A new current model flux observer for wide speed range sensorless control of an induction machine

A new closed loop current model flux observer is designed to estimate the rotor flux, position and velocity of an induction machine. The current observer includes carefully designed sliding mode functions which are derivative of the fluxes along the /spl alpha/ and /spl beta/ axes. Therefore, when the estimated current converges to the measured one, the flux estimation is a mere integration of the sliding mode function. The rotor speed can then be derived from the sliding mode functions and the estimated flux. In the current and flux observers all of the terms that contain the rotor time constant and the rotor speed have been replaced by the sliding mode functions, thus making the proposed current and flux estimations completely insensitive to the rotor time constant variation and any error in the estimated speed. Simulations and experiments are performed under a variety of conditions to validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

Lyapunov-function-based flux and speed observer for AC induction motor sensorless control and parameters estimation

AC induction motors have become very popular for motion-control applications due to their simple and reliable construction. Control of drives based on ac induction motors is a quite complex task. Provided the vector-control algorithm is used, not only the rotor speed but also the position of the magnetic flux inside the motor during the control process should be known. In most applications, the flux sensors are omitted and the magnetic-flux phasor position has to be calculated. However, there are also applications in which even speed sensors should be omitted. In such a situation, the task of state reconstruction can be solved only from voltage and current measurements. In the current paper, a method based on deterministic evaluation of measurement using the state observer based on the Lyapunov function is presented. The method has been proven in testing on a real ac induction machine.     

A nonlinear momentum observer for sensorless robot collision detection under model uncertainties

Collision detection methods could reduce collision forces and improve safety during physical human-robot interaction without additional sensing devices. However, current collision detection methods result in an unavoidable trade-off between sensitivity to collisions, peaking value reduction near the initial time, and immunity to measurement noise. In this paper, a novel nonlinear extended state momentum observer (NESMO) is proposed for detecting collisions between a robot body and human under model uncertainties based on only position and current measurements. The collision detection method is divided into three steps. The first step is to identify the robot dynamic model. Then, we can deduce the generalized momentum-based state-space equations from the identified base dynamic parameters. The second step is to construct a NESMO. Benefiting from the fractional power function and the time-varying damping ratio, the NESMO achieves the required monitoring bandwidth with noise immunity. The last step is to design a novel time-varying threshold (TVT) to distinguish the collision signal from the estimated lumped disturbance. As with the dynamic model parameters, the coefficients of TVT could be obtained by offline identification. Combined with NESMO, the method can provide timely and reliable collision detection and estimation under model uncertainties. Simulation and experimental results obtained using a 6-DOF robot manipulator illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于改进型滑模观测器的永磁同步电机控制

传统基于反电动势的滑模观测器采用Sign函数来作为开关函数,因为Sign函数的开关特性,使系统存在抖振大的问题。在传统滑模观测器的基础上,通过采用Sigmoid函数代替Sign函数,改善了开关特性,大大地减少了抖振,并去掉了滤波器和转角补偿器,简化了系统,提高了反电动势的估算精度,从而得到更精确的转速和转角位置信息。在Matlab/Simulink平台基础上建立控制系统仿真模型,对该方案做了验证。仿真结果表明:该方法提高了滑模观测器的精度,降低了系统的抖振,提高了系统的性能。     

A position-and-velocity sensorless control for brushless DC motorsusing an adaptive sliding mode observer

The sliding mode observer is robust to measurement noises. Since the switching signals of the sliding mode observer contain the induced voltages of the motors, it is possible to obtain the position and velocity of the motors directly from the switching signals. Although the estimated position can be used for locating the position of the rotor, the estimated velocity is heavily contaminated by noises from the switching signals. This direct method nullifies the merit of the sliding mode observer. Thus, the authors also present an adaptive scheme for robust estimation of the velocity of brushless DC motors. Stability of the adaptive scheme is assured, and estimation errors due to parameter deviations are analyzed. A method of parameter adjustment is described     

New sensorless vector control using minimum-order flux state observer in a stationary reference frame for permanent-magnet synchronous motors

This paper proposes a new sensorless vector control method that can be applied to both of salient-pole and nonsalient-pole permanent-magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). The proposed method estimates the phase of a rotor flux by a newly developed state observer in a stationary reference frame for sensorless vector controls of PMSMs. The flux state observer has the following attractive features: 1) it requires no steady-state conditions for the dynamic mathematical model of the motor; 2) its order is the minimum second; 3) a single observer gain is simply constant over a wide operating range and can be easily designed; 4) it utilizes motor parameters in a very simple manner; and 5) its structure is very simple and can be realized at a very low computational load. The proposed speed-estimation method, which exploits the inherent physical relation of integration/derivation between phase and speed, is very simple and can properly estimate rotor speed. The usefulness of the proposed method is examined and confirmed through extensive experiments.     

A novel voltage sensorless control technique for a bidirectional AC/DC converter

A novel voltage sensorless control technique for a bidirectional AC/DC converter is presented. Only a single current sensor that measures the inductor current is needed in the whole system. The sensed inductor current is used for two functions. The first one is for shaping the current waveform at the AC side and the second one is for deriving the inductor voltage by determining the rate of change of the inductor current. The AC-side and DC-side voltages, which are used for AC current synchronization and DC voltage regulation, respectively, are obtained by extracting the envelopes of the derived inductor voltage. Apart from reducing the number of sensing elements, the proposed method has additional advantages of: (1) inherent electrical isolation and reducing noise coupling between the power circuit and the controller; (2) wide operating range. Design criteria for the differentiator and the envelope detector circuit has been described. The applicability of the proposed method is verified with the experimental results of a laboratory prototype.     

Speed sensorless vector control of induction motor usingKalman-filter-assisted adaptive observer

This letter presents a new method of estimating rotor speed of an induction motor. The new method is based on an adaptive flux observer. A second-order Kalman filter is then employed to modify the estimated rotor flux. Experimental results show that the new method has better accuracy in following the speed command under heavy loads     

Disturbance observer based control for nonlinear systems

This work presents a general framework for nonlinear systems subject to disturbances using disturbance observer based control (DOBC) techniques. A two-stage design procedure to improve disturbance attenuation ability of current linear/nonlinear controllers is proposed where the disturbance observer design is separated from the controller design. To facilitate this concept, a nonlinear disturbance observer is developed for disturbances generated by an exogenous system, and global exponential stability is established under certain condition. Furthermore, semiglobal stability condition of the composite controller consisting of a nonlinear controller and the nonlinear disturbance observer is established. The developed method is illustrated by the application to control of a two-link robotic manipulator.     

新型异步电机无速度传感器低速控制算法

基于数学模型的速度估算是异步电机无速度传感器控制的核心。目前,围绕速度估算这个问题,在电机控制领域已出现模型参考自适应、自适应观测器以及扩展卡尔曼滤波等多种方法。无论采用哪种速度估算技术,速度估算系统的动静态性能、低速性能、对参数的敏感性、算法的复杂程度及实现难度都是工程师必须考虑的几个重要性能指标。文中针对低速条件下的异步电机速度估算及控制提出了一种基于无功功率闭环的异步电机无速度传感器矢量控制算法,并探讨了该方法的一些性能指标问题。     

A MRAS-based adaptive pseudoreduced-order flux observer for sensorless induction motor drives

The performance of vector-controlled sensorless induction motor drives is generally poor at very low speeds, especially at zero speed due to offset and drift components in the acquired feedback signals, and the increased sensitivity of dynamic performance to model parameter mismatch resulting especially from stator resistance variations. The speed estimation is adversely affected by stator resistance variations due to temperature and frequency changes. This is particularly significant at very low speeds where the calculated flux deviates from its set values. Therefore, it is necessary to compensate for the parameter variation in sensorless induction motor drives, particularly at very low speeds. This paper presents a novel method of estimating both the shaft speed and stator resistance of an induction motor. In this novel scheme, an adaptive pseudoreduced-order flux observer (APFO) is developed. In comparison to the adaptive full-order flux observer (AFFO), the proposed method consumes less computational time, and provides a better stator resistance estimation dynamic performance. Both simulation and experimental results confirm the superiority of the proposed APFO scheme for a wide range of resistance variations from 0 to 100%.     

AC voltage and current sensorless control of three-phase PWM rectifiers

In this paper, a novel control scheme of three-phase PWM rectifiers eliminating both the AC input voltage and current sensors is proposed. The phase angle and the magnitude of the source voltage are estimated by controlling the deviation between the rectifier current and its model current to be zero. The input currents can be reconstructed from switching states of the PWM rectifier and the measured DC link currents. To eliminate the calculation time delay effect of the microprocessor, the currents ahead one sampling period are estimated by a state observer and then are used for feedback control. The proposed control scheme reduces the system cost and improves its reliability. The feasibility of the proposed AC sensorless technique for three-phase PWM rectifiers has been verified through experiments using a high performance DSP chip.     

A self-tuning closed-loop flux observer for sensorless torquecontrol of standard induction machines

This paper proposes a self-tuning closed-loop flux observer, which provides field-oriented torque control for induction machines without a tachometer. The proposed algorithm combines the best features of harmonic detection and stator voltage integration through the use of a new tuning scheme. The observer accuracy and robustness is augmented by a parameter-independent accurate-speed detector, which analyzes magnetic saliency harmonics in the stator current. The harmonic-detection scheme provides accurate rotor-speed updates during steady-state operation down to 1-Hz source frequency. This additional speed information is used to tune the rotor-resistance parameter of the observer. The tuned observer exhibits improved dynamic performance, accurate steady-state speed control and an extended range of control near zero speed. The algorithm requires no special machine modifications and can be implemented on most existing low- and medium-performance drives. The closed-loop nature of the flux observer, combined with the harmonic-detection scheme, provides flux and speed error feedback, which significantly increases the robustness of sensorless control across the entire speed range     

基于滑模观测器的无刷直流电机无位置控制系统设计

采用滑模观测器原理,结合αβ坐标系对无刷直流电机非线性方程进行线性化,并根据电机的定子相电压和电流对电机的转子位置和转速进行了实时的在线估计.针对算法中低通滤波器输出中含有高次谐波问题,对算法进行了改进,将低通滤波器的输出接入具有推广卡尔曼结构的反电动势观测器,同时对电机负载转矩的扰动影响进行了实验研究.仿真和实验验证表明,该控制系统设计合理,并且具有很好的鲁棒性.     

Precise friction control for the nonlinear friction system using the friction state observer and sliding mode control with recurrent fuzzy neural networks

This paper deals with a tracking control problem of a mechanical servo system with nonlinear dynamic friction which contains a directly immeasurable friction state variable and an uncertainty caused by incomplete parameter modeling and its variations. In order to provide an efficient solution to these control problems, we propose a composite control scheme, which consists of a friction state observer, a RFNN approximator and an approximation error compensator with sliding mode control. In first, a sliding mode controller and friction state observer are designed to estimate the unknown internal state of the LuGre friction model. Next, a RFNN is developed to approximate an unknown lumped friction uncertainty. Finally, an adaptive error compensator is designed to compensate an approximation error of RFNN. Some simulations and experiments on the mechanical servo system composed of ball-screw and DC servo motor are executed. Their results give a satisfactory performance of the proposed control scheme.     

A state observer for the permanent-magnet synchronous motor

An identity state observer for the permanent-magnet synchronous motor is derived which reconstructs the electrical and mechanical states of the motor from current and voltage measurements. The observer operates in the rotor frame and estimates direct and quadrature stator currents, rotor velocity, and rotor position. Since the rotor position is estimated, the rotor reference frame is approximated using the latest rotor position estimate. The motor dynamics and the transformation into the estimated rotor frame are nonlinear, and thus the observer and observer error dynamics are nonlinear. Therefore, stability is analyzed using a linearized error model. Simulations including realistic measurement disturbances are used to investigate the global stability and accuracy of the observer     

A nonlinear disturbance observer for robotic manipulators

A new nonlinear disturbance observer (NDO) for robotic manipulators is derived in this paper. The global exponential stability of the proposed disturbance observer (DO) is guaranteed by selecting design parameters, which depend on the maximum velocity and physical parameters of robotic manipulators. This new observer overcomes the disadvantages of existing DOs, which are designed or analyzed by linear system techniques. It can be applied in robotic manipulators for various purposes such as friction compensation, independent joint control, sensorless torque control and fault diagnosis. The performance of the proposed observer is demonstrated by the friction estimation and compensation for a two-link robotic manipulator. Both simulation and experimental results show the NDO works well     

An improved flux observer based on PLL frequency estimator for sensorless vector control of induction motors

This paper presents an improved method of flux estimation for sensorless vector control of induction motors based on a phase locked loop (PLL) programmable low-pass filter (LPF) and a vector rotator. A PLL synchronized with the voltage vector is used for stator frequency estimation. The pure integration of the stator voltage equations is difficult to implement and LPFs with a fixed cutoff provide good estimates only in the relatively high frequency range-at low frequencies, the estimates fail in both magnitude and phase. The method proposed corrects the above problem for a wide range of speeds. Simulations and experimental results on a 0.25-hp three-phase induction machine verify the validity of the approach.     

Mechanical sensorless speed control of permanent-magnet AC motors driving an unknown load

A new sensorless scheme for high-performance speed control of permanent-magnet ac motors (PMACMs) driving an unknown load is proposed. This scheme uses an extended nonlinear reduced-order observer to estimate the induced electromotive force (EMF) and load torque. From the estimated variables, the rotor position, the rotor speed, and the position derivative of flux are calculated and are used to close the control loop. In order to improve the drive performance, the estimated load torque is incorporated as a feedforward signal in the closed control loop. In addition, the proposed sensorless PMACM drive allows the torque-ripple and copper-loss minimization for motors with an arbitrary EMF waveform. Simulation and experimental results to validate the proposal are presented in this paper.     

Speed sensorless stator flux-oriented control of induction machine in the field weakening region

In a conventional speed sensorless stator flux-oriented (SFO) induction machine drive system, when the estimated speed is transformed into the sampled-data model using the first-forward difference approximation, a modeling error occurs in the sampled data model. As the result, an error in the rotor speed estimation is produced. The error included in sampled data model of the estimated speed is removed by the use of a digital low pass filter (LPF). However, the delay of the estimated speed occurs in transients due to the use of the LPF. Consequently, current control loss occurs at the transition to field weakening region by the delay of the estimated speed. This paper investigates the problem of a conventional speed sensorless SFO system produced by the delay of the estimated speed in the field weakening region. In addition, this paper proposes a new method to estimate exactly rotor speed by using a Kalman filter. The proposed method is verified by simulation and experiment.