiation therapy

The methods of anthropology allow us to understand group dynamics by bringing to light a web of linked causalities in order to describe human and social relationships. The density and dimension of the relationship with a patient have direct repercussions on professional motivation. But this proximity has its drawbacks. The process of identification to patients is inevitable and the fear of "contamination" is not medical but symbolic: it is expressed in the difficulty of appreciating the distance, the difference between the "other" (the patient) and the self (the physician). Health professionals have therefore to find a delicate compromise between proximity and strategies of distance. The temptation is therefore great, of considering the patient only through his pathology. This "imagined patient" allows the clinician to define the frames structuring his relation to the patient. But at the same time, this creates a loss of identity for the patient. In this context, the relation between patient and clinician should be based primarily on a necessary individual acknowledgement of the patient who expresses it in a re appropriation of his illness. Thus he sets himself as an actor of the therapeutic relation and no longer as an object of clinical care.     

Cancer phenotype as the outcome of an evolutionary game between normal and malignant cells

Background:

There is variability in the cancer phenotype across individuals: two patients with the same tumour may experience different disease life histories, resulting from genetic variation within the tumour and from the interaction between tumour and host. Until now, phenotypic variability has precluded a clear-cut identification of the fundamental characteristics of a given tumour type.

Methods:

Using multiple myeloma as an example, we apply the principles of evolutionary game theory to determine the fundamental characteristics that define the phenotypic variability of a tumour.

Results:

Tumour dynamics is determined by the frequency-dependent fitness of different cell populations, resulting from the benefits and costs accrued by each cell type in the presence of others. Our study shows how the phenotypic variability in multiple myeloma bone disease can be understood through the theoretical approach of a game that allows the identification of key genotypic features in a tumour and provides a natural explanation for phenotypic variability. This analysis also illustrates how complex biochemical signals can be translated into cell fitness that determines disease dynamics.

Conclusion:

The present paradigm is general and extends well beyond multiple myeloma, and even to non-neoplastic disorders. Furthermore, it provides a new perspective in dealing with cancer eradication. Instead of trying to kill all cancer cells, therapies should aim at reducing the fitness of malignant cells compared with normal cells, allowing natural selection to eradicate the tumour.     

Sentinel lymph node identification rates and axillary concordance can only be accurately determined by comparing ‘like with like’ injected materials

Purpose

Despite the accepted status of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) as the standard for axillary staging in breast cancer patients with clinically and radiologically negative axillae pre-operatively, there is surprisingly still a lack of consensus on the most appropriate site of injection of radioactive tracer with or without blue dye.

Methods

We discuss the article by Sadeghi et al. “Axillary concordance between superficial and deep sentinel node mapping material injections in breast cancer patients: systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature.” Breast Cancer Res Treat 144(2): 213–222.

Results

Whilst in this study both comparison arms (superficial and deep injections) were in the same patients to ensure comparability of evaluated groups, this does limit the conclusions, which can be drawn from this study. It has meant that when comparing intra-operative sentinel lymph node (SLN) identification and concordance rates, it is not possible to compare ‘like with like’ at different injection sites (deep radioactive tracer vs superficial radioactive tracer; superficial blue dye vs deep blue dye). This leads to inaccurate conclusions due to the different properties of these materials.

Conclusions

The only way to determine the optimal injection site of radioactive tracer and blue dye for SLN identification intra-operatively and accurate concordance rates is by direct comparisons of ‘like with like’ when it comes to injected materials at different injection sites.     

Different sites and modes of tracer injection for mapping the sentinel lymph node in patients with breast cancer

Several studies have been published describing the techniques of identification of the "sentinel lymph node" (SN). There are marked differences in the techniques used by different investigators. Although agreement exists about the tracer particle size and the volume of injection, it is unknown what is the best site where to inject the tracer or the vital dye. The aim of the present study was to define the influence of different sites of injection on imaging of the lymphatic ducts and their SNs. We performed a pilot study in 30 consecutive patients with breast cancer who underwent SN biopsy by means of radioguided surgery and vital blue dye mapping. The patients were divided into six groups of five patients each; each patient was given a subdermal (ID) or peritumoral (IP) injection of radiotracer (300 microCi in 150 mL of 99mTc-HSA microcolloids; Albures, Amersham Sorin) above the tumor site in order to localize the SN. After the identification of the SN, a second injection of radiotracer was performed, which was different in each patient subset. In some cases more than one lymph node appeared on the lymphoscintigraphic scans after the second injection of radiotracer. When the peritumoral route was used it took longer to visualize the lymphatic pathways. For the ID route, injection at the exact skin projection over the tumor is optimal. Internal mammary lymph nodes were identified by both IP (2) and ID (1) injection, irrespective of the quadrant in which the tracer was injected. Our findings support the hypothesis of a precise topographic correspondence between the primary tumor and its specific SN. The subdermal route is more accurate than the intraparenchymal route, as it allows faster identification of the lymphatic vessels and SN. We believe these observations should be taken into account for the proper selection of the injection site of either vital dye or radiopharmaceuticals.     

Current research in perineural invasion of cholangiocarcinoma

Background

Perineural invasion is a common path for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) metastasis, and it is highly correlated with postoperative recurrence and poor prognosis. It is often an early event in a disease that is commonly diagnosed in advanced stages, and thus it could offer a timely therapeutic and diagnostic target if better understood. This article systematically reviews the progress of CCA neural invasion-related molecules.

Methods

Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE and PubMed databases for articles from January 1990 to December 2009, using the keywords "cholangiocarcinoma," "perineural invasion," "nerve growth factor"(NGF), "neural cell adhesion molecule" (NCAM), "matrix metalloproteinase"(MMP), "neurotransmitter," "acetylcholine" (Ach), and "transforming growth factor" (TGF)." Additional papers and book chapters were identified by a manual search of references from the key articles.

Results

From above we found that the molecules NGF, NCAM, MMP, Ach and TGF may have prognostic significance in, and offer clues to the mechanism of CCA neural invasion.

Conclusions

Cholangiocarcinoma's increasing worldwide incidence is especially poignant in view of both the lacking effective therapies, and the fact that it is commonly diagnosed in advanced stages. As CCA neural invasion often appears early, more complete characterization of its molecular pathology could lead to the identification of targets for the diagnosis and therapy of this devastating malignancy.