2020年后民族地区贫困治理的思路与路径研究

2020年后民族地区经济欠发达的基本态势没有变化，贫困表现为：绝对贫困与相对贫困并存；农村贫困与乡村贫困并存；多维贫困更突出。2020年后民族地区贫困治理的基本思路为：贫困治理要解决的主要问题不再是生存问题，而是发展问题和发展成果的共享问题,从区域发展方面要实现经济机会最大化。为此，要通过高速、有效以及可持续的经济增长最大限度地创造就业与发展机会。在贫困治理方面，对于一般的贫困人口，要确保他们能够平等地获得机会，提高他们获得发展机会的能力；对于特殊类型贫困人口，要通过建立和完善城乡一体化的全覆盖、保障程度较高的社会保障，确保他们获得最低经济福利。     

习近平贫困治理重要论述的理论意蕴及在四川藏区的实践应用

习近平关于贫困治理的系列重要论述承载着丰富的理论意蕴：其一,改革创新是贫困治理的长效保障;其二,人民群众是贫困治理的基石和源泉;其三,精准扶贫是全面建成小康社会的必要路径。本文立足于习近平贫困治理重要论述的理论意蕴,构建了精准扶贫与精细化治理有效对接的理论分析框架,对四川藏区贫困治理的现状及问题进行了深入分析,指出在后精准脱贫阶段,进一步增强四川藏区扶贫实效,需要创新集聚启动机制、完善瞄准定位机制、构建利益联结机制、健全监测调控机制、探索益贫发展机制、构建应急机制。     

贫困遗存的可能状态及治理方式

贫困现象有一定限度的长期性。经过国家精准扶贫政策,不管在量上还是在质上,我国的贫困现象将大大改观。但贫困遗存问题仍将在较长的一个时期内存在,且主要集中在经济社会发展相对滞后的区域。因此,对于贫困遗存的治理,一要转变对贫困的思维认识;二要形成常规的脱贫攻坚治理形式;三要转变机构职能;四要加强贫困痕迹的跟踪和归类;五要形成"专项"与"统筹"相结合的治理体制;六对于边境贫困,应从国家国防角度给予支持和帮扶。     

赋权视角下社会组织承接民族地区乡村扶贫研究

在乡村扶贫进入后扶贫时代,民族地区贫困治理由绝对贫困治理转向相对治理,社会组织将继续深度参与民族地区乡村相对贫困治理。民族地区乡村相对贫困治理具有脆弱性、动态性的特征,需要激发贫困主体的内生动力和社会组织的深度参与。民族地区相对贫困治理在对象、目标、内在逻辑方面与赋权理论拥有高度的一致性。运用赋权理论,通过实施自我赋权、个体赋权、组织赋权、社区赋权,探索社会组织承接民族地区乡村扶贫的路径,提升民族地区乡村相对贫困治理效能,助力民族地区乡村振兴发展。     

西藏边境县域贫困群体结构性特征及其经济生活状况调查——基于日喀则市吉隆县百户问卷调查数据分析

吉隆县与尼泊尔接壤,是西藏自治区主要边境县之一,在边境贸易、战略位置等方面占据重要地位。边境县域的扶贫攻坚,直接关系到边境贫困群体的民生改善,同时也与边境安全与发展相关联。文章以2016年在日喀则市吉隆县调查的百户问卷数据为主,对该县贫困群体的结构性特征和经济生活状况进行了阐述,从多维度反映了边境县域贫困群体的贫困状况。     

西部民族地区相对贫困：现状、困境及治理

后脱贫时代，贫困地区巩固脱贫成果、缓解相对贫困是扎实推动共同富裕的重要关切。西部民族地区相对贫困呈现出贫困人口规模大、相对贫困程度深以及相对贫困维度广的现实图景，又面临着显著的空间贫困特征、多元的特殊性贫困、返贫致贫风险高以及内生动力不足的困境。基于此，西部民族地区的相对贫困治理要不断完善绿色减贫机制和风险防范机制、坚持综合治理和差异化治理、实施“常态化”“制度化”治贫以及提升贫困人口的可持续发展能力。     

湖南西部少数民族人口贫困问题的多角度分析

由于多种原因,湖南西部少数民族地区的社会经济发展依然非常滞后,贫困人口分布众多,而且贫困程度较深,治理难度较大。造成这一问题的原因是多方面的,而解决该地区少数民族人口的贫困问题则需要制订正确的扶贫政策,增加扶贫资金投入;强化人力资本投资,健全社会保障体系;合理利用资源优势,注重可持续性发展;加强思想文化建设,转换传统落后观念。     

渝东南民族地区发展性贫困的原因及对策探析

实施开发式扶贫政策以来,渝东南民族地区扶贫工作取得了令人鼓舞的成就 ,但由于多方面原因,扶贫任务仍然十分艰巨.本文从渝东南民族地区发展性贫困现状出发,根据汉森理论,对渝东南民族地区贫困原因作了深入分析,最后提出了治理贫困的对策.     

相对贫困绿色治理：逻辑、困境及路径——以四川藏彝民族地区为例

相对贫困绿色治理理论吸纳了绿色发展、缓解相对贫困与可持续生计意蕴,因此更能够平衡、协调与融贯“经济-社会-生态”三大系统聚焦的效率、公平与可持续取向;在实践中又沿循产业绿色化与绿色产业化运转逻辑,坚持问题追溯、过程管理与目标瞄准相结合,能够精准地消弭经济发展与生态保护中出现的间隙隔阂,进而能够真正助益藏彝民族地区实现持续性高质量发展。     

藏区文化产业的减贫效能研究——以热贡艺术相关产业为例

本文基于青海省同仁县吾屯村与尖扎县Y村的田野调查,运用内生式发展理论,对文化产业的减贫效能进行了案例研究。研究发现,文化产业在保护生态、提高收入、培育发展能力和推动产业融合等方面作出了减贫贡献,促进了藏区发展。同时,文化产业的减贫效能之激发,离不开外部有利因素的支持。从实践看,当前藏区文化产业的发展仍有不少问题,如共享发展、市场的稳定性、文化价值的保护与传承、社会保障制度等方面仍有不少短板。鉴于此,多元主体协同参与贫困治理,创新当地的扶贫治理机制,兼顾文化价值与经济价值,嵌入有效的社会关系,才能从根本上突破所有困境,形成贫困治理的长效机制。     

民族分裂主义的成因及对策分析

文章认为西部边疆民族地区民族分裂主义是由于民族社会分割形成的“温室效应”、种族民族主义阴魂不散、民族区域自治制度的宣讲力度不够、网络政治文化的全球化以及西方国家人权的双重标准等多重因素结构性互动的结果,并有针对性地提出了一些对策性建议.     

多维视角下民族地区规模性返贫风险的表征、缘由及对策

我国实现全面脱贫后,推动巩固全面脱贫成果与实施乡村振兴战略的接续发展是过渡时期的主要任务,而防止发生规模性返贫风险则是其中的关键一环。一直以来,民族地区都是我国组成部分的关键点和薄弱点,也是规模性返贫风险的易发地区。基于多维视角,发现民族地区规模性返贫风险呈现出区域性、群体性、联动性等特征,从生态性、政策性、发展性等因素深度剖析其发生缘由,进而从相应角度提出创新民族地区生态扶贫方式、完善民族地区返贫风险治理政策体系框架、建构民族地区新内生发展模式等针对性对策,以防止民族地区发生规模性返贫风险。     

四川民族地区旅游资源开发与生态安全保障机制研究

旅游资源开发一直被认为是促进四川、云南、贵州等西部民族地区地方脱贫致富的重要路径,然而过度的资源开发必将直接危及当地生态安全。四川地处长江上游,其民族地区的生态安全状况关系着长江流域以及整个国家的安全。本文从人与自然、人与社会关系的视角,探寻四川民族地区旅游资源开发过程中自然生态环境、民族文化生态环境的生态安全保障机制,以期切实有效地维护社会和谐稳定发展。     

羌族地区文化产业现状、问题与对策

就文化十大产业来看,羌族地区仅有演艺业、文化娱乐业、文化旅游业等传统产业,而新兴的动漫产业、游戏业、文化会展业、网络文化、艺术创意和设计、文化产品与数字相关服务等新兴产业基本上还未起步。即使已有的产业,也发育不全。羌族地区文化产业发展的基本特点是起步低、规模小、效益差、同质性高。虽然存在自然生态环境较差、社会发育程度低、对发展文化产业的认识不足、缺少文化产业人才等制约因素;也有基础设施相对完善、县乡（镇）村三级公共文化基础设施网络体系基本覆盖、区位优势明显、良好的机遇、文化资源丰富文化资源丰富等有利条件。发展羌族地区文化产业应该创新管理机制,健全文化产业市场;融合文化科技,发展创意农业产业;壮大市场主体,培育龙头企业;突出特色,塑造品牌。     

物权的激励功能与西部民族地区的现代化

西部民族地区地处边陲 ,经济落后 ,工业化程度低 ;加上观念滞后、生态脆弱等不利因素的影响 ,其现代化进程步履迟缓 ,但又显得格外迫切。面对西部民族地区还属于传统的农业社会这一现实 ,加快工业发展 ,进行技术创新就成了该地区现代化建设的重中之重。本文将西部民族地区的现代化与物权的激励功能相结合进行了初步的探讨。本文认为 ,要进行技术创新 ,就需要完善的物权制度 ;充分发挥物权的激励功能 ,是加快西部民族地区现代化进程的先决条件     

西部开发与贵州民族地区生态问题

西部大开发作为我国面向新世纪所作出的重大决策 ,生态环境问题是其切入点和突破口。文章分析了贵州民族地区生态环境面临的诸多问题 ,阐述了在西部开发中加快贵州民族地区生态环境建设的对策思路 ,提出需要强化可持续发展观 ,把消除贫困与经济建设、人口控制和生态环境保护利用相结合 ;调整利益格局和帮扶方式 ;加大对外开放 ,争取政策、资金、技术的支持和协作 ;完善民族自治地方法规体系 ,促进经济社会与生态环境的协调发展     

西部民族地区流通业发展现状及发展策略分析

流通是商品从生产领域到消费领域的转移过程,流通业是国民经济的基础产业。流通业的发展能给西部民族地区带来契约文化的普及,提高人口就业率,加强对外经济的交流,从而拉动经济发展和促进社会稳定。西部民族地区流通产业发展滞后,对此,政府应给予流通业优惠政策,加强流通业投资软硬件环境的建设,多形式发展流通业,大力培养流通业技术人才和管理人才,并推出具有少数民族特色的经贸活动。     

西部民族地区生态文明建设问题探析

Ecological civilization is a mode of civilization which is constructed on the concept of multiple-wins, such as economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit, etc. It requires that a harmonious relationship between man and nature permeate various aspects of civilization, such as material civilization, spiritual civilization, and political civilization, forming an ecological mode for production, living, consumption, and other behaviors. The theories and practices of eco￣logical civilization both at home and abroad, as well as the strategic planning for the construction of ecological civilization in China, have constituted important theoretical and practical guidelines for the construction of ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas of China.
Constructing ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has important theoretical and practical significance. Compared with the eastern part of China or the whole country, the level of e￣conomic and social development in the western eth￣nic areas still lags behind; energy consumption is generally high , and the number of national key ecologically functional areas is large. Furthermore, these areas face a daunting task for their environ￣mental protection and energy saving. In addition, the most concentrated areas of desertification in China are found in the western ethnic areas, espe￣cially Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qing￣hai. Therefore, the construction of ecological civi￣lization in the western ethnic areas has an impor￣tant role for the sustainable development of the e￣conomy and society, ecological security, energy saving and emission reduction, and the prevention of land desertification.
Generally speaking, the western ethnic areas actively participate in the national demonstration areas of the construction of ecological civilization, and constantly improve the level of ecological civi￣lization construction. However, their overall level is low, and the differences between various prov￣inces are considerable. Although the western eth￣nic areas have rich forest resources, tourism re￣sources, etc. for the construction of ecological civ￣ilization, they still face many problems in the use of their ecological resources and the construction of ecological civilization.
As noted above, the western ethnic areas ac￣tively take part in the construction of the key na￣tional ecological civilization demonstration areas. At present, among the 55 ecological civilization demonstration areas of China, 22 are in the west￣ern ethnic areas. These demonstration areas are actively exploring the construction of ecological civilization by taking the property rights of natural resources, ecological compensation and cadres as￣sessment, etc. into consideration.
As just noted, although the level of the con￣struction of an ecological civilization in western ethnic areas has been improving, the overall level is still low. The overall level of ecological civiliza￣tion in western ethnic areas lags significantly be￣hind the nation or eastern regions. In addition, the levels of every province are quite different. For in￣stance, the level of Guangxi and Yunnan is rela￣tively high. Therefore, the construction of ecologi￣cal civilization must be adapted to the local condi￣tions of the provinces.
There are a large number of key forestry en￣terprises in the western ethnic areas, but the struc￣ture of the forestry industry is not equitable. For￣estry is an important force, and provides important content for the construction of ecological civiliza￣tion. On the one hand, there are a large number of key national forestry enterprises in the western eth￣nic areas, but their distribution is not balanced. At present, there are 295 key national forestry en￣terprises , among which 48 are found in the western ethnic areas and are included in the list. Among them, the advantage held by Guangxi and Yunnan’s forest resources are obvious, while those in Tibet, Ningxia and Qinghai are not so obvious. On the other hand, the forestry resources in the western ethnic areas are unevenly distributed, and the structure of the forestry industry is not equita￣ble;the proportion of the primary industry of for￣estry is too high, and the proportion of the second￣ary industry is relatively low. This means that the economic benefits of forestry resources are not fully transformed, something which has seriously affect￣ed the promotion of ecological civilization.
Tourism resources in the western ethnic areas are rich, but the contradiction between tourism de￣velopment and environmental protection is sharp. The tourism industry can effectively improve the level of ecological civilization construction. With rich tourism resources in the western ethnic areas, the tourism industry has become one of the impor￣tant regional pillar industries, especially in Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi. However, the conditions of tourism infrastructure and the tourism environment are still relatively backward in western ethnic areas. This is seen especially in the tourist foreign exchange income ratio which is not high. In addition, theunique tourism resources have not strongly attracted more overseas visitors; and, as just said, there are contradictions between regional tourism development and ecological environment protection, which are still very sharp.
The construction of an ecological civilization is a complicated social system project. The con￣struction of an ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has just started, so we need to in￣tegrate the idea of ecological civilization throughout political, economic, cultural, and social construc￣tion. Furthermore, we need to promote the process of ecological civilization construction according to the local conditions by taking the central authorities’ construction plan of ecological civiliza￣tion as guidance; consider the economic develop￣ment level of each province; and the characteris￣tics of ecological protection and resource environ￣ment in ethnic areas.
First of all, we should change the concept of government at all levels and the entire society in western ethnic areas, and improve the system of ecological civilization construction. For this pur￣pose, we must:( i) strengthen the top-level de￣sign of the ecological civilization system; ( ii) im￣prove relevant systems, such as the development of the national land space; and ( iii ) improve envi￣ronmental protection and ecological compensation in the western ethnic areas and the whole country. Furthermore, through making use of both formal systems, such as political, economic and legal ones, and informal systems, such as ecological culture, we should jointly safeguard and promote the construction of ecological civilization. On the one hand, we must establish and improve various policies related to finance, tax, population and land to improve the level of ecological political civ￣ilization in the western ethnic areas from the level of central government to local administrations. On the other hand, the central government and local administrations in the western ethnic areas must enhance the awareness of the construction of eco￣logical civilization through various ways, including school education and the internet.
Secondly, we should vigorously develop the advantages of the ecological industry in western ethnic areas, such as ecological tourism, ecologi￣cal agriculture and other ecological industries. The construction of ecological civilization should strive to find a balance between ecological environment and stable economic growth. Therefore, according to the characteristics of their ecological environ￣ment, resources, climate and the capacity of the ecological carrying capacity, we should choose ec￣ological industries suitable for regional develop￣ment, such as ecological agriculture, ecological tourism;change the original model of industrial de￣velopment to an ecological mode of production, and improve the level of ecological civilization while protecting the environment.
Thirdly, we should speed up the development of secondary and tertiary industries of forestry in the western ethnic areas, and further optimize the structure of the forestry industry. For this purpose we must further increase forestry investment and construction;and improve the total output value of forestry through afforestation, returning farmland to forest, and coordinating the relationship between the economic forest and ecological forest. Moreo￣ver, we should actively participate in China’s forest food certification and forest certification program;improve the proportion of secondary and tertiary forestry industires; take the initiative to transform the advantage of forestry resources into economic advantages;and improve the level of civilization of the ecological environment.
Finally, it is necessary for the western ethnic areas to continue the practice of constructing an ec￣ological civilization. Though adjustment to local conditions, and actively exploring the practice of ecological civilization construction, we should gradually accumulate experience in the construc￣tion of ecological civilization for the western ethnic areas, and even the whole country. In particular, in Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai, we must active￣ly promote the process of regional ecological civili￣zation construction based on the scheme of their own ecological civilization demonstration area pro￣grams. In addition, the western ethnic areas should fully play an important role in informal in￣stitutions, such as national ecological culture.     

中国西部民族地区产业经济生态化发展初论——来自生态民族学的理论解读

产业经济生态化发展是我国西部民族地区实现可持续发展的重要物质保障和基本经济支撑,在西部民族地区产业经济发展的实践中必须重视发展生态产业。本文以生态民族学理念为指导,分五个部分先后分析了我国西部民族地区产业经济生态化发展面临的多重制约,探讨了该区域产业经济生态化发展的战略构想和破解现存约束的制度创新途径,最后总结了几点具有一定普遍意义的重要启示和结论,为我国以科学的发展观为指导,最终实现全社会经济发展和人口、资源、环境相协调的发展战略提供理论依据和政策参考。     

西南地区民族关系在全面建设小康社会中的趋向及其调适

本文认为,全面建设小康社会将是西南地区民族关系发展最为敏感的历史时期。民族关系的复杂变动趋向将表现于西南民族地区的经济发展与资源配置在市场经济条件下形成的矛盾;城乡二元对立有可能进一步加剧;民族之间发展的不平衡性;小民族的发展问题;小康建设中少数民族的主体地位的进一步确立等诸方面的问题。因而民族关系的调适应当重点放在如何建立消除产生新的不平衡的机制上。