狼疮性肾炎中医证型与肾脏病理的相关性研究

目的：探讨狼疮性肾炎中医辨证分型和肾脏病理组织学改变之间的关系。方法：对125例狼疮性肾炎患者进行中医辨证,观察临床和病理资料、实验室指标,并分别进行活动性指数（AI）、慢性指数（CI）和狼疮病情活动程度积分（SLE-DAI积分）评分,综合以上资料与中医辨证分型进行相关性分析。结果：125例病例中,中医辨证分型以阴虚内热型最多见,共41例;肾脏病理表现为Ⅳ型者共81例,无Ⅰ型和Ⅵ型的肾脏病理改变的病例;SLE-DAI积分以LN重度活动（SLE-DAI≥15分）为主,有86例,病情无活动者（SLE-DAI≤4分）仅有1例,属中医的脾肾阳虚型;脾肾气虚的AI值明显小于其他4型的AI值,CI值明显小于脾肾阳虚及阴虚内热型的CI值,而脾肾阳虚的AI、CI值均明显大于肝肾阴虚型的AI、CI值。结论：狼疮性肾炎中医证型与SLE-DAI积分、AI、CI之间存在相关性,与肾脏病理类型之间无相关性。     

慢性肾脏病合并代谢综合征患者的中医证候分析

目的:对慢性肾脏病(CKD)合并代谢综合征(MS)患者的中医证候进行回顾性研究,了解CKD合并MS的证候特征,为CKD的个体化诊治提供指导。方法:收集2007年～2009年住院或门诊的CKD患者,其中CKD合并MS组121例,CKD非合并MS组123例,设计中医证候临床观察表,对两组病人临床脉证进行调查研究。结果:(1)CKD合并MS组男性患病人数明显高于女性,年龄大于CKD非合并MS组。两组病程及慢性肾脏病的分期差异无统计学意义。(2)代谢综合征各组分比较:CKD合并MS组腰围(W)、BMI、高血压发生率、FPG、TG、LDL-C明显高于CKD非合并MS组(P<0.01)。HDL-C明显低于CKD非合并MS组(P<0.05)。(3)两组病人肾损害比较:Scr、BUN、24h尿蛋白定量、血尿及肾衰竭发生率两组相比差异无统计学意义(P<0.05)。CKD合并MS组UA明显高于CKD非合并MS组(P<0.001)。(4)两组病人中医证候的比较:虚证中合并MS组以脾肾气虚多见,非合并MS组以气阴两虚多见;实证中合并MS组以血瘀、痰湿、热盛多见,非合并MS组以湿热、血瘀为多见;合并MS组实证中两证以上相兼的现象较非合并MS组常见;合并MS组血瘀证和热盛证兼夹、血瘀和痰湿证兼夹、血瘀、痰湿和热盛证兼夹多见,非合并MS组以血瘀和湿热证兼夹、湿热和热盛证兼夹多见。两组总的证候均以虚实夹杂为主要特征。结论:CKD合并MS的中医证候特点以虚实夹杂,多证相兼为主要特征。虚证以脾肾气虚为主,实证以血瘀、痰湿、热盛为主。     

慢性肾脏病3期肾络瘀痹证的中医证候研究

目的:探讨慢性肾小球肾炎(慢性肾炎)、慢性肾脏病(CKD)3期肾络瘀痹证的中医证候特点。方法:(1)采用前瞻性临床研究方法。(2)研究对象:慢性肾炎(CKD3期)、中医辨证为肾络瘀痹证(瘀痹证)。(3)分析瘀痹证发生率、中医证候特点。结果:(1)慢性肾炎(CKD3期)瘀痹证发生率74.2%,瘀痹肾虚风湿三联证最多见,单独瘀痹证少见。(2)瘀痹证中尿血积分值最高,且尿血与UPro/24h、UAlb/Cr呈正相关性(P<0.05)。结论:慢性肾炎(CKD3期)瘀痹证并不少见,并绝大多数与其他证型并存。瘀痹证以镜下多形性红细胞尿持续存在最具特征,在中医辨证中引入尿象检测将有助于提高辨证精准度。     

慢性肾脏病各期ET、TXA_2、PGI_2的临床观察及与血瘀证关系的探讨

目的：探讨内皮素（ET）、血栓素A2（TXA2）、前列腺素I2（PGI2）在慢性肾脏病进展中的作用,及与血瘀证的关系。方法：测定135例来我院门诊和住院的2～4期慢性肾脏病（MDRD公式计算GFR以确定分期）患者的血清肌酐（Scr）、尿素氮（BUN）、血清白蛋白（Alb）、内皮素（ET）、6-酮-前列腺素F1α（6-Keto-PGF1α）、血栓素B2（TXB2）,并与正常对照组相比,观察不同慢性肾脏病分期患者ET、TXB2、6-Keto-PGF1α的变化;并将这些患者分为血瘀证和非血瘀证,观察各期患者血瘀证的检出率,各期血瘀证和非血瘀证患者ET、TXB2、6-Keto-PGF1α的差异。结果：从CKD2期到4期,ET逐渐增高,2期、3期、4期均与正常对照组差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,2期和3期之间差异无统计学意义,4期分别与正常对照组、2期、3期相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;从CKD2期到4期,TXB2逐渐增高,6-Keto-PGF1α逐渐降低,2期、3期、正常对照组之间差异均无统计学意义,4期分别与正常对照组、2期、3期差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。从2期到4期,血瘀证检出率逐步增加（2期21.4%,3期49.0%,4期68.2%）,CKD2期和3期的血瘀证均较非血瘀证ET、TXB2为高,6-Keto-PGF1α为低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,而CKD4期的血瘀证较非血瘀证ET、TXB2为高,6-Keto-PGF1α为低,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：慢性肾脏病患者凝血机制的紊乱随着CKD的进展逐步增加,在进入CKD4期后尤为明显,TXA2/PGI2的代谢异常,血小板活化,内皮细胞受损是慢性肾脏病进展的重要因素。凝血机制紊乱在临床上可表现为血瘀证,随着CKD进展,血瘀证患者逐步增多,在CKD4期血瘀证虽然较非血瘀证患者的凝血机制有异常,但无明显差异,提示CKD4期非血瘀证患者虽然没有宏观的血瘀表现,仍可能存在肾脏的微型癥积,即肾脏局部的瘀血阻络是慢性肾脏病进展的重要因素之一。     

男性不育症中医证型与精液参数及血清性激素关系的初步探讨

目的 :探讨男性不育症各中医证型与精液及性激素检测结果的关系。　方法 :98例男性不育症病人分成肾阳虚组、肾阴虚阻、痰湿内蕴组、肝郁血瘀组、兼夹证组 5组 ,进行精液常规及性激素检测 ,性激素采用化学发光酶免疫法。　结果 :精液常规检查中 ,与肾阴虚组比较 ,肾阳虚组精子密度和活率较低 (P均 <0 .0 1 ) ;肝郁血瘀组精子活率较低 (P <0 .0 1 )、活力也较低 (P <0 .0 5) ;性激素检查中 ,与肾阳虚组比较 ,肾阴虚阻、痰湿内蕴组、肝郁血瘀组睾酮均比肾阳虚组高 (P <0 .0 5) ,其中肾阴虚组的黄体生成素 (LH)、卵泡生成素 (FSH)比肾阳虚组低 (P <0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 1 )。　结论 :男性不育症中医证型与精液常规中精子密度、活率以及血清性激素之间有一定的关系。     

骨质疏松症的中医证型与治疗原则探讨

我国医务工作者在中医药防治骨质疏松症的理论、临床以及实验研究等方面进行了大量的工作 ,使中医药在骨质疏松症治疗中的应用日趋广泛 ,并显现出广阔的发展前景。然而 ,由于对中医病因病理认识不一 ,导致临床证型、中医治则各家不一。为了使中医研究进一步标准化、规范化、科学化 ,我们在文献研究的基础上结合自己的临床体会和实验结果 ,对骨质疏松症的中医证型与治则作了进一步的研究 ,以与同道共同探讨。一、中医对骨质疏松症病因病机的认识中医对骨质疏松症的现代认识是近十年来才开始的。虽然古典医籍中“骨痿”、“骨痹”、“骨枯”、…     

慢性原发性肾脏病3期肾虚证与病理相关性研究

目的:研究慢性原发性肾脏病3期患者肾虚证与肾病理的相关性。方法:分析97例CKD3期患者肾虚证证候积分与肾病理小球、小管间质、血管及与活动、慢性病变积分的相关性。结果:肾虚证重度患者肾病理katafuchi评分总积分高于轻证患者、Andreoli评分硬化小球评分高于轻度组患者、Andreoli评分细胞新月体的积分高于轻、中度组患者;二联证(肾虚+瘀痹)、三联证(肾虚+瘀痹+风湿)Andreoli评分的活动性指数总积分及间质炎细胞积分明显高于单纯肾虚证患者;三联证的活动性指数总积分尚高于二联证(肾虚+风湿);三联证(肾虚+瘀痹+风湿)的Andreoli评分慢性化指数总积分和纤维新月体的积分均明显高于单纯肾虚证组,二联证(肾虚+瘀痹)的纤维化积分高于单纯肾虚证组。结论:肾虚证的严重程度与肾病理慢性化指数相关,多联证患者肾病理相对重,且呈慢性、活动性病变的多样性表现。     

骨质疏松症中医证型现代化研究思路探索

骨质疏松症(osteoporosis,OP)的发病率逐年上升,严重影响患者生活。中医药治疗OP具有优势,但限制其发展的是中医辨证客观化、规范化、标准化及现代化不足。本综述对OP中医证型现代化研究现状进行分析与评价,从中英文数据库中筛选文献,发现OP中医证型判别尚不统一;常用的OP现代化指标不能全面阐述"证"的实质。因而提出统一公认的中医证型是科学研究的基础,非编码RNA中LncRNA、miRNA以及组学技术等新兴技术可以为OP中医证型研究提供新思路和较全面的科学依据。联合多组学技术对OP中医证型的相关性研究、运用多组学技术检测中医药治疗OP中医具体证型的疗效研究以及OP肾虚证与LncRNA、miRNA、靶基因网状调控系统相关性研究是进一步探索的方向。     

慢性肾脏病患者中医证型分布与营养状态相关性分析

目的:分析慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者证型的分布特点及其与临床分期、营养状态的关系,为临床实践提供参考。方法:参照中华中医药学会肾病分会2006年《慢性肾衰竭的诊断、辨证分型及疗效评定》标准对126例CKD不同分期的患者进行中医辨证,同时通过主观综合营养评估法(SGA)、肱三头肌皮褶厚度(TSF)、上臂围(AC)、上臂肌围(AMC)的测量评估患者营养状态,运用SPSS17.0软件对数据进行统计分析。结果:本虚证方面,各证型分布情况为脾肾气虚60例(47.6%)、气阴两虚33例(26.2%)、肝肾阴虚14例(11.1%)、脾肾阳虚12例(9.5%)、阴阳俱虚7例(5.6%),随着CKD分期的进展,肝肾阴虚证和脾肾阳虚证的比例有减少的趋势,阴阳俱虚证的比例呈增加的趋势。标实证方面,各证型分布情况为无标证56例(44.4%),湿热证31例(24.6%)、湿浊证25例(19.8%)、血瘀证12例(9.5%)、热毒证2例(1.6%),随着CKD分期的进展,无标证的比例逐渐减少,血瘀证比例逐渐增多,湿浊证、湿热证比例也有增多的趋势。结合营养状态分析,阴阳俱虚证患者的TSF、AC最小,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01),AMC也最小,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),SGA评分B级患者的比例最高,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。血瘀证SGA评分为B级的比例最高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),TFS、AC、AMC最低,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:CKD患者证型分布有一定规律可循,与CKD分期的进展可能相关,且与营养状态指标有一定相关性,阴阳俱虚证、血瘀证营养状态可能最差。     

我国关于肾脏病理与中医证型关系研究近况

随着病理学、免疫学及超声介入治疗的不断发展,肾脏组织学活检广泛用于肾炎和肾病的诊断及分型等,它对肾脏疾病的诊断、鉴别诊断及制定治疗方案、推断疾病预后起着十分重要的作用[1].肾脏病理逐渐成为诸多肾脏疾病诊断的金标准（gold line）,如慢性肾炎综合征（chronic nephritic syndrome,CNS）、肾病综合征（nephrotic syndrom,NS）、IgA肾病（IgAnepliropathy,IgAN）、急进性肾炎（rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis,RPGN）、狼疮肾炎（lupus nephritis,LN）、血栓性微血管病（thrombotic microangiopathy,TMA）、Alport综合征（alport syndrome）等,而中医药在治疗这些疾病方面具有明显的优势,但临床中医辨证分型纷繁复杂,难以统一.随着肾脏病理检查的普及推广,寻求肾脏病理和中医辨证分型之间关系的研究已逐渐成为目前中西医结合肾脏病研究领域中的一个热点[2].现将近年来国内研究肾脏病理改变与中医辨证分型关系的进展概述如下.     

Characteristics of Testosterone Deficiency Syndrome in Men With Chronic Kidney Disease and Male Renal Transplant Recipients: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objectives

Testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS) is common among male patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We compared the characteristics of TDS in men with CKD versus renal transplantation (RT) with those of age-matched normal controls.

Materials and Methods

The 129 patients were: RT recipients (n = 25) group I, CKD patients (n = 37) group II, and controls (n = 67). We performed estimates of testosterone, hemoglobin (Hgb), hematocrit (Hct), glucose, creatinine, and lipid profile. Self-assessment questionnaires—International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), Aging Males' Symptoms (AMS), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale—were used to evaluate erectile function, testosterone deficiency, and depression, respectively. We also investigated morning erection as well as the presence and duration of erectile dysfunction (ED).

Results

Group I (RT) showed significantly higher serum testosterone levels than group II (CKD), who displayed significantly worse erectile function, more severe testosterone deficiency symptoms, and a greater trend toward depression. Similarly, the prevalences of ED and TDS were significantly greater in group II than group I. Group I and controls differed significantly only in the results of serologic tests, such as serum creatinine, Hgb, and glucose and lipid profiles, but not in serum testosterone levels, scores of self-assessment questionnaires, or prevalence of ED or TDS. Serum testosterone levels correlated significantly with scores on the IIEF and AMS questionnaires in both group II and controls, but not group I.

Conclusions

RT recipients showed higher serum testosterone levels and a lower prevalence of TDS with milder symptom severity than CKD patients. RT recipients beyond the early acute posttransplant period, displayed serum testosterone levels and TDS prevalence similar to those of healthy controls. Unlike CKD patients and normal controls, serum testosterone did not significantly influence TDS symptoms in RT recipients.     

Preliminary Study of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy on an Ambulatory Basis

Objective

Preliminary study to assess the feasibility and safety of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) as an ambulatory procedure.

Patients and Methods

Between February 2011 and September 2012, 84 patients with renal calculi fulfilling the inclusion criteria were admitted to the Urology Department of Benha University Hospitals for PCNL. All patients were subjected to a full medical history, clinical, laboratory and radiological examinations. Tubeless PCNLs were done in the supine position, and an antegrade double-J stent was inserted. Operative time and intraoperative complications were recorded. Postoperatively, the hematocrit value, postoperative pain and analgesics, need of blood transfusion, stone-free rate, and length of hospital stay were recorded. Stable patients that could be safely discharged within 24 hours after surgery were considered ambulatory.

Results

All cases of tubeless PCNL were successfully done and no cases converted to open surgery. The overall stone-free rate was 91.7%, the mean postoperative pain score measured by the visual analog scale was 4.4 ± 1.2, the mean overall hematocrit deficit was 4.8 ± 2.2% and the mean hospital stay was 33.4 ± 17.5 hours. Ambulatory PCNL was accomplished in 60 out of 84 patients (71.4%) and double-J stents were removed 7-10 days postoperatively. In the non-ambulatory cases, double-J stents were removed after auxillary procedures were done according to each case.

Conclusion

PCNL can be safely done on an ambulatory basis under strict criteria, but further studies are needed to confirm and expand these findings.Key Words: Stones, Percutaneous nephrolithotomy     

IgA肾病气阴两虚证微观辨证研究

目的：探讨IgA肾病患者气阴两虚证与肾组织病理指标之间的相关性，为IgA肾病气阴两虚证的微观辨证提供依据，并对其他证型的深入研究提供借鉴。方法：对161例确诊为IgA肾病患者进行分组，其中气阴两虚证86例，非气阴两虚证75例，观察两组肾组织病理指标的变化。结果：86例气阴两虚证患者的病理分级多见Lee分型Ⅱ～Ⅳ级；气阴两虚证组肾小球系膜区免疫复合物沉积数目及程度均弱于非气阴两虚证组（P〈0.05）；气阴两虚证组患者的肾小球指数、系膜细胞增生、系膜基质增生、肾小管萎缩积分显著高于非气阴两虚证组（P〈0．05）；间质浸润、间质纤维化积分显著低于非气阴两虚讧组（P〈0．05）。结论：肾组织的病理分级、肾小球系膜区免疫复合物沉积数目及程度、肾小球指数、系膜细胞增生、系膜基质增生、肾小管萎缩、间质浸润、间质纤维化积分可作为IgA肾病气阴两虚证的微观辨证参考依据。     

Preliminary Screening Results of Fabry Disease in Kidney Transplantation Patients: A Single-Center Study

Fabry disease (FD) is a rare X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by the deficiency of alfa-galactosidase A (AGALA) and leads to progressive impairment of renal function in almost all male patients and in a significant proportion of female patients. FD is underdiagnosed or even misdiagnosed in patients undergoing kidney transplantation. We initiated a selective screening study for FD among kidney transplant patients in our center. In this study, 1095 male and female patients were included. Dried blood samples on Guthrie papers were used to analyze galactosidase A enzyme for male patients. Genetic analyses were performed in all female and male patients with low enzyme activity. In total, 648 female and 447 male patients with functioning grafts were evaluated. Among 1095 patients, 5 male patients had AGALA activity below threshold and 3 female patients had galactosidase alpha gene DNA variations. One male patient had a disease-causing mutation. The other 4 patients had polymorphisms causing low enzyme activity. All the 3 female patients had mutations that were associated with FD according to Human Gene Mutation Database (ID: CM025441). In contrast, these mutations were reported as unknown clinical significance in Clinvar (rs149391489). The patients with clinical findings suggesting FD were planned to be analyzed for Lyso Gb3. In our selective screening study, 8 variations were found among 1095 kidney transplantation patients, which needs further investigation to determine causes of FD. Clinical findings, physical examination, and family history are also necessary to evaluate the genetic changes as a mutation in this selected population.     

功能性腘动脉陷迫综合征的CTA解剖特点初探

目的运用CTA标线法探讨功能性腘动脉陷迫综合征(functional popliteal artery entrapment syndromef,PAES)是否存在"解剖畸形"。方法 2007～2011年手术确诊的14条fPAES患肢与180条对照肢体的CTA进行比较,并用CTA标线法分析腘窝轴位上两组的解剖位置差异。结果 fPAES组所有患肢腓肠肌内侧头向外移位且13条(93%)向外超过了腘动脉,所有腘动脉均向深方移位;对照组腓肠肌内侧头完全起自"股骨内侧髁后上方"(解剖学所描述的标准位置)的仅占12%(21/180);对照组21%(38/180)腓肠肌内侧头与腘动脉相对位置关系及38%(68/180)的腘动脉深浅位置关系不符合标准解剖。结论腓肠肌内侧头的外移普遍存在,解剖"移位"可能从量变到质变f,PAES可能是严重移位导致的结果。内侧头外移超越腘动脉及腘动脉向深方移位是fPAES两个有意义的观察指标。     

肾移植术后代谢综合征发病率及其危险因素临床研究

目的 调查肾移植术后代谢综合征(MS)发病率,初步探讨肾移植术后代谢综合征发病机制.方法 前瞻性观察292例肾移植受者,纳入的观察对象在移植术后6个月内未曾发生急性排斥、钙调蛋白抑制剂(CNI)毒性反应和严重感染,术后6个月尿常规及肾功能正常,移植前终末期肾衰竭(ESRF)原发病为慢性肾小球肾炎,无糖尿病史.1年后进行血、尿生化及体格检查,并计算体重身高指数(BMI).随机抽取普通社区居民200例作为对照.结果 肾移植受者术后Ms发病率为25.7%,显著高于普通社区人群的15%.男性肾移植受者MS发病率高于女性受者.环孢素+骁悉+强的松治疗组MS发病率高于普乐可复+骁悉+强的松治疗组,但差异无显著意义.环孢素维持剂量>200mg/d的肾移植受者MS发病率显著高于环孢素剂量≤200mg/d的肾移植受者.普乐可复维持剂量>2mg/d的肾移植受者MS发病率显著高于普乐可复剂量≤2mg.d的肾移植受者.肾移植受者中超重和肥胖的发病率与普通社区居民无显著差异,超重和肥胖的肾移植受者与超重和肥胖的普通社区居民比较,其MS发病率也无显著差异.结论 本研究结果表明肾移植术后MS发病率显著增加,提示MS系慢性移植肾肾病(CAN)非免疫性危险因素;本研究结果还提示男性、环孢素维持剂量>200mg.d-1、普乐可复维持剂量>2mg.d-1是肾移植术后MS发病的危险因素,而超重和肥胖不是本研究中肾移植受者术后MS发病率增加的主要因素.